Morocco 19291 226012054 2008-07-16T12:59:46Z Sardanaphalus 427947 updating link using [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]] {{otheruses}} {{Infobox Country |native_name = <big> المملكة المغربية </big> <br> Al-Mamlaka al-Maghribiyya |conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Morocco |common_name = Morocco |image_flag = Flag of Morocco.svg |image_coat = COA Kingdom of Morocco.svg |image_map = LocationMorocco striped.png |map_caption = The striped area on the map shows [[Western Sahara]], most of which is [[de facto]] administered by Morocco as its "[[Southern Provinces]]". Its [[sovereignty]], however, is currently in [[Morocco#Western Sahara status|dispute]]. |national_motto = "Allāh, al Waţan, al Malik"{{spaces|2}}<small>([[transliteration]])<br/>"God, Nation, King"</small></span> |national_anthem = "[[Hymne Chérifien]]" |official_languages = [[Arabic language|Arabic]],<ref>[http://www.parlement.ma/sitefr/la%20constitution.shtml#PREAMBULE La Constitution], "Le Royaume du Maroc, État musulman souverain, dont la langue officielle est l'arabe, constitue une partie du Grand Maghreb Arabe."</ref> others commonly used unofficially. |demonym = Moroccan |capital = [[Rabat]] |latd=34 |latm=02 |latNS=N |longd=6 |longm=51 |longEW=W |largest_city = [[Casablanca]] |government_type = [[Constitutional monarchy]] |leader_title1 = [[King of Morocco|King]] |leader_name1 = [[Mohammed VI of Morocco|Mohammed VI]] |leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Morocco|Prime Minister]] |leader_name2 = [[Abbas El Fassi]] |sovereignty_type = Unification |sovereignty_note = [[1554]] |established_event1 = Unified by [[Saadi dynasty]] |established_date1 = [[1554]] |established_event2 = [[Alaouite dynasty]] (present) |established_date2 = [[1666]] |established_event3 = [[Independence]] from [[France]] |established_date3 = [[March 2]] [[1956]] |established_event4 = [[Independence]] from [[Spain]] |established_date4 = [[April 7]] [[1956]] |area_rank = 57th |area_magnitude = 1_E10 |area_km2 = 446,550* |area_sq_mi = 172,414 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |percent_water = 250km² |population_estimate = 33,757,175 |population_estimate_year = 2007 |population_estimate_rank = 37th |population_census = |population_census_year = |population_density_km2 = 70 |population_density_sq_mi = 181 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = 122nd |GDP_PPP_year = 2006 |GDP_PPP = $152.5 billion <!--CIA--> |GDP_PPP_rank = 54th |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $4,600 <!-- CIA --> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 109th |HDI_year = 2007 |HDI = {{increase}} 0.646 |HDI_rank = 126th |PNB_rank = 60th |PIB_rank = 60th |HDI_category = <font color="#ffcc00">medium</font> |currency = [[Moroccan dirham]] |currency_code = MAD |time_zone = [[Western European Time|WET]] |utc_offset = +0 |time_zone_DST = [[Western European Summer Time|WEST]] |utc_offset_DST = +1 |cctld = [[.ma]] |calling_code = 212 |footnotes = *All data excludes Western Sahara, much of which is under Moroccan ''de facto'' administrative control. |footnote1 = [[French language|French]] is widely used in the government in official texts, and in the business community, though neither instance is 'official.' [[Moroccan Arabic]], an Arabic vernacular is the most common native language. [[Amazigh language|Amazigh]] or Berber languages are also widely spoken. }} '''Morocco''' ({{lang-ar|<big>المغرب</big>}} "al-Maghrib"), officially the '''Kingdom of Morocco'''<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mo.html#Govt Conventional long form: Kingdom of Morocco - Conventional short form: Morocco - Local long form: Al Mamlakah al Maghribiyah - Local short form: Al Maghrib] - CIA World Factbook</ref> ({{lang-ar|المملكة المغربية}}), is a country in [[North Africa]] with a population of 33,757,175. It has a coast on the [[Atlantic Ocean]] that reaches past the [[Strait of Gibraltar]] into the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. Morocco has international borders with [[Algeria]] to the east, [[Spain]] to the north (a water border through the Strait and land borders with two small Spanish [[city|autonomous cities]], [[Ceuta]] and [[Melilla]]), and [[Mauritania]] to the south.<ref name="border">Pending resolution of the [[Western Sahara conflict]].