Moravia 20216 223724267 2008-07-05T13:29:12Z Kozuch 1339567 clean up + reference formating fixes using [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]] {{otheruses}} [[Image:Morava po roce 1920 na mapě Česka.png|thumb|150px|Moravia in relation to the current [[regions of the Czech Republic]].]] [[Image:Flag of Moravia.svg|thumb|150px|Historical flag of Moravia]] '''Moravia''' ({{lang-cs|Morava}}; {{Audio-de|Mähren|Mähren.ogg}}; {{lang-pl|Morawy}}; {{lang-fr|Moravie}}; {{lang-la|Moravia}}) is a [[Historical regions of Central Europe|historical region in central Europe]] in the east of the [[Czech Republic]], one of the former [[Czech lands]]. It takes its name from the [[Morava River, Central Europe|Morava River]] which rises in the northwest of the region. ==Geography== [[Image:Czechoslovakia01.png|thumb|right|250px|Moravia-Silesia within Czechoslovakia between 1928–1938.]] Moravia occupies most of the eastern third of the Czech Republic including the [[South Moravian Region]] and the [[Zlín Region]], as well as parts of the [[Moravian-Silesian Region|Moravian-Silesian]], [[Olomouc Region|Olomouc]], [[Pardubice Region|Pardubice]], [[Vysocina Region|Vysočina]] and [[South Bohemian Region|South Bohemian]] regions. In the north, Moravia borders [[Poland]] and [[Czech Silesia]]; in the east, [[Slovakia]]; in the south, [[Lower Austria]]; and in the west, [[Bohemia]]. Its northern boundary is formed by the [[Sudetes]] mountains which become the [[Carpathian Mountains|Carpathians]] in the east. The meandering [[Dyje]] flows through the border country with [[Austria]] and there is a [[protected area]] on both sides of the border in the area around [[Hardegg]]. At the heart of the country lie the [[sedimentary basin]]s of the Morava and the Dyje at a height of 180 to 250&nbsp;m. In the west, the [[Bohemian-Moravian Heights]] rise to over 800&nbsp;m although the highest mountain is in the north-west, the [[Praděd]] in the Sudetes at 1490&nbsp;m. Further south lie the [[Jeseníky]] highlands (400 to 600&nbsp;m) which fall to 310&nbsp;m at the upper reaches of the River [[Oder]] (the [[Moravian Gate]]) near [[Hranice (Přerov District)|Hranice]] and then rise again as the [[Beskids]] to the 1322&nbsp;m high [[Lysá hora]]. These three mountain ranges plus the "gate" between the latter two form part of the [[European Watershed]]. Moravia's eastern boundary is formed by the [[White Carpathians]] and Javorniky. Between [[1782]]–[[1850]], Moravia (also thus known as ''Moravia-Silesia'') has also included a small portion of the former province of [[Silesia]] – the so-called [[Austrian Silesia]] (when Frederick the Great annexed most of ancient Silesia (the land of upper and middle Oder river) to Prussia, Silesia's southernmost part remained with the [[Habsburg]]s). ==Economy== In the south around [[Hodonín]] and [[Břeclav]] the land is part of the [[Viennese Basin]] and [[petroleum]] and [[lignite]] are drilled for in its deeper sediments. In the area around Ostrava there was intensive [[coal mining]] until around [[1995]]. Iron, chemicals, leather and building materials are the main industrial goods. The main economic centres are [[Brno]], [[Olomouc]], [[Zlín]] and [[Ostrava]]. As well as other agriculture, Moravia is noted for its [[viticulture]]; it contains 94% of the Czech Republic's vineyards and is at the centre of the [[Czech wine|country's wine industry]]. ==History== [[Image:Moravia.svg|thumb|right|Coat of Arms of Moravia]] {{seealso|March of Moravia}} ===Ancient Moravia=== Around [[60 BC]] the [[Celt]]ic [[Boii]] people withdrew from the region and were succeeded in turn by the [[Germanic tribes|Germanic]] [[Quadi]] and in the [[6th century|sixth century]] the [[Slavic peoples|Slavic]] tribes. At the end of the [[8th century|eighth century]] the Moravian Principality came into being in present-day south-eastern Moravia, [[Záhorie]] in south-western Slovakia and parts of Lower Austria. In [[833]] this became the state of [[Great Moravia]] with the conquest of the [[Principality of Nitra]] (present-day Slovakia; from 10. century into 1918 part of the [[Kingdom of Hungary]]). Their first king was [[Mojmir I]] (ruled 830-846). Second ruler of the Great Moravia was St. Rastislav (846-870) who tried to emancipate his land from the Carolingian influence, so he sent his envoys to the Rome for the missionaries and when refused he turned to the Constantinople to the Byzantine emperor Michal. The result was the mission of St. Konstantin and Methodius who translated [[liturgical book]]s into the Slavonic language which was lately elevated by the pope on the level with the Latin and Greek. Methodius became the first Moravian archbishop. But after his death the German influence again prevailed and the disciples of Methodius were forced to escape. So the German destroyed the unique situation which anticipated the II. Vatican Council by several centuries. Great Moravia reached its greatest territorial extent in the 890s under [[Svatopluk I]]. At this time, the empire encompassed the territory of the present-day [[Czech Republic]] and [[Slovakia]], the western part of present [[Hungary]] ([[Pannonia]]), as well as [[Lusatia]] in present-day [[Germany]] and [[Silesia]] and the upper [[Vistula]] basin in southern [[Poland]]. After Svatopluk's death in 895, the Bohemian princes defected to become vassals of the East Frankish ruler [[Arnulf of Carinthia]], and the Moravian state ceased to exist after being overrun by invading [[Magyars]] in [[906]]/[[907|7]]. ===Joining to Bohemia=== Following the defeat of the Magyars by Emperor [[Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto I]] at the [[Battle of Lechfeld]] in 955, Otto's ally [[Boleslaus I of Bohemia|Boleslaus I]], the [[Přemyslid]] ruler of [[Bohemia]], received Moravia. [[Boleslaus I of Poland]] annexed Moravia in 999, and ruled it until [[1019]], when the Přemyslid prince [[Bretislaus I of Bohemia|Bretislaus]] recaptured it. Upon his father's death in 1035, Bretislaus also became the ruler of Bohemia. In 1054, Bretislaus decreed that the Bohemian and Moravians lands would be inherited together by [[primogeniture]], although he also provided that his younger sons should govern parts of Moravia as vassals to his oldest son. Throughout the Přemyslid era, junior princes often ruled all or part of Moravia from [[Olomouc]], [[Brno]], or [[Znojmo]], with varying degrees of autonomy from the ruler of Bohemia. Moravia reached its height of autonomy in [[1182]], when Emperor [[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick I]] elevated Moravia to the status of a [[margrave|margraviate]] (or ''[[marches|mark]]''), immediately subject to the emperor, independent of Bohemia. This status was short-lived: in 1197, [[Vladislaus III of Bohemia]] resolved the succession dispute between him and his brother [[Ottokar I of Bohemia|Ottokar]] by abdicating from the Bohemian throne and accepting the margraviate of Moravia as a vassal of Bohemia. Since then, Moravia has shared its history with Bohemia. The [[Přemyslid]] dynasty became extinct in 1306, and in 1310, [[John of Luxembourg]] became king of Bohemia. Moravia and Bohemia remained (except period of the [[Hussite wars]]) within the [[Luxembourg dynasty]] of Holy Roman kings and emperors, until inherited by [[Albert II of Habsburg]] in 1437. After his death followed the [[interregnum]] till 1453; land (as the rest of lands of the Bohemian Crown) was administered by the [[landfriedens]] (''landfrýdy''). The rulership of young [[Ladislaus the Posthumous]] subsisted only less than five years and subsequently was elected (1458) the Hussite [[George of Poděbrady]] as the king. He again reunited all Czech lands (then Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia, Upper & Lower Lusatia) into one-man ruled state. In 1466, [[Pope Paul II]] excommunicated George and forbade all