Montenegro
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226011196
2008-07-16T12:53:01Z
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{{otheruses1|the country in Europe}}
{{Infobox Country
|native_name = Црна Гора<br>''Crna Gora''
|conventional_long_name = Montenegro
|common_name = Montenegro
|demonym = Montenegrin
|image_flag = Flag of Montenegro.svg
|image_coat = Coat of arms of Montenegro.svg
|image_map = Europe location MNO.png
|map_caption = {{map_caption |region=on the [[Europe|European continent]]|legend=European location legend en.svg}}
|national_motto =
|national_anthem = ''[[Oj, svijetla majska zoro]]''<small><br>"Oh, Bright Dawn of May"</small>
|official_languages = '''[[Montenegrin language|Montenegrin]]'''<sup>2</sup><br>[[Serbian language|Serbian]], [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]], [[Albanian language|Albanian]] and [[Croatian language|Croatian]]<!-- PLEASE DO NOT TOUCH THIS BEFORE DISCUSSING AT THE TALK PAGE! -->
|capital = [[Podgorica]]<sup>1</sup>
|latd=42 |latm=47 |latNS=N |longd=19 |longm=28 |longEW=E
|largest_city = capital
|government_type = [[Semi-presidential system|Semi-presidential]] [[republic]]
|leader_title1 = [[President of Montenegro|President]]
|leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Montenegro|Prime Minister]]
|leader_title3 = [[Parliament of Montenegro|Speaker]]
|leader_name1 = [[Filip Vujanović]]
|leader_name2 = [[Milo Đukanović]]
|leader_name3 = [[Ranko Krivokapić]]
|area_rank = 160th
|area_magnitude = 1 E10
|area_km2 = 13,812
|area_sq_mi = 5,019
|percent_water = 1.5
|population_estimate = 678,177<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mj.html#People CIA World Factbook: Montenegro]</ref>
|population_estimate_rank = 162nd
|population_estimate_year = July 2008
|population_census = 620,145
|population_census_year = 2003
|population_density_km2 = 50
|population_density_sq_mi = 115.6
|population_density_rank = 121st
|GDP_PPP_year = 2005/2006
|GDP_PPP = $3.443 billion
|GDP_PPP_rank =
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $3,800
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =
|GDP_nominal_year = 2007
|GDP_nominal = $2.87 billion
|GDP_nominal_rank =
|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $ 4 818
|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank =
|sovereignty_type = Foundation
|sovereignty_note =
|established_event1 = [[Cetinje]] founded
|established_date1 = 1484
|established_event2 = Annexed by [[Ottoman Empire]]
|established_date2 = 1499
|established_event3 = [[Congress of Berlin|Independence recognized]]
|established_date3 = 1878
|established_event4 = Unification with [[Serbia]]
|established_date4 = 1918
|established_event5 = Independence from [[Serbia and Montenegro]]
|established_date5 = 2006
|HDI_year = 2004
|HDI = 0.788<ref name="hdi2004">[http://www.gov.me/biblioteka/1123677254.pdf HDI 2004, source: Government of Montenegro]</ref>
|HDI_rank = 72nd
|HDI_category = <font color="#FFCC00">medium</font>
|currency = [[Euro]]<sup>3</sup>
|currency_code = EUR
|country_code =
|time_zone = [[Central European Time|CET]]
|utc_offset = +1
|time_zone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
|utc_offset_DST = +2
|demonym = Montenegrin
|cctld = [[.me]] ([[.yu]])<sup>4</sup>
|calling_code = 382
|ISO_3166-1_alpha2 = ME
|ISO_3166-1_alpha3 = MNE
|ISO_3166-1_num = 499
|vehicle_code = MNE
|footnotes = <sup>1</sup> The traditional old capital of Montenegro is <!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Grb-Cetinja.gif|20px]] -->''[[Cetinje]]''.<br><sup>2</sup> considered commonly as the [[Ijekavian]] dialect of the [[Serbian language]].<br><sup>3</sup> Adopted unilaterally; Montenegro is not a formal member of the [[Eurozone]].<br><sup>4</sup> [[.me]] became active in September 2007. Suffix [[.yu]] will exist until September 2009.
}}
'''Montenegro''' ([[Montenegrin language|Montenegrin]]/[[Serbian language|Serbian]]:<!--#####
PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE LANGUAGES WITHOUT CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE!
#####--> Црна Гора, ''Crna Gora'' ({{pronounced|ˈt͡sr̩naː ˈɡɔra}}, {{Audio|CrnaGora.ogg|listen}}), [[Albanian language|Albanian]]: ''Mali i Zi'' ({{IPA|[ˈmali i ˈzi]}})) is a [[country]] located in [[Balkans|Southeastern Europe]]. It has a coast on the [[Adriatic Sea]] to the south and borders [[Croatia]] to the west, [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] to the northwest, [[Serbia]] to the northeast, [[Albania]] to the southeast. Its [[capital]] and largest city is [[Podgorica]], while [[Cetinje]] is designated as the ''Prijestonica'' (meaning the old royal capital or former seat of the throne).