</ref> Morocco is the only [[Africa]]n country that is not currently a member of the [[African Union]]. However, it is a member of the [[Arab League]] at present, [[Arab Maghreb Union]], the [[Francophonie]], [[Organization of the Islamic Conference]], [[Mediterranean Dialogue]] group, and [[Group of 77]], and is a [[major non-NATO ally|major non-NATO ally of the United States]]. ==Name== The full [[Arabic language|Arabic]] name ''Al-Mamlaka al-Maghribiya'' translates to "The Western Kingdom." ''Al-Maghrib'' (meaning "The West") is commonly used. For historical references, medieval Arab historians and geographers used to refer to Morocco as ''Al-Maghrib al Aqşá'' ("The Farthest West"), disambiguating it from neighboring historical regions called ''al-Maghrib al Awsat'' ("The Middle West", [[Algeria]]) and ''al-Maghrib al Adna'' ("The Nearest West", [[Tunisia]]).<ref>{{cite book |last=Yahya |first=Dahiru |authorlink= |coauthors= |editor= |others= |title=Morocco in the Sixteenth Century |origdate= |origyear= |origmonth= |url= |format= |accessdate= |accessyear= |accessmonth= |edition= |series= |date= |year=1981 |month= |publisher=Longman |location= |language= |isbn= |oclc= |doi= |id= |pages=Page 18 |chapter= |chapterurl= |quote=}}</ref> The Latinized name "Morocco" originates from medieval [[Latin language|Latin]] "Morroch," which referred to the name of the former [[Almoravid]] and [[Almohad]] capital, [[Marrakech]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statoids.com/uma.html |title=Regions of Morocco |accessdate=2007-09-07 |format= |work=statoids.com }}</ref> The Persians straightforwardly call it "Marrakech"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B4 |title=مراکش |accessdate=2007-09-07 |format= |work=Persian Wikipedia }}</ref> while the Turks call it "Fas" which comes from the ancient [[Idrisid]] and [[Marinid]] capital, [[Fès]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fas |title=Fas |accessdate=2007-09-07 |format= |work=Turkish Wikipedia }}</ref> The word "Marrakech" is presumably derived from the [[Berber languages|Berber]] word ''Mur-Akush'' meaning ''Land of God''. ==History== {{main|History of Morocco}} ===Berber Morocco=== The area of present-day Morocco has been inhabited since [[Neolithic|Neolithic times]] (at least since 8000 BC, as attested by signs of the [[Capsian culture]]), a period when the [[Maghreb]] was less arid than it is today. Many theorists believe the Amazigh people, commonly referred to as [[Berber people|Berber]]s or by their regional ethnic identity (e.g. [[Chleuh]]), probably arrived at roughly the same time as the inception of [[agriculture]] in the region. In the classical period, Morocco was known as [[Mauretania]], although this should not be confused with the modern country of [[Mauritania]]. ===Roman and pre-Roman Morocco=== [[Image:MosaiqueAne.jpg|right|200px|thumb|A [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] [[mosaic]] in [[Volubilis]].]] North Africa and Morocco were slowly drawn into the wider emerging [[Mediterranean]] world by Phoenician trading colonies and settlements in the late Classical period. The arrival of Phoenicians heralded a long engagement with the wider Mediterranean, as this strategic region formed part of the [[Roman Empire]], as [[Mauretania Tingitana]]. In the [[5th century|fifth century]], as the Roman Empire declined, the region fell to the [[Vandal]]s, [[Visigoths]], and then [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine Greek]]s in rapid succession. During this time, however, the high mountains of most of modern Morocco remained unsubdued, and stayed in the hands of their Berber inhabitants. ===Medieval Morocco=== By the [[seventh century]], Islamic expansion was at its greatest. In 670 AD, the first Islamic conquest of the [[North Africa]]n coastal plain took place under [[Uqba ibn Nafi]], a general serving under the [[Umayyad]]s of [[Damascus]]. His delegates went to what is now Morocco, which he called "Maghreb al Aqsa" or "The Far West," in the year 683. The delegates supported the assimilation process that took about a century. What became modern Morocco in the seventh century, was an area of [[Berber]]s influenced by the Arabs, who brought their customs, culture, and [[Islam]], to which most of the Berbers converted, forming states and kingdoms such as the [[Kingdom of Nekor]] and [[Barghawata]], sometimes after long-running series of [[civil war]]s. Under [[Idris ibn Abdallah]] who founded the [[Idrisid Dynasty]], the country soon cut ties and broke away from the control of the distant [[Abbasid]] caliphs in [[Baghdad]] and the [[Umayyad]] rule in [[Al-Andalus]]. The Idrisids established [[Fes, Morocco|Fes]] as their capital and Morocco became a centre of learning and a major [[regional power]]. [[Image:Atlas, Boumalne du Dades2 (js).jpg|200px|thumb|[[High Atlas]], Boumalne du Dades.]] After the reign of the Idrisids, Arab settlers lost political control in the region of Morocco. After adopting Islam, [[Berber]] dynasties formed governments and reigned over the country. Morocco would reach its height under these Berber dynasties that replaced the Arab Idrisids after the 11th century. The [[Almoravid]]s, the [[Almohad]]s, then the [[Marinid]] and finally the [[Saadi]] dynasties would see Morocco rule most of Northwest Africa, as well as large sections of Islamic [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberia]], or [[Al-Andalus]]. ===Alaouite Dynasty 1666–1912=== [[Image:US-Morocco treaty 1786.jpg|thumb|left|150px|The last page of 1786 [[Moroccan-American Treaty of Friendship| treaty of friendship.]] [[Seal (device)|sealed]] by [[Mohammed III|Mohammed III of Morocco]], [[Thomas Jefferson]] and [[John Adams]].]] After the [[Saadi dynasty|Saadi]], the Arab [[Alaouite Dynasty]] eventually gained control. Morocco was facing aggression from [[Spain]] and the [[Ottoman Empire]] that was sweeping westward. The Alaouites succeeded in stabilizing their position, and while the kingdom was smaller than previous ones in the region, it remained quite wealthy. In 1684, they annexed [[Tangier]]. Morocco was the first nation to recognize the fledgling [[United States]] as an independent nation in 1777. In the beginning of the [[American Revolution]], American merchant ships were subject to attack by the [[Barbary Pirates]] while sailing the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. At this time, American envoys tried to obtain protection from European powers, but to no avail. On [[20 December]] [[1777]], Morocco's Sultan [[Mohammed III of Morocco|Mohammed III]] declared that the American merchant ships would be under the protection of the sultanate and could thus enjoy safe passage. The [[Moroccan-American Treaty of Friendship]] stands as the U.S.'s oldest non-broken friendship [[treaty]]. Signed by [[John Adams]] and [[Thomas Jefferson]], it has been in continuous effect since 1786. Following the reorganization of the [[U.S. federal government]] upon the [[U.S. Constitution|1787 Constitution]], President [[George Washington]] wrote a now venerated letter to the Sultan Sidi Mohamed strengthening the ties between the two countries. The United States legation (consulate) in Tangier is the first property the American government ever owned abroad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.state.gov/s/d/rm/rls/perfrpt/2002/html/18995.htm |title=Milestones of American Diplomacy, Interesting Historical Notes, and Department of State History |accessdate=2007-12-17 |format=htm |work=U.S. Department of State }}</ref> The building now houses the [[Tangier American Legation Museum]]. ===European influence=== Successful [[Portugal|Portuguese]] efforts to invade and control the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] coast in the [[15th century|fifteenth century]] did not profoundly affect the Mediterranean heart of Morocco. After the [[Napoleonic Wars]], Egypt and the North African [[maghreb]] became increasingly ungovernable from [[Istanbul]], the resort of pirates under local [[bey]]s, and as Europe industrialized, an increasingly prized potential for colonization. The Maghreb had far greater proven wealth than the unknown rest of Africa and a location of strategic importance affecting the exit from the Mediterranean. For the first time, Morocco became a state of some interest in itself to the European Powers. [[France]] showed a strong interest in Morocco as early as 1830.<ref>Pennell, C.R. (2000). [[Morocco since 1830: A History.]] New York, New York University Press, pg. 40.</ref> Recognition by the [[United Kingdom]] in 1904 of France's [[sphere of influence]] in Morocco provoked a German reaction; the crisis of June 1905 was resolved at the [[Algeciras Conference]], [[Spain]] in 1906, which formalized France's "special position" and entrusted policing of Morocco to France and Spain jointly. A [[Agadir Crisis|second Moroccan crisis]] provoked by [[Berlin]], increased tensions between European powers. The [[Treaty of Fez]] (signed on [[March 30]], [[1912]]) made Morocco a [[protectorate]] of France. By the same treaty, [[Spain]] assumed the role of [[protecting power]] over the northern and southern [[Sahara]]n zones on [[November 27]] that year. Many Moroccan soldiers ([[Goumiere]]s) served in the [[French army]] in both [[World War I]] and [[World War II]], and in the [[Spain|Spanish]] [[Franquism|Nationalist Army]] in the [[Spanish Civil War]] and after (''[[Regulares]]''). ===Resistance=== Nationalist political parties, which subsequently arose under the French protectorate, based their arguments for Moroccan independence on such World War II declarations as the [[Atlantic Charter]] (a joint U.S.