Monkey 3069677 225149557 2008-07-12T03:52:13Z NawlinWiki 301395 Changed protection level for "[[Monkey]]": no reason to move this page w/o discussion [edit=autoconfirmed:move=sysop] {{pp-semi-protected|small=yes}} {{otheruses}} {{Taxobox | name = Monkeys | image = Cebus albifrons edit.jpg | image_caption = A young male [[White-fronted Capuchin]] (''Cebus albifrons''). | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Mammal]]ia | ordo = [[Primate]]s | subordo = [[Haplorrhini]] | infraordo = [[Simiiformes]] | infraordo_authority = in part | subdivision_ranks = [[Family (biology)|Families]] | subdivision = [[Cebidae]]<br/> [[Aotidae]]<br/> [[Pitheciidae]]<br/> [[Atelidae]]<br/> [[Cercopithecidae]]<br/> | range_map = Monkeysdistributionmap.gif | range_map_caption = Approximate worldwide distribution of monkeys. [[Old World monkey]]s in red, [[New World monkey|New World]] in orange. }} A '''monkey''' is any member of either the [[New World monkey]]s or [[Old World monkey]]s, two of the three groupings of [[simian]] [[primate]]s, the third group being the [[ape]]s. There are 264 known extant species of monkey. The New World monkeys are classified within the parvorder [[Platyrrhini]], whereas the Old World monkeys (superfamily [[Cercopithecoidea]]) form part of the parvorder [[Catarrhini]], which also includes the apes. Thus, scientifically speaking, monkeys are [[paraphyly|paraphyletic]] (not a single coherent group), and Old World monkeys are actually more closely related to the apes than they are to the New World monkeys. Because of their similarity to monkeys, apes such as [[chimpanzee]]s and [[gibbon]]s are often called "monkeys" in informal usage, though they are not monkeys. Conversely, due to its size (up to {{convert|1|m|ft|0|disp=s|abbr=on}}) the [[Mandrill]] is often thought to be an ape, but it is actually an Old World monkey. Also, a few monkey species have the word "ape" in their common name. ==Characteristics== [[Image:Nelliampathi-Monkey.jpg|thumb|left|170px|[[Bonnet Macaque]] in [[Nelliampathi]] mountains, [[Kerala]], [[south India]].]] Monkeys range in size from the [[Pygmy Marmoset]], at 140 to 160 millimetres (5-6&nbsp;in) long (plus tail) and 120 to 140 grams (4-5&nbsp;oz) in weight, to the male [[Mandrill]], almost {{convert|1|m|ft}} long and weighing {{convert|35|kg|lb}}. Some are [[arboreal]] (living in trees) while others live on the [[savannah]]; diets differ among the various species but may contain any of the following: fruit, leaves, seeds, nuts, flowers, eggs and small animals (including insects and spiders). Some characteristics are shared among the groups; most New World monkeys have [[prehensile tail]]s while Old World monkeys have non-prehensile tails or no visible tail at all. Some have [[trichromat]]ic [[colour vision]] like that of humans, others are [[dichromat]]s or [[monochromat]]s. Although both the New and Old World monkeys, like the apes, have forward facing eyes, the faces of Old World and New World monkeys look very different, though again, each group shares some features such as the types of noses, cheeks and rumps. ==Etymology== According to the [[Oxford English Dictionary]], the word "monkey" may originate in a [[German language|German]] version of the ''[[Big Virginia]]'' fable, published circa 1580. In this version of the fable, a character named Moneke is the son of Martin the Ape. The word Moneke may have been derived from the [[Italian language|Italian]] ''monna'', which means "a female ape". The name Moneke likely persisted over time due to the popularity of ''Reynard the Fox''. A group of monkeys may be referred to as a ''mission'' or a ''tribe''. ==Classification== [[Image:Saimiri sciureus-1 Luc Viatour.jpg|right|thumb|250px|[[Common Squirrel Monkey]].]] [[Image:Macaca fascicularis in Lopburi.JPG|right|thumb|250px|[[Crab-eating macaque]] in [[Thailand]].]] The following list shows where the various monkey families (bolded) are placed in the Primate classification. Note that the smallest grouping that contains them all is the [[Simiiformes]], the simians, which also contains the apes. Calling apes "monkeys" is incorrect. Calling either a simian is correct. * ORDER [[primates|PRIMATES]] ** Suborder [[Strepsirrhini]]: non-tarsier prosimians ** Suborder [[Haplorrhini]]: tarsiers, monkeys and apes *** Infraorder [[tarsier|Tarsiiformes]] **** Family [[Tarsiidae]]: tarsiers *** Infraorder [[Simiiformes]]: simians **** '''Parvorder [[Platyrrhini]]''': New World monkeys ***** '''Family [[Cebidae]]''': marmosets, tamarins, capuchins and squirrel monkeys (56 species) ***** '''Family [[Aotidae]]''': night monkeys, owl monkeys, douroucoulis (8 species) ***** '''Family [[Pitheciidae]]''': titis, sakis and uakaris (41 species) ***** '''Family [[Atelidae]]''': howler, spider and woolly monkeys (24 species) **** Parvorder [[Catarrhini]] ***** '''Superfamily [[Old World monkey|Cercopithecoidea]]''' ****** '''Family [[Old World monkey|Cercopithecidae]]''': Old World monkeys (135 species) ***** Superfamily [[Hominoidea]]: apes ****** Family [[Hylobatidae]]: gibbons ("lesser apes") (13 species) ****** Family [[Hominidae]]: great apes including humans (7 species) ==Monkeys in relation to humans== The many species of monkey have varied relationships with humans. Some are kept as pets, others used as [[model organism]]s in laboratories or in space missions. They may be killed in [[monkey drive]]s when they threatened agriculture, or serve as service animals for the disabled. In religion and culture, the monkey often represents quick-wittedness and mischief. ===As service animals for the disabled=== Some organizations such as [http://www.monkeyhelpers.org/ Helping Hands] have been training [[capuchin monkey]]s as [[monkey helper]]s to assist quadriplegics and other people with severe spinal cord injuries or mobility impairments. After being socialized in a human home as infants, the monkeys undergo extensive training before being placed with a quadriplegic. Around the house, the monkeys help out by doing tasks including microwaving food, washing the quadriplegic's face, and opening drink bottles. ===In experiments=== [[Image:AnimaltestingMonkeyCovance2.jpg|left|thumb|150px|[[Covance]] primate-testing lab, [[Vienna, Virginia]], 2004-5.<ref name=covance>[http://www.covancecruelty.com/photos.asp "Covance Cruelty"], People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals.</ref>]] [[Macaque]]s, especially the [[Rhesus Macaque]], and African [[green monkey]]s are widely [[Animal testing on non-human primates|used]] in [[animal testing]] facilities, either wild-caught or purpose-bred.<ref>[http://www.ebra.org/ebrabulletin-the-supply-and-use-of-primates-in-the-eu_17.htm "The supply and use of primates in the EU"], European Biomedical Research Association.</ref> They are used primarily because of their relative ease of handling, their fast reproductive cycle (compared to apes), and their psychological and physical similarity to [[humans]]. In the [[United States]], around 50,000 non-human [[primates]], most of them monkeys, have been used in experiments every year since 1973;<ref>{{PDF|[http://www.aphis.usda.gov/404.shtml]|136&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 140141 bytes -->}}</ref> 10,000 monkeys were used in the [[European Union]] in 2004. [[Image:B60-00036.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Sam, a rhesus macaque, was flown to a height of {{convert|55|mi|km}} by [[NASA]] in 1959.]] The use of monkeys in laboratories is controversial. Some claim that their use is cruel and produces little information of value, and there have been many protests, vandalism to testing facilities, and threats to workers. Others claim that it has led to many important medical breakthroughs such as the rabies vaccine, understanding of human reproduction and basic knowledge about brain function, and that the prevention of harm to humans should be a higher priority than the possible harm done to monkeys. The topic has become a popular cause for [[animal rights]] and [[animal welfare]] groups. ====In space==== A number of countries have used monkeys as part of their space exploration programmes, including the United States and France. The first [[monkeys in space|monkey in space]] was Albert II who flew in the US-launched [[V2 rocket]] in [[June 14]] [[1949]]. ===As food=== There are a lot of myths about Chinese habits which are mostly contrived, such as the stories about eating monkeys brains.