A principality in the [[Late Middle Ages]], its independence from the [[Ottoman Empire]] was formally recognized in 1878. From 1918, Montenegro became a part of various incarnations of [[Yugoslavia]]. Based on the results of the [[Montenegrin independence referendum, 2006|referendum]] held on [[May 21]], 2006, Montenegro declared independence on [[June 3]], [[2006]] and is still currently the newest fully recognized country in the world. On [[June 28]], [[2006]], it became the 192nd member state<ref>[http://www.un.org/Overview/growth.htm List of members to the United Nations by joining date]</ref> of the [[United Nations]], and on [[May 11]], [[2007]], the 47th member state of the [[Council of Europe]].<ref>[https://wcd.coe.int/ViewDoc.jsp?id=1130883&BackColorInternet=F5CA75&BackColorIntranet=F5CA75&BackColorLogged=A9BACE Directorate of Communication - The Republic of Montenegro becomes 47th Council of Europe member state]</ref>
== Name ==
Montenegro's native name, ''Crna Gora'', is mentioned for the first time in 1296 by Serbian King [[Stefan Uroš I]] in his edicts to the [[Serbian Orthodox Church|Serbian Orthodox]] [[Metropolitanate of Montenegro and the Littoral|Zeta Episcopate]] seat at the Vranjina island in [[Lake Skadar]].<ref>[http://www.montenegro.yu/english/podaci/geography.htm Geography]{{Clarifyme|{{subst:DATE}}<!--This is not a proper reference citation. Use to provide source details.--></ref> The origin of the term lies in the Slavic reference to excessively mountainous regions, often emerging in the [[History of Medieval Serbia|medieval Serbian realm]]. Mentioned afterwards in most [[House of Nemanjić]]'s edicts and in subsequent [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] sources in the 13th and 14th centuries, signifying the area of the [[Zeta (state)|Upper Zeta]], the name stabilized itself for a Principality in the second half of the 15th century under Lord [[Ivan Crnojević]], mostly confounding erroneously the term with the dynasty's name, which both have similar roots. The region itself became remembered as [[Old Montenegro]] (Стара Црна Гора/Stara Crna Gora) as by the 19th century the [[Brda|The Highlands]] were added to the state, and Montenegro further increased its size several times by the 20th century during wars against the Ottomans, expanding its name to and annexing [[Old Herzegovina]] and parts of [[Old Serbia]], most notably [[Metohija]] and southern [[Sandžak|Rashka]]. The state changed little to modern day reference, losing Metohija (western [[Kosovo]]) and gaining the [[Bay of Kotor]]. The name of the region gave the name to its people, the [[Montenegrins]] (Црногорци/Crnogorci).
The country's name in most Western European languages, including English, reflects an adoption of the [[Venetian language|Venetian]] term ''{{lang|vec|monte negro}}'', meaning "black mountain", which probably dates back to the era of [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] [[hegemony]] over the area in the [[Middle Ages]]. Other languages, particularly nearby ones, use their own direct translation of the term "black mountain" (e.g. [[Albanian language|Albanian]]: ''{{lang|sq|Mali i Zi}}'', [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]: Черна гора, Cherna gora, [[Czech language|Czech]]: ''{{lang|cz|Černá Hora}}'', [[Greek language|Greek]]: {{lang|el|Μαυροβούνιο}}, Mavrovoúnio, [[Polish language|Polish]]: ''Czarnogóra'', [[Romanian language|Romanian]]: ''{{lang|ro|Muntenegru}}'', [[Slovenian language|Slovenian]]: ''{{lang|sl|Črna Gora}}'', [[Slovak language|Slovak]]: ''Čierna hora'', and [[Turkish language|Turkish]]: ''{{lang|tr|Karadağ}}''). Names from further afield include {{lang-ru|Черногория, Chernogoriya}}, {{lang-is|Svartfjallaland}} and {{zh-c|c=黑山}} ([[pinyin]]: "hēishān"<ref>this literal translation is used in Mainland China and Hong Kong; [[Taiwanese Mandarin]] uses {{lang|zh-tw|蒙特內哥羅}} "méngtènèigēluó", a phonetic transcription of "Montenegro"</ref>)
The [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-2|ISO Alpha-2]] code for Montenegro is ME and the [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-3|Alpha-3 Code]] is MNE.<ref>[http://www.iso.org/iso/en/prods-services/iso3166ma/03updates-on-iso-3166/nlv12-div.html ISO 3166-1 Newsletter No. V-12, Date: 2006-09-26]</ref>
== History ==
{{main|History of Montenegro}}
[[Image:MontenegroPre-StefanoTreaty.PNG|thumb| [[Principality of Montenegro]] ]]
The first recorded settlers of present-day Montenegro were [[Illyrians]], the Docleata. In 9 AD the [[Roman Empire|Romans]] conquered the region of present-day Montenegro. [[Slavs]] massively colonized the area in the 5th and 6th centuries, forming a semi-independent principality, [[Doclea]], that was involved in Balkan medieval politics with ties to [[Rascia]] and [[Byzantium]] and to a lesser extent [[Bulgaria]], becoming a [[monarchy]] in the late 11th century. By the end of the 12th century, fully incorporated into a [[History of Serbia|Serbian realm]], the newly acquired land, then called Zeta, was governed by the Serbian [[Nemanjic]] dynasty. After the [[Serbian Empire]] collapsed in the second half of the 14th century, another family came to prominence by expanding their power in the region, the [[Balšić]]s. In 1421 it was annexed to the [[Serbian Despotate]], but after 1455 another noble family from Zeta, the [[Crnojević]]s, ruled Montenegro that until the end of the 15th century became the last free monarchy of the Balkans, finally falling to the Ottomans in 1499, who annexed it to the ''[[sanjak]]'' of [[Skadar]]. For a short time Montenegro existed as a separate autonomous ''sanjak'' in 1514–1528, another version of which existed again some time between 1597 and 1614.
In the 16th century Montenegro developed a form of special and unique autonomy within the [[Ottoman Empire]]: the local [[Serb clans]] were also free of many bonds due to Montenegro's autonomy. Nevertheless the Montenegrins refused to accept Ottoman reign and in the 17th century raised numerous rebellions, culminating with the Ottoman defeat in the [[Great Turkish War]] at the end of that century. Montenegro became a [[theocracy]] led by the [[Serbian Orthodox]] [[Metropolitanate of Montenegro and the Littoral|Metropolitans]], flourishing since the [[Petrović-Njegoš]] became the traditional Prince-Bishops. The [[Venetian Republic]] introduced governors that meddled in Montenegrin politics; when the republic was succeeded by the [[Austrian Empire]] in 1797, the governors were abolished by Prince-Bishop [[Petar II Petrović-Njegoš|Petar II]] in 1832. His predecessor [[Petar I Petrović-Njegoš|Petar I]] contributed to the unification of Montenegro with [[Serb clans|the Highlands]].
[[Image:Montenegro1913.png|thumb| [[Kingdom of Montenegro]] ]]
Under [[Nicholas I of Montenegro|Nicholas I]], the [[Principality of Montenegro]] vastly advanced and enlarged several times in the Montenegro-Turkish Wars and achieved recognition of independence in 1878. Modernization of the state followed, culminating with the draft of a Constitution in 1905. Political rifts for the first time emerged between the reigning [[People's Party of Montenegro|People's Party]] that supported democratization of the ruler's autocratic regime and unconditional union with Serbia and the minor pro-monarch [[True People's Party]]. In 1910 Montenegro became [[Kingdom of Montenegro|a Kingdom]]. It initiated the [[Balkan wars]] in 1912 and 1913 in which the Ottomans lost all lands in the Balkans, achieving a common border with Serbia, but the [[Skadar]] was awarded to a newly created [[Albania]]. In [[World War I]] in 1914 Montenegro sided with Serbia against the [[Central Powers]], suffering a full scale defeat to [[Austria-Hungary]] in early 1916. In 1918 the Allies liberated Montenegro, which was subsequently merged with Serbia.
In 1922 Montenegro formally became the Zeta Area of the [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]], and in 1929 it became a part of a larger [[Zeta Banovina|Zeta Banate]] of the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]]. In [[World War II]] Yugoslavia was invaded by the [[Axis forces]] in 1941, who established a puppet [[Independent State of Montenegro]], liberated by the [[Yugoslav Partisans]] in 1944. Montenegro became a constituent republic of the [[communist]] [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]] (SFRY), its capital renamed to [[Titograd]] in honor of Partisan leader and SFRY president [[Tito|Josip "Tito" Broz]]. More and more autonomy was established, until the [[Socialist Republic of Montenegro]] ratified a new constitution 1974 (however, this RFM remained a constituent republic of the SFRY).
After the dissolution of the SFRY in 1992, Montenegro remained part of a smaller [[Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]] along with Serbia.
[[Image:Yugoslaviamap.png|thumb|left|Map of Serbia and Montenegro]]
In the [[Montenegrin independence referendum, 1992|referendum on remaining in Yugoslavia in 1992]], 95.96% of the votes were cast for remaining in the federation with Serbia, although the turnout was at 66% because of a [[boycott]] by the Muslim, Albanian and Catholic minorities as well as the pro-independence Montenegrins. The opposition claimed that the poll was organized under anti-[[Democracy|democratic conditions]], during wartime in the former Yugoslavia, with widespread propaganda from the state-controlled media in favor of a pro-federation vote. There is no impartial report on the fairness of the referendum, as the 1992 referendum was totally unmonitored, unlike the 2006 vote, which has been closely monitored by the [[European Union]].
During the 1991–1995 [[Bosnian War]] and [[Croatian War]], Montenegro participated with its [[police]] and [[military]] forces in the attacks on [[Dubrovnik]], [[Croatia]] and Bosnian towns along with Serbian troops. It conducted persecutions against Bosnian refugees who were arrested by Montenegrin police and transported to Serb camps in Foča, where they were executed.<ref>"Porodica Nedžiba Loje o Njegovom Hapšenju i Deportaciji 1992". ''Godine'' [http://bosnjaci.net/aktuelno.php?id=4311]{{Clarifyme|{{subst:DATE}}}}<!--What is this source? The link is dead.--></ref>
In 1996, [[Milo Đukanović]]'s government severed ties between Montenegro and the Serbian regime, which was then under [[Slobodan Milošević|Milošević]]. Montenegro formed its own [[economic policy]] and adopted the [[Germany|German]] [[Deutsche Mark]] as its currency. It has since adopted the [[Euro]], though it is not formally part of the [[Eurozone]] [[currency union]]. Subsequent governments of Montenegro carried out pro-independence policies, originally restored by the [[Liberal Alliance of Montenegro]], and political tensions with Serbia simmered despite the political changes in [[Belgrade]]. Despite its pro-independence leanings, targets in Montenegro were bombed by NATO forces during [[Operation Allied Force]] in 1999, although the extent of these attacks was very limited in both time and the area affected.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/331036.stm |title=Russia pushes peace plan |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=1999-04-29}}</ref>
In 2002, Serbia and Montenegro came to a new agreement regarding continued cooperation and entered into negotiations regarding the future status of the [[Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]. In 2003, the Yugoslav federation was replaced in favor of a looser state union named [[Serbia and Montenegro]] and a possible referendum on Montenegrin independence was postponed for a minimum of three years.{{Clarifyme|date=April 2008}}<!--That takes us up to 2006; what has happened in the last 2 years? ~~~~~ -->
=== 21st century independence ===
[[Image:CG-Pobjeda.jpg|thumb|Front page of ''[[Pobjeda]] ''following the successful independence referendum]]
The status of the union between Montenegro and Serbia was decided by the [[Montenegrin independence referendum, 2006|referendum on Montenegrin independence]] on [[May 21]], [[2006]]. A total of 419,240 votes were cast, representing 86.5% of the total electorate. 230,661 votes or 55.5% were for independence and 185,002 votes or 44.5% were against.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5007364.stm BBC News: Montenegro vote result confirmed]</ref> The 45,659 difference narrowly surpassed the 55% threshold needed to validate the referendum under the rules set by the European Union. According to the electoral commission, the 55% threshold was passed by only 2,300 votes. Serbia, the member-states of the European Union, and the permanent members of the [[United Nations Security Council]] have all recognized Montenegro's independence.
The 2006 referendum was monitored by five international observer missions, headed by an [[OSCE]]/[[ODIHR]] monitoring team, and around 3,000 observers in total (including domestic observers from [[CEMI]], [[CEDEM]] and other organizations). The OSCE/ODIHR ROM{{Clarifyme|date=April 2008}}<!--What does "ROM" mean here? Don't use unexplained/unlinked acronyms.--> joined efforts with the observers of the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly (OSCE PA), the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE), the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of the Council of Europe (CLRAE) and the European Parliament (EP) to form an International Referendum Observation Mission (IROM). The IROM—in its preliminary report—"assessed compliance of the referendum process with OSCE commitments, Council of Europe commitments, other international standards for democratic electoral processes, and domestic legislation." Furthermore, the report assessed that the competitive pre-referendum environment was marked by an active and generally peaceful campaign and that "there were no reports of restrictions on fundamental civil and political rights."
On [[June 3]], [[2006]], the Parliament of Montenegro declared the independence of Montenegro,<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/5043462.stm BBC News: Montenegro declares independence]</ref> formally confirming the result of the referendum on independence. Serbia did not obstruct the ruling, confirming its own independence and declaring the union of Serbia and Montenegro ended shortly thereafter.
On [[September 6]], [[2007]] an adviser of the Prime Minister of Serbia called Montenegro a 'quasi-state'<ref>[http://index.hu/politika/kulfold/kvz0906/ Index - Diplomáciai botrány Szerbia és Montenegró között<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. Montenegro gave a protest list{{Clarifyme|date=April 2008}}<!--What is a "protest list"?--> to the Serbian Ministry for Foreign Affairs. The Deputy Prime Minister of Serbia, [[Božidar Đelić]], has apologized for this.{{Clarifyme|date=April 2008}}<!--Huh? Why would a Serb politician apologize for Montenegro making a list?--><ref>[http://www.vijesti.cg.yu/arhiva.php?akcija=vijest&id=246805 Vijesti: Crna Gora tražila javno izvinjenje zbog afere "kvazidržava"]</ref>
== Geography ==
[[Image:Montenegro Map.png|thumb|Map of Montenegro]]
[[Image:Bay of Kotor, Montenegro.jpg|thumb|[[Bay of Kotor]]]]
[[Image:Moraca River Canyon.jpg|thumb|[[Morača River]] Canyon]]
{{main|Geography of Montenegro}}
Internationally, Montenegro borders [[Croatia]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Serbia]], the disputed territory [[Kosovo]], and [[Albania]]. Historically, its territory was divided into "nahije".
Some of the biggest cities and towns in Montenegro are:
* [[Podgorica]] (capital; 136,473 inhabitants)
* [[Nikšić]] (58,212)
* [[Pljevlja]] (21,377)
* [[Bijelo Polje]] (15,883)
* [[Cetinje]] (The former royal capital and the seat of the throne; 15,137)
* [[Bar, Montenegro|Bar]] (13,719)
* [[Herceg Novi]] (12,739)
* [[Berane]] (11,776)
{{see also|List of cities in Montenegro}}
Montenegro ranges from high peaks along its borders with [[Serbia]] and [[Albania]], a segment of the [[Kras|Karst]] of the western Balkan Peninsula, to a narrow coastal [[plain]] that is only one to four miles (6 km) wide. The plain stops abruptly in the north, where [[Mount Lovćen]] and [[Mount Orjen]] plunge abruptly into the inlet of the [[Bay of Kotor]].
Montenegro's large Karst region lies generally at elevations of 1,000 metres (3,281 ft) above sea level; some parts, however, rise to 2,000 metres (6,560 ft), such as [[Mount Orjen]] (1,894 m/6,214 ft), the highest massif among the coastal limestone ranges. The [[Zeta River]] valley, at an elevation of 500 meters (1,640 ft), is the lowest segment.
The mountains of Montenegro include some of the most rugged terrain in Europe. They average more than 2,000 metres (6,560 ft) in elevation. One of the country's notable peaks is [[Bobotov Kuk]] in the [[Durmitor]] mountains, which reaches a height of 2,522 metres (8,274 ft). The Montenegrin mountain ranges were among the most ice-eroded parts of the Balkan Peninsula during the last glacial period.
* Longest beach: [[Velika Plaža]], [[Ulcinj]] — 13,000 m (8 miles)
* Highest peak: [[Zla Kolata]], [[Prokletije]] at 2,534 m
* Largest lake: [[Skadar Lake]] — 391 km² (151 [[square mile|sq mi]]) of surface area
* Deepest canyon: [[Tara River (Montenegro)|Tara River]] [[Tara River Canyon|Canyon]] — 1,300 m (4,265 ft)
* Biggest [[Headlands and bays|bay]]: [[Bay of Kotor]]
* National parks: [[Durmitor]] — 390 km² (150 sq mi), [[Lovćen]] — 64 km² (25 sq mi), [[Biogradska Gora]] — 54 km² (21 sq mi), [[Lake Scutari]] — 400 km² (154 sq mi)
* [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage sites]]: [[Durmitor]] and [[Tara River Canyon]], old city of [[Kotor]].
== Government and politics ==
[[Image:Montenegro municipalities politics.png|thumb|left|Local self-government in Montenegro; red represents the municipalities in which the ruling [[Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro|DPS]] governs and blue are administered by the pro-Serbian opposition]]
{{main|Politics of Montenegro}}
:''See also: [[Foreign relations of Montenegro]], [[Military of Montenegro]]''
Montenegro is defined as a "[[Civic]], [[Democracy|democratic]], [[environmentalism|ecological]] and state of [[social justice]], based on the reign of Law". It is an independent and sovereign [[Republic]]. It proclaimed its [[Constitution of Montenegro|new Constitution]] on [[22 October]] [[2007]].
=== Government ===
The current [[Government of Montenegro|Government of the Republic of Montenegro]] (''Vlada Republike Crne Gore'') is composed of the prime minister, the deputy prime ministers as well as ministers. [[Milo Đukanović]] is the [[Prime Minister of Montenegro]] and head of the Government. The ruling party in Montenegro ever since multi-party system was introduced is the controversial [[Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro]] (DPS) (''Demokratska Partija Socijalista Crna Gore''), in coalition with the much smaller [[Social Democratic Party of Montenegro]] (SDP) (''Socijaldemokratska Partija Crne Gore'').
=== President ===
[[Image:FilipVujanovic.jpg|thumb|125px|President [[Filip Vujanović]]]]
The [[President of Montenegro]] is elected for a period of five years through direct elections. According to the constitution, the President will represent the republic in the country and abroad, promulgate laws by ordinance, call elections for the [[Parliament of Montenegro|Parliament]], propose candidates for the [[Prime Minister of Montenegro|Prime Minister]], president and justices of the Constitutional Court to the Parliament, propose to the Parliament calling of a [[referendum]], grant amnesty for criminal offences prescribed by the national law, confer decoration and awards, and perform all other duties in accordance with the Constitution. The President shall also be a member of the Supreme Defence Council.
=== Parliament ===
The [[Parliament of Montenegro|Montenegrin Parliament]] (''Skupština Republike Crne Gore'') passes all laws in Montenegro, ratifies international treaties, appoints the [[Prime Minister]], ministers, and justices of all courts, adopts the budget and performs other duties as established by the Constitution. The Parliament can pass a vote of no-confidence on the Government by a majority of the members. One representative is elected per 6,000 voters, which in turn results in a reduction of total number of representatives in the Parliament of Montenegro. The current president of the Parliament is [[Ranko Krivokapić]].
The present parliament contains 81 seats instead of 75 in the previous parliament. Parliamentary elections were held on [[10 September]] [[2006]] and were the first since the proclamation of independence. The constituent parliamentary session took place on [[2 October]] [[2006]].
=== Symbols ===
A new official [[flag of Montenegro]] was adopted on [[July 13]] [[2004]], by the Montenegrin legislature. The new flag is based on the royal standard of [[King Nikola I]] of Montenegro. This flag was all red with a gold border, a gold coat of arms, and the initials НІ in Cyrillic script (corresponding to NI in Latin script) representing [[King Nikola I]]. These initials are omitted from the modern flag and replaced with a golden lion.
The national day of [[13 July]] marks the date in 1878 when the [[Congress of Berlin]] recognised Montenegro as the 27th independent state in the world{{Fact|date=June 2007}} and the start of one of the first popular uprisings in Europe against the [[Axis Powers]] on [[13 July]] [[1941]] in Montenegro.
In 2004, the Montenegrin legislature selected a popular Montenegrin traditional song, ''[[Oj, svijetla majska zoro|Oh, Bright Dawn of May]]'', as the [[national anthem]]. Montenegro's official anthem during the reign of King Nikola was ''{{lang|sr|[[Ubavoj nam Crnoj Gori]]}}'' (''To our beautiful Montenegro''). The Montenegrin popular anthem has unofficially been [[Onamo, 'namo!]] since King Nikola I wrote it in the 1860s.
== Municipalities ==
{{main|Municipalities of Montenegro}}
Montenegro is divided into twenty-one [[municipality|municipalities]] (''[[opština]]''), and two urban municipalities, subdivisions of Podgorica municipality:
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
# [[Andrijevica]]
# [[Bar, Montenegro|Bar]]
# [[Berane]]
# [[Bijelo Polje]]
# [[Budva]]
# [[Cetinje]]
# [[Danilovgrad]]
# [[Herceg Novi]]
# [[Kolašin]]
# [[Kotor]]
# [[Mojkovac]]
# [[Nikšić]]
{{col-3}}
# [[Plav]]
# [[Plužine]]
# [[Pljevlja]]
# [[Podgorica]]
# [[Golubovci]]
# [[Tuzi]]
# [[Rožaje]]
# [[Šavnik]]
# [[Tivat]]
# [[Ulcinj]]
# [[Žabljak]]
{{col-3}}
[[Image:Montenegro municipalities.png|thumb|Municipalities of Montenegro]]
{{col-end}}
== Economy ==
{{main|Economy of Montenegro}}
[[Image:Budva, view from Gospostina.jpg|thumb|[[Budva]] is the main tourist spot]]
During the era of [[communism]] Montenegro experienced a rapid period of urbanization and industrialization. An industrial sector based on electricity generation, [[steel mill|steel]], [[aluminium]], [[coal mining]], [[forestry]] and wood processing, [[textiles]] and tobacco manufacture were built up, with trade, overseas shipping, and particularly tourism, increasingly important by the late 1980s.
The loss of previously guaranteed markets and suppliers after the breakup of [[SFRY|Yugoslavia]] left the Montenegrin industrial sector reeling as production was suspended and the privatization program, begun in 1989, was interrupted. The disintegration of the Yugoslav market, and the imposition of the UN sanctions in May 1992 were the causes of the greatest economic and financial crisis since World War II. During 1993, two thirds of the Montenegrin population lived below the poverty line, while frequent interruptions in relief supplies caused the health and environmental protection to drop below the minimum of international standards. The financial losses under the adverse effects of the UN sanctions on the overall economy of Montenegro are estimated to be approximately $6.39 billion. This period also experienced the second highest [[hyperinflation]] in history (3 million percent in January 1994) (The highest [[hyperinflation]] happened in [[Hungary]] after the end of World War II, when inflation there hit 4.19 x 10<sup>16</sup> percent).
In 1997, [[Milo Đukanović]] took control over the ruling [[Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro]] (DPS) and began severing ties with Milosevic' [[Serbia]]. He blamed the policies of [[Slobodan Milošević]] for the overall decline of the Montenegrin economy, as well as Milošević's systematic persecution of non-Serbs. Montenegro introduced the [[German mark]] as response to again-growing inflation, and insisted on taking more control over its economic fate. This eventually resulted in creation of [[Serbia and Montenegro]], a loose union in which Montenegro mostly took responsibility for its economic policies.
This was followed by implementation of faster and more efficient [[privatization]], passing of reform laws, introduction of [[VAT]] and usage of [[Euro]] as Montenegro's legal tender.
== Demographics ==
{{main|Demographics of Montenegro|Demographic history of Montenegro}}
[[Image:montenegroetno03.png|thumb|Ethnic map of the Republic of Montenegro according to the 2003 census]]
According to 2003 census, Montenegro has 620,145 citizens. If the methodology used up to 1991 was used in the 2003 census, Montenegro would officially have 673,094 citizens. Most recent estimates stake somewhere below 700,000 inhabitants.
When the census was taken Montenegro was a non-national civic state. In the meantime, the Constitution was changed, hence it now recognizes the major ethnic groups living in it: [[Montenegrins]], [[Serbs]], [[Bosniaks]], [[Albanians]], [[Muslims by nationality|Muslims]] and [[Croats]]. Ethnic composition according to the 2004 official data:<ref>[http://www.monstat.cg.yu/Popis/Popis01a.zip Official results of the 2003 Montenegrin census]</ref>
{| border=1 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 class="toccolours" style="align: left; margin: 0.5em 0 0 0; border-style: solid; border: 1px solid #7f7f7f; border-right-width: 2px; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|-
| style="background:#F5F5DC;" |
| style="background:#F5F5DC;" align="center" | <small>Number</small>
| style="background:#F5F5DC;" align="center" | <small>%</small>
|-
| style="background:#c1c1c1;" | '''TOTAL'''
| style="background:#c1c1c1;" | '''620,145'''
| style="background:#c1c1c1;" | 100
|-
| style="background:#F5F5DC;" | [[Montenegrins]]
| 267,669
| 43.16
|-
| style="background:#F5F5DC;" | [[Serbs]]
| 198,414
| 31.99
|-
| style="background:#F5F5DC;" | [[Bosniacs]]
| 48,184
| 7.77
|-
| style="background:#F5F5DC;" | [[Albanians]]
| 31,163
| 5.03
|-
| style="background:#F5F5DC;" | [[Muslims by nationality|Muslims]]
| 24,625
| 3.97
|-
| style="background:#F5F5DC;" | [[Croats]]
| 6,811
| 1.1
|-
| style="background:#F5F5DC;" | [[Roma people|Romany]]
| 2,601
| 0.42
|-
| style="background:#F5F5DC;" | [[Yugoslavs]]
| 1,860
| 0.3
|-
| style="background:#F5F5DC;" | ''others''
| 38,818
| 6.26
|}
The latest poll from mid 2008 had given a changed ethnic distributions:<ref>CEDEM</ref>
* 43.6% Montenegrins
* 33.1% Serbs
* 9.4% Muslims
* 5.1% Albanians
* 3.9% Bosniacs
* 4.9% others
Most citizens speak the [[Serbian language]] of the [[ijekavian|Iyekavian]] dialect. However, as of 2004 the moves for an independent [[Montenegrin language]] were promoted and with the new 2007 Constitution it became Montenegro's prime official language. Next to it, [[Serbian language|Serbian]], [[Albanian language|Albanian]], [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]] and [[Croatian language|Croatian]] are recognized in usage.
{| border=1 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 class="toccolours" style="align: left; margin: 0.5em 0 0 0; border-style: solid; border: 1px solid #7f7f7f; border-right-width: 2px; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|-
| style="background:#F5F5DC;" |
| style="background:#F5F5DC;" align="center" | <small>Number</small>
| style="background:#F5F5DC;" align="center" | <small>%</small>
|-
| style="background:#c1c1c1;" | '''TOTAL'''
| style="background:#c1c1c1;" | '''620,145'''
| style="background:#c1c1c1;" | 100
|-
| style="background:#F5F5DC;" | [[Serbian language|Serbian]]
| 393,740
| 63.49
|-
| style="background:#F5F5DC;" | [[Montenegrin language|Montenegrin]]
| 136,208
| 21.96
|-
| style="background:#F5F5DC;" | [[Albanian language|Albanian]]
| 32,603
| 5.26
|-
| style="background:#F5F5DC;" | [[Bosnian language|Bosniac]]
| 19,906
| 3.21
|-
| style="background:#F5F5DC;" | [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]]
| 14,172
| 2.28
|-
| style="background:#F5F5DC;" | [[Croatian language|Croatian]]
| 2,791
| 0.45
|-
| style="background:#F5F5DC;" | ''other''
| 20,725
| 3.34
|}
Most Montenegrin inhabitants are [[Eastern Orthodoxy|Orthodox Christians]], followers of the [[Serbian Orthodox Church]]'s [[Metropolitanate of Montenegro and the Littoral]]. The religious institutions all have guaranteed rights and are separate from the state. There is a sizeable number of [[Sunni Muslims]] in Montenegro that maintain their own [[Islam in Montenegro|Islamic Community of Montenegro]]. There is also a small [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] population, divided onto the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bar|Achdiocese of Antivari]] headed by Primate of Serbia and the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kotor|Diocese of Kotor]] that is a part of the [[Church of Croatia]]. Religious determination according to the census:
{| border=1 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 class="toccolours" style="align: left; margin: 0.5em 0 0 0; border-style: solid; border: 1px solid #7f7f7f; border-right-width: 2px; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|-
| style="background:#F5F5DC;" |
| style="background:#F5F5DC;" align="center" | <small>Number</small>
| style="background:#F5F5DC;" align="center" | <small>%</small>
|-
| style="background:#c1c1c1;" | '''TOTAL'''
| style="background:#c1c1c1;" | '''620,145'''
| style="background:#c1c1c1;" | 100
|-
| style="background:#F5F5DC;" | [[Serbian Orthodox Church|Orthodox]]
| 460,383
| 74.24
|-
| style="background:#F5F5DC;" | [[Islam in Montenegro|Muslim]]
| 110,034
| 17.74
|-
| style="background:#F5F5DC;" | [[Catholicism in Montenegro|Roman Catholic]]
| 21,972
| 3.54
|-
| style="background:#F5F5DC;" | ''other''
| 27,756
| 4.48
|}
According the newest report, there are 24,610 total refugees from the [[Yugoslav wars]] in Montenegro, forming 4.2% of the total population. 16,136 are refugees from [[Kosovo]] after 1999 and 8,474 expelled from [[Croatia]] and [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia]].
== Culture ==
[[Image:Gospa od Škrpjela.jpg|thumb|[[Our Lady of the Rocks]] and [[Sveti Đorđe Island]] in [[Bay of Kotor]]]]
[[Image:Cetinje palace.jpg|thumb|National Museum of Montenegro in [[Cetinje]] (Former Palace of King Nikola I)]]
[[Image:Morača Sports Center.jpg|thumb|Morača Sports Center, venue of [[Eurobasket 2005]]]]
{{main|Culture of Montenegro}}
The culture of Montenegro has been shaped by a variety of influences throughout history. The influence of Orthodox, Slavonic, Central European, Islamic, and seafaring Adriatic cultures (notably parts of [[Italy]], like the [[Republic of Venice]]) have been the most important in recent centuries.
Montenegro has many significant cultural and historical sites, including heritage sites from the pre-[[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]], [[Gothic art|Gothic]] and [[Baroque]] periods. The Montenegrin coastal region is especially well known for its religious monuments, including the [[Cathedral of Saint Tryphon]] in [[Kotor]]<ref>[http://www.kotoronline.com Kotor]</ref> (Cattaro under the Venetians), the basilica of St. Luke (over 800 years), [[Our Lady of the Rocks]] (Škrpjela), the [[Savina Monastery]] and others. Montenegro's medieval monasteries contain thousands of square metres of frescos on their walls.
The traditional folk dance of the Montenegrins is the Oro, a circle dance that involves dancers standing on each other's shoulders in a circle while one or two dancers are dancing in the middle.
The first literary works written in the region are ten centuries old, and the first Montenegrin book was printed five hundred years ago. The first state-owned printing press was located in Cetinje in 1494, where the first [[South Slavs|South Slavic]] book, [[Oktoih]], was printed the same year. Ancient manuscripts, dating from the thirteenth century, are kept in the Montenegrin monasteries.<ref>[http://www.montenet.com/history/crnoje.htm Montenet - History of Montenegro: Crnojevic Rule]</ref>
Montenegro's capital Podgorica and the former royal capital of Cetinje are the two most important centers of culture and the arts in the country.
=== Education ===
{{main|Education in Montenegro}}
Education in Montenegro is regulated by the [[Government of Montenegro|Montenegrin Ministry of Education and Science]].
Education starts in either pre-schools or elementary schools. Children enroll in elementary schools ([[Serbian language|Serbian]]: ''Osnovna škola'') at the age of 6; it lasts 9 years. The students may continue their [[secondary education]], which lasts 4 years (3 years for trade schools) and ends with graduation ([[Matura]]). [[Higher education]] lasts with a certain first degree after 3 to 6 years.
=== Sports ===
Serbia and Montenegro were represented by [[Serbia and Montenegro national football team|a single football team]] in the [[2006 FIFA World Cup]] tournament, despite having formally split just weeks prior to its start. Following this event, this team has been inherited by Serbia, while a new one was organized to represent Montenegro in international competitions.<ref>[http://www.uefa.com/footballeurope/news/kind=2/newsid=517700.html UEFA: Montenegro set for big adventure]</ref> On [[March 24]], [[2007]], the [[Montenegro national football team|Montenegrin national team]] came from behind to win its first ever fixture, 2-1, in a [[Exhibition game|friendly game]] against [[Hungary national football team|Hungary]] at the [[Podgorica city stadium|Podgorica Stadium]].<ref>[http://www.uefa.com/competitions/euro/news/kind=1/newsid=519773.html Montenegro take a bow at victory]</ref> On their 119th Session in [[Guatemala City]] in July 2007, the [[International Olympic Committee]] granted recognition and membership to the newly formed Montenegrin National Olympic Committee. Montenegro is set to debut at the [[2008 Summer Olympics]] in [[Beijing]].
Water Polo is one of the most popular sports in the country. Montenegro won the European Championships in Malaga, Spain on July 13, 2008 over Serbia 6-5 in a game that was tied 5-5 after four quarters. This was Montenegros first major international competition for which they had to qualify through two LEN tournaments. Montenegro’s first division in water polo consists of five clubs, all with an annual budget of one million Euros and more - VK Primorac Kotor (2007 and 2008 Montenegro champions), VK Jadran Herceg Novi (2006 champions of Serbia-Montenegro), VK Budvanska Rivijera Budva, VK Prcanj and VK Bijela. From the coming season 2008-09 they will be joined by a sixth club, VK Cattaro. Additionally, they have qualified for the Olympic games in Beijing and will be considered one of the favorites to win.
== In popular culture ==
The first official international representation of Montenegro as an independent state was in the [[Miss World 2006]] celebrated on [[September 30]], [[2006]] in [[Warsaw]], [[Poland]]. [[Ivana Knežević]] from the city of [[Bar, Montenegro|Bar]] was the first Miss Montenegro at any international beauty pageant. Both Montenegro and Serbia competed separately in this pageant for the first time after the state union came to an end.
Part of the 2006 [[James Bond]] film ''[[Casino Royale (2006 film)|Casino Royale]]'' is set in Montenegro, although the filming was done in [[Czech Republic]].
[[Nero Wolfe]], the eccentric fictional detective created by [[United States|American]] writer [[Rex Stout]], is Montenegrin by birth. One Nero Wolfe novel, ''[[The Black Mountain]]'', takes place in [[Josip Broz Tito|Tito]]-era Montenegro.
Jay Gatsby, the main character of the [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]] novel ''[[The Great Gatsby]]'', supposedly fought in Montenegro in World War I, and had been given a medal of honour by the Montenegrin [[King Nicholas I]].
== Montenegrin holidays ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+<big>'''Holidays'''</big>
|-
! style="background: #efefef; border-bottom: 2px solid gray;" | Date
! style="background: #efefef; border-bottom: 2px solid gray;" | Name
! style="background: #efefef; border-bottom: 2px solid gray;" | Notes
|-
| [[1 January]]
| [[New Year's Day]]
| (non-working holiday)
|-
| [[7 January]]
| [[Eastern Orthodox|Orthodox]] [[Christmas]]
| (non-working)
|-
| [[14 January]]
| [[Julian calendar|Julian]] [[New Year's Day]]
|
|-
| [[25 April]]
| Orthodox [[Good Friday]]
| Date for 2008 only
|-
| [[27 April]]
| Orthodox [[Easter]]
| Date for 2008 only
|-
| [[28 April]]
| Orthodox [[Easter Monday]]
| Date for 2008 only
|-
| [[1 May]]
| [[Labour Day]]
| (non-working)
|-
| [[9 May]]
| [[Victory Day]]
|
|-
| [[21 May]]
| [[Independence Day]]
| (non-working)
|-
| [[13 July]]
| Statehood Day
| (non-working)
|}
== See also ==
{{columns
|width=250px | gap=10px
|col1 =
* [[Communications in Montenegro]]
* [[Montenegrin cuisine|Cuisine of Montenegro]]
* [[Culture of Montenegro]]
* [[Economy of Montenegro]]
* [[Foreign relations of Montenegro]]
* [[History of Yugoslavia]]
* [[History of the Balkans]]
|col2 =
* [[Languages of Montenegro]]
* [[Law enforcement in Montenegro]]
* [[Rulers of Montenegro|List of rulers of Montenegro]]
* [[Military of Montenegro]]
* [[Montenegrin independence referendum, 2006|Montenegrin independence referendum]]
* [[Montenegrin Orthodox Church]]
* [[Montenegrin perper]]
* [[Music of Montenegro]]
|col3 =
* [[Politics of Montenegro]]
* [[Savez Izviđača Crne Gore]]
* [[Sport in Montenegro]]
* [[Tourism in Montenegro]]
* [[Transport in Montenegro]]
}}
== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}
== Further reading ==
*''Realm of the Black Mountain: A History of Montenegro'' by Elizabeth Roberts (Hurst & Co, 2007) ISBN 978-1-85065-868-9
*''Montenegro: The Divided Land'' by Thomas Fleming (2002) ISBN 0-9619364-9-5
== External links ==
{{portal|Montenegro|Flag of Montenegro.svg}}
{{sisterlinks}}
{{commonscat}}
* [http://www.visit-montenegro.com Visit-Montenegro.com]
* [http://www.me/english/naslovna/index.htm Republic of Montenegro]
* {{wikiatlas|Montenegro}}
* {{dmoz|Regional/Europe/Montenegro|Montenegro}}
* {{wikitravel}}
* {{CIA World Factbook link|mj|Montenegro}}
{{Template group
|title = Geographic locale
|list =
{{Countries of Europe}}
{{Countries and territories bordering the Mediterranean Sea}}
{{Republics and autonomous provinces of the former Yugoslavia}}
{{Slavic-speaking nations}}
}}
{{Template group
|title = International membership
|list =
{{Council of Europe members}}
{{EU countries and candidates}}
{{CEFTA}}
}}
[[Category:2006 establishments]]
[[Category:Montenegro| ]]
[[Category:Slavic countries]]
[[Category:Republics]]
[[af:Montenegro]]
[[als:Montenegro]]
[[am:ሞንቴኔግሮ]]
[[ang:Sweartbeorg]]
[[ar:الجبل الأسود]]
[[an:Montenegro]]
[[arc:ܛܘܪܐ ܐܘܟܡܐ]]
[[frp:Montènègro]]
[[ast:Montenegru]]
[[az:Çernoqoriya]]
[[bn:মন্টিনিগ্রো]]
[[zh-min-nan:O͘-soaⁿ Kiōng-hô-kok]]
[[be:Чарнагорыя]]
[[be-x-old:Чарнагорыя]]
[[bs:Crna Gora]]
[[br:Montenegro]]
[[bg:Черна гора]]
[[ca:Montenegro]]
[[cv:Черногори]]
[[ceb:Montenegro]]
[[cs:Černá Hora]]
[[cy:Montenegro]]
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[[dv:މޮންޓެނީގުރޯ]]
[[dsb:Carnogórska]]
[[et:Montenegro]]
[[el:Μαυροβούνιο]]
[[es:Montenegro]]
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[[eu:Montenegro]]
[[fa:مونتهنگرو]]
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[[gd:Am Monadh Neagrach]]
[[gl:Montenegro - Црна Гора]]
[[ko:몬테네그로]]
[[haw:Montenegero]]
[[hy:Չեռնոգորիա]]
[[hsb:Čorna Hora]]
[[hr:Crna Gora]]
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[[id:Montenegro]]
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[[is:Svartfjallaland]]
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[[he:מונטנגרו]]
[[jv:Montenégro]]
[[kn:ಮಾಂಟೆನೆಗ್ರೊ]]
[[ka:მონტენეგრო]]
[[kk:Черногория]]
[[kw:Montenegro]]
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[[lb:Montenegro]]
[[lt:Juodkalnija]]
[[li:Montenegro]]
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[[hu:Montenegró]]
[[mk:Црна Гора]]
[[mr:मॉन्टेनिग्रो]]
[[ms:Montenegro]]
[[nah:Tlīltepēc]]
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[[ja:モンテネグロ]]
[[nap:Montenegro]]
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[[pms:Montnèigr]]
[[nds:Montenegro]]
[[pl:Czarnogóra]]
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[[qu:Yanaurqu]]
[[ru:Черногория]]
[[se:Montenegro]]
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[[sq:Mali i Zi]]
[[scn:Montenegru]]
[[simple:Montenegro]]
[[sk:Čierna Hora]]
[[cu:Чрьна Гора]]
[[sl:Črna gora]]
[[sr:Црна Гора]]
[[sh:Crna Gora]]
[[fi:Montenegro]]
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[[ta:மொண்டெனேகுரோ]]
[[th:ประเทศมอนเตเนโกร]]
[[vi:Montenegro]]
[[tg:Монтенегро]]
[[tr:Karadağ (devlet)]]
[[uk:Чорногорія]]
[[ur:مونٹینیگرو]]
[[vec:Montenégro]]
[[vo:Montenegrän]]
[[war:Montenegro]]
[[wuu:蒙托乃个洛共和国]]
[[zh-yue:黑山]]
[[diq:Montenegro]]
[[bat-smg:Joudkalnėjė]]
[[zh:蒙特內哥羅]]
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