-British statement that set forth, among other things, the right of all people to choose the form of government under which they live). A manifesto of the [[Istiqlal Party]] (Independence party in English) in 1944 was one of the earliest public demands for independence. That party subsequently provided most of the leadership for the nationalist movement. France's [[exile]] of [[Sultan Mohammed V]] in 1953 to [[Madagascar]] and his replacement by the unpopular [[Mohammed Ben Aarafa]], whose reign was perceived as illegitimate, sparked active opposition to the French protectorate all over the country. The most notable occurred in [[Oujda]] where Moroccans attacked French and other European residents in the streets. Operations by the newly created "Jaish al-tahrir" (Liberation Army), were launched on [[October 1]], [[1955]]. Jaish al-tahrir was created by "Comité de Libération du Maghreb Arabe" (Arab Maghreb Liberation Committee) in [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]] to constitute a resistance movement against occupation. Its goal was the return of King Mohammed V and the liberation of [[Algeria]] and [[Tunisia]] as well. France allowed Mohammed V to return in 1955, and the negotiations that led to Moroccan independence began the following year. All those events helped increase the degree of [[solidarity]] between the people and the newly returned king. For this reason, the revolution that Morocco knew was called "Taourat al-malik wa shaab" (The revolution of the King and the People) and it is celebrated every [[August 20]]. ===Modern Morocco=== On [[November 18]], [[2006]], Morocco celebrated the 50th anniversary of its [[independence]]. Morocco recovered its political independence from France on [[March 2]], [[1956]], and on [[April 7]], France officially relinquished its protectorate. Through agreements with Spain in 1956 and 1958, Moroccan control over certain Spanish-ruled areas was restored, though attempts to claim other Spanish colonial possessions through [[Ifni War|military action]] were less successful. The internationalized city of [[Tangier]] was reintegrated with the signing of the [[Tangier Protocol]] on [[October 29]], [[1956]] (see [[Tangier Crisis]]). [[Hassan II of Morocco|Hassan II]] became King of Morocco on [[March 3]], [[1961]]. His early years of rule would be marked by political unrest. The Spanish [[enclave]] of [[Ifni]] in the south was reintegrated to the country in 1969. Morocco annexed the [[Western Sahara]] during the 1970s after demanding its reintegration from Spain since independence, but final resolution on the status of the territory remains unresolved. (See [[History of Western Sahara]].) Political reforms in the 1990s resulted in the establishment of a bicameral legislature in 1997. Morocco was granted [[Major non-NATO ally]] status by the United States in June 2004 and has signed [[free trade agreement]]s with the United States and the European Union. ==Politics== [[Image:King Mohammed VI Morocco 23 April 2002.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Mohammed VI of Morocco|King Mohammed VI]] with [[George W. Bush]] at the [[Oval Office]] in April 2002.]] {{main|Politics of Morocco}} Morocco is a ''[[de jure]]'' constitutional [[monarchy]] with an elected [[parliament]]. The [[King of Morocco]], with vast executive powers, can dissolve government and deploy the [[military of Morocco|military]], among other prerogatives. Opposition political parties are legal, and several have been formed in recent years. ===Human rights and reforms=== {{main|Human rights in Morocco}} Morocco's history after independence and at the beginning of the reign of [[Hassan II]] was marked by a period of political tensions between the monarchy and opposition parties. Those years of tension are labeled by the opposition as the [[Years of Lead]]. Politically-motivated persecutions were common, especially when General Oufkir became responsible for home security. However, during the last decade of the rule of King Hassan II, especially under the reign of [[Mohammed VI]] and with the launch of the [[Equity and Reconciliation Commission (Morocco)|Equity and Reconciliation Commission]