Catholics (i.e. circa 15 % of population) from continuing to serve him. The Hungarian [[Crusades|crusade]] followed and in 1469 [[Matthias Corvinus]] conquered Moravia and proclaimed himself (with assistance of rebelling [[Czech nobility]]) as the king of Bohemia. Subsequent 21-year-long period of splitted kingdom was decisive for rise awareness of specific Moravian identity, different from the Bohemian. Although Moravia was reunited with Bohemia in 1490 when [[Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary|Vladislaus Jagiellon]], who had succeeded George as king of Bohemia in 1471, then also succeeded Matthias as king of Hungary, certain aversion of Moravian estates to "governance of Prague" and accentuation of Moravian "freedoms" continued until the end of independence (1620). In [[1526]], Vladislaus' son [[Louis II of Bohemia|Louis]] died in battle and the Habsburg [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I]] was elected as his succesor. ===Under the Habsburgs=== The epoch 1526–1620 was marked by increasing animosity between Catholic Habsburg kings (emperors) and rather Protestant Moravian (and other Crowns') estates. Moravia remained likewise Bohemia as a Habsburg possession until the end of [[World War I]]. Until [[1641]] Moravia's capital was the centrally-located [[Olomouc]], but after its capture by the Swedes it moved to the larger city of [[Brno]] which resisted the invaders successfully. The Margraviate of Moravia had its own parliament – ''zemský sněm'' (''Landtag'' in [[German language|German]]), whose deputies were elected (from [[1905]] onward) in ethnically separate German and Czech constituencies. ===Twentieth century=== Following the break-up of the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]] in [[1918]], Moravia became part of [[Czechoslovakia]] (and was part of the [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia]] during the German [[occupation of Czechoslovakia]] in [[World War II]]). In [[1945]] the ethnic German minority of Moravia were expelled. (See [[Expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia after World War II]]). With the break up of Czechoslovakia, Moravia became a part of the Czech Republic in [[1993]]. ==Cities== *[[Brno]] (county seat) *[[Olomouc]] [http://www.olomouc-travel.cz/index.php?lang=2] (county seat) *[[Zlín]] (county seat) *[[Přerov]] *[[Prostějov]] *[[Třebíč]] *[[Jihlava]] (county seat) *[[Kroměříž]] *[[Znojmo]] *[[Ostrava]] (county seat) *[[Frýdek-Místek]] ==People== [[Image:Moravian Slovak Costumes during Jizda Kralu.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Male and female Moravian Slovak costumes worn during the Jízda králů Festival held annually in the village of Vlčnov in southeastern Moravia.]] The [[Moravians (ethnic group)|Moravians]] are a Slavic ethnic group who speak various dialects of [[Czech language|Czech]]. Some Moravians regard themselves as an ethnically distinct group; others consider themselves to be ethnically Czech. In the [[census]] of 1991, 1,362,000 (13.2%) of the Czech population described themselves as being of Moravian nationality. In the census of 2001, this number had decreased to 380,000 (3.7% of the population). Moravia historically had a minority of [[ethnic Germans]], although they were largely [[Expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia|expelled after World War II]]. Notable people from Moravia include: *[[Anton Pilgram]] (1450-1516), architect, sculptor and woodcarver *[[Jan Ámos Komenský|Jan Ámos Komenský (Comenius)]] (1592-1670), educator and theologian, last bishop of [[Unity of the Brethren]] *[[Georg Prochaska|Georgius Prochaska]] (1749-1820), ophthalmologist and physiologist *[[František Palacký]] (1798-1876), historian and politician, "The Father of the [[Czechs|Nation]]" *[[Hirsch Bär Fassel]] (1802-1883), pioneer of Reform Judaism *[[Heinrich Wilhelm Ernst]] (1814-1865), violinist *[[Gregor Mendel]] (1822-1884), biologist, father