Mohe 1134822 209851493 2008-05-03T05:38:15Z Parkjunwung 5125151 /* See also */ {{Unreferenced|date=October 2006}} {{Chinese |t=靺鞨 |s=靺鞨 |p=Mòhé |w=Moho |hangul=말갈 |hanja=靺鞨 |rr=Malgal |mr=Malgal }} {{History of Manchuria}} {{otheruses}} The '''Mohe''' (or '''Malgal''', '''Mogher''') were a [[Tungusic languages|Tungusic]] people in ancient [[Manchuria]]. They are sometimes considered the ancestors of medieval [[Jurchen]] and modern-day [[Manchus]]. According to some records, they originally dwelt near the [[Liao He|Liao River]] and later migrated southward. According to Chinese records, they were governed by the [[Buyeo (state)|Buyeo]] kingdom, but broke free during the Chinese [[Three Kingdoms]] period. They subsequently became an autonomous state. They were involved in the early history of the [[Three Kingdoms of Korea]]. The records of [[Baekje]] and [[Silla]] during the [[1st century]] and [[2nd century]] AD include numerous battles against the Mohe. The Mohe were divided into various [[tribe]]s, the most powerful of which were the [[Sumo Mohe]].{{Fact|date=January 2008}} The Sumo Mohe were eventually conquered by [[Goguryeo]], and the other Mohe tribes by [[Sui Dynasty]] China. Many Mohe moved back toward their northern homeland in this period. The "Mohe" section of the "Beidi Zhuan" (北狄传, Communications of the Northern "Di" Barbarians) of the "Jiu Tang Shu" (旧唐书, Old Book of Tang) states: "Their country is all (or "roughly") comprised of some tens of 'bu' (roughly "tribes," but also just generally meaning "divisions"), each having a chief, some of whom are attached to the [[Goryeo]], and some of whom serve as common people (i.e., vassals) to the [[Tujue]]." The Mohe also participated in the later kingdom of [[Balhae]], 698-926. The founder of Balhae, [[Dae Joyeong]] was recorded to be a former [[Goguryeo]] general of Sumo Mohe stock (''[[New Book of Tang]]''), although the ''[[Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms]]'' (''Samguk Yusa'') written by Koreans several hundred years later states that he was of Goguryeo stock.<ref>Yi, U-song. "A Study of the Period of the Northern and Southern States". ''Korea Journal'', Vol.17, No.1, Jan., 1977.</ref> After the fall of Balhae, few historical traces of the Mohe can be found, though they are considered to be the main ethnic group that became the [[Jurchen]]. The name of the Mohe also appears as "Maka" in "Shin-Maka" (Japanese 新靺鞨, しんまか) or "New Mohe," the name of a dance and the musical piece that accompanies it, which was introduced to the Japanese court during the Nara Period or around the beginning of the Heian Period from the [[Balhae]] Kingdom. In modern Japanese historical texts, the name of the Mohe is annotated with the "[[kana]]" reading Makkatsu (まっかつ), which is probably a reading pronunciation based on the standard Sino-Japanese readings of the Chinese characters used to transcribe the ethnonym of the Mohe. The ethnonym of the Mohe bears a notable resemblance to that of the later historically attested '''*Motgit''' ([[Chinese characters]] : 勿吉 [[Middle Chinese]] : Moji [[Korean language|Korean]]: 물길 [[Japanese language|Japanese]]: もっきつ [[pinyin]] : [[Wuji (people)|Wùjí]]), as well as to that of the medieval [[Merkit]]s, who opposed the rise of the [[Mongols]] lead by [[Genghis Khan]]. == Mohe Tribes == According to some records, there were seven/eight Mohe tribes :<br> {|class="wikitable" |- !Moji/Merjie/Wuji (勿吉) !Mohe/Mogher/Malgal (靺鞨) !Modern location |- |Sumo tribe<br>粟末部<br>속말부 |Sumo tribe<br>粟末部<br>속말부 |near [[Songhua River]] |- |Baishan tribe<br>白山部<br>백산부 |Baishan tribe<br>白山部<br>백산부 |near [[Changbai Mountains]] |- |Yulou tribe <br>虞婁<br>우루 |Yulou tribe <br>虞婁<br>우루 |on the Suifun Basin |- |Bodo tribe <br>伯咄部<br>백돌부 |Bodo tribe <br>伯咄部<br>백돌부 | |- |Funie tribe <br> 拂涅部 <br> 불열 |Funie tribe <br> 拂涅部 <br> 불열 |near the [[Mudanjiang River]] on the [[Khanka lake|Khanka]] Basin |- |Anchegu tribe <br>安车骨部<br> 안차골부 |Tieli tribe <br>鐵利<br> 철리 | |- |Haoshih tribe <br>号室部/號室部<br>호실부 |Yuexi tribe <br> 越喜 <br> 월희 | |- |[[Heishui Mohe|Heishui tribe]] <br>黑水部<br>흑수부 |Heishui tribe <br>黑水部<br>흑수부 |low banks of [[Heilongjiang]] |} == Notable personalities == === Sumo Mohe/Yan Prefecture Mohe chieftains === * Tudiji (突地稽 [[Hangul]] : 돌지계 [[Pinyin]]:Tūdìjī) ca. 580-620 * Li Jin-xing (李謹行 [[Hangul]] : 이근행 [[Pinyin]]:Lǐ Jǐnháng) (619-683), Chinese name of the Mogher chieftain Tudiji's son * [[Li Duozuo]] (李多祚 [[Hangul]] : 이다조 [[Pinyin]]:Lǐ Duōzuò) * Qiqi Zhongxiang (乞乞仲象 [[Hangul]] : 걸걸중상 [[pinyin]]:Qǐqǐ Zhòngxiàng) later known as [[Dae Jung-sang]]. <!-- see also 걸사비우 (for the Baishan Mohe) ---> ==Footnotes== <div class="references-small"> <references /> </div> *[http://www.iacd.or.kr/pdf/journal/04/4-02.pdf Relationship between Mohe aristocratic names, Jurchens and Hungarian names] ==See also== *[[History of China]] *[[History of Korea]] *[[List of Korea-related topics]] *[[Balhae]] [[Category:Ancient peoples]] [[Category:Ancient peoples of China]] [[Category:History of Manchuria]] [[Category:History of Korea]] [[Category:Tungusic languages]] [[Category:Tungusic peoples]] [[ko:말갈]] [[nl:Mohe]] [[ja:靺鞨]] [[ru:Мукри]] [[zh:靺鞨]] [[vi:Malgal]]