<ref>[http://environment.guardian.co.uk/food/story/0,,1848330,00.html A shark's tale | Food | Guardian Unlimited Environment<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> In traditional [[Islamic dietary laws]], monkeys are [[Haraam|forbidden]] to be eaten. <!-- There are innumerable monkeys in pop culture. Let's not start a laundry list here.--> ===Literature=== [[Sun Wukong]] (the "Monkey King"), a character who figures prominently in [[Chinese mythology]], is the main protagonist in the classic comic Chinese novel ''[[Journey to the West]]''. Monkeys are prevalent in numerous books, television programs, and movies. The [[television series]] [[Monkey (TV series)|''Monkey'']], the literary characters [[Monsieur Eek]] and [[Curious George]] are all examples. [[Image:Tokyo monkey statue.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Simian statue at a [[Buddhist]] shrine in [[Tokyo, Japan]].]] However, pop culture often incorrectly labels apes, particularly chimpanzees, gibbons, and gorillas, as monkeys. [[Terry Pratchett]] makes use of the distinction in his ''[[Discworld]]'' novels, in which the [[The Librarian (Discworld)|Librarian]] of the [[Unseen University]] is an [[orangutan]] who gets very violent if referred to as a monkey. ===Religion and worship=== [[Hanuman]], a prominent divine entity in [[Hinduism]], is a monkey-like humanoid. He may bestow longevity. In [[buddhism]], the monkey is an early incarnation of buddha but may also represent trickery and ugliness. It is also one of the Three Senseless Creatures, symbolizing greed, with the tiger representing anger and the deer lovesickness. The ''Mizaru'' or [[Three wise monkeys]] are revered in Japanese folklore.<ref name = "Cooper92">{{cite book |last=Cooper |first=JC |title=Symbolic and Mythological Animals |pages=161-63 |year=1992 |publisher= Aquarian Press |location=London |isbn=1-85538-118-4}}</ref> The [[Moche]] people of ancient Peru worshipped nature.<ref> Benson, Elizabeth, The Mochica: A Culture of Peru. New York, NY: Praeger Press. 1972</ref> They placed emphasis on animals and often depicted monkeys in their art. <ref>Berrin, Katherine & Larco Museum. ''The Spirit of Ancient Peru:Treasures from the [[Larco Museum|Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera]].'' New York: [[Thames and Hudson]], 1997.</ref> ===Zodiac=== The [[Monkey (zodiac)|Monkey]] is the ninth in the twelve-year cycle of animals which appear in the [[Chinese zodiac]] related to the [[Chinese calendar]]. {{#switch:{{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}mod12}} |1=Last year was the year of the monkey. |0=This year is the year of the monkey. |11=Next year will be the year of the monkey. |The next time that the monkey will appear as the zodiac sign will be in the year {{#expr:(({{CURRENTYEAR}}+6)/12round0)*12}}}} ==See also== {{portal|Mammals|Okapi2.jpg}} *[[List of monkeys]] ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==External links== {{commons}} *[http://www.ippl.org/404.php "The Impossible Housing and Handling Conditions of Monkeys in Research Laboratories"], by Viktor Reinhardt, International Primate Protection League, August 2001 *[http://www.buav.org/covance/video.html Inside the monkey house]{{dead link|url=http://www.buav.org/covance/video.html|date=May 2008}}at [[Covance]], shot undercover by the [[British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection]] *[http://exoticpets.about.com/cs/primates/a/primatesaspets.htm The Problem with Pet Monkeys: Reasons Monkeys Do Not Make Good Pets], an article by veterinarian Lianne McLeod on About.com *[http://www.monkeyhelpers.org/ Helping Hands: Monkey helpers for the disabled], a U.S. national non-profit organization based in Boston Massachusetts that places specially trained capuchin monkeys with people who are paralyzed or who live with other severe mobility impairments [[Category:Monkeys| ]] [[af:Aap]] [[ar:سعدان]] [[ay:K'usillu]] [[bo:སྤྲེའུ་]] [[da:Abe]] [[eo:Simio]] [[es:Mono]] [[fr:Singe]] [[gn:Ka'i]] [[hak:Hèu-è]] [[id:Monyet]] [[io:Simio]] [[ja:サル]] [[ko:원숭이]] [[ln:Makáko]] [[ml:കുരങ്ങ്]] [[mr:माकड]] [[ms:Monyet]] [[nah:Ozomatli]] [[nrm:Marmoûset]] [[pt:Macaco]] [[simple:Monkey]] [[sr:Мајмун]] [[su:Monyét]] [[tg:Маймун]] [[ta:குரங்கு]] [[th:ลิง]] [[tl:Unggoy]] [[tr:Maymunlar]] [[uk:Мавпи]] [[vi:Khỉ]] [[wa:Séndje]] [[zh:猴]] [[zh-min-nan:Kâu]] [[zh-yue:馬騮]]