of [[genetics]] *[[Ernst Mach]] (1838-1916), physicist and philosopher *[[Tomáš Masaryk]] (1850-1937), philosopher and politician, first president of Czechoslovakia *[[Leoš Janáček]] (1854-1928), composer *[[Sigmund Freud]] (1856-1939), father of psychoanalysis *[[Edmund Husserl]] (1859-1938), philosopher *[[Alfons Mucha]] (1860-1939), painter *[[Karl Renner]] (1870-1950), politician, co-founder of [[Friends of Nature]] movement *[[Tomáš Baťa]] (1876-1932), entrepreneur, founder of [[Bata Shoes]] company *[[Joseph Schumpeter]] (1883-1950), economist and political scientist *[[George Placzek]] (1905-1955), physicist, participant in [[Manhattan Project]] *[[Kurt Gödel]] (1906-1978), theoretical mathematician *[[Milan Kundera]] (1929-), writer ==Other== * Members of the [[Moravian Church]] are also known for producing the world's thinnest biscuit, [[Moravian Spice Cookies]] The original settlers in [[Herrnhut]] escaped religious persecution in the German-speaking Kuhländchen of Moravia beginning in 1722.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} * There is a little competitiveness between Moravians and Bohemians, but very mild and more in the way of being a source of humour than animosity. * The most noticeable difference between Moravia and Bohemia is the spoken language. While in Bohemia most of the people speak the Central Bohemian dialect, there are plenty of different dialects in Moravia. ==Sources== * Róna-Tas, András (1999) ''Hungarians & Europe in the Early Middle Ages: An Introduction to Early Hungarian History'' translated by Nicholas Bodoczky, Central European University Press, Budapest, ISBN 963-9116-48-3 ; * Kirschbaum, Stanislav J. (1996) ''A History of Slovakia: The Struggle for Survival'' St. Martin's Press, New York, ISBN 0-312-16125-5 ; ::''Much of the content of this article comes from the [[:de:Mähren|equivalent German-language Wikipedia article]] as of [[August 29]] [[2005]].'' * Constantine Porphyrogenitus De Administrando Imperio edited by Gy. Moravcsik, translated by R.J.H. Jenkins, Dumbarton Oaks Edition, Washington D.C. (1993) p. 181 ==See also== *[[German South Moravia]] *[[Moravian Wallachia]] *[[Moravian Slovakia]] * [[Moravian Church]]/ [[Unitas Fratrum]] ==External links== *[http://www.czech.cz/en/culture/regions-attractivity-and-diversity/moravia/ Moravia on official website of Czechia] {{cs icon}} {{en icon}} {{de icon}} {{fr icon}} {{es icon}} {{ru icon}} *[http://www.brno.cz/index.php?lan=en Welcome to the 2nd largest city of the CR] {{cs icon}} {{en icon}} {{de icon}} * [http://www.olomouc-travel.cz/index.php?lang=2 Welcome to Olomouc, city of good cheer...] {{cs icon}} {{en icon}} {{de icon}} {{fr icon}} {{es icon}} {{it icon}} {{pl icon}} {{ru icon}} {{ja icon}} {{zh icon}} <br/>{{Czech lands}} <!--Other languages--> <!--Categories--> [[Category:Moravia| ]] [[Category:Geography of the Czech Republic]] [[Category:Czech history]] [[Category:States of the German Confederation]] [[Category:States of the Holy Roman Empire]] [[Category:Czech historical regions]] [[Category:Kingdoms and countries of Austria–Hungary]] {{Link FA|eo}} <!--Interwiki--> [[ar:مورافيا]] [[bn:মোরাভিয়া]] [[be:Маравія]] [[be-x-old:Маравія]] [[br:Moravia]] [[bg:Моравия]] [[ca:Moràvia]] [[cs:Morava]] [[cy:Morafia]] [[da:Mähren]] [[de:Mähren]] [[et:Morava]] [[el:Μοραβία]] [[es:Moravia]] [[eo:Moravio]] [[fr:Moravie]] [[gl:Moravia - Morava]] [[ko:모라바]] [[hsb:Morawa]] [[hr:Moravska]] [[id:Moravia]] [[it:Moravia (Repubblica Ceca)]] [[he:מוראביה]] [[ka:მორავია]] [[sw:Moravia]] [[ku:Moraviya]] [[la:Moravia (terra)]] [[lt:Moravija]] [[hu:Morvaország]] [[mk:Моравија]] [[nl:Moravië]] [[ja:モラヴィア]] [[no:Mähren]] [[nn:Mähren]] [[oc:Moràvia]] [[pl:Morawy]] [[pt:Morávia]] [[ro:Moravia]] [[ru:Моравия]] [[simple:Moravia]] [[sk:Morava (región)]] [[sl:Moravska]] [[sr:Moravska]] [[fi:Määri]] [[sv:Mähren]] [[vi:Moravia]] [[tr:Moravya]] [[uk:Моравія]] [[yi:מעהרען]] [[zh:摩拉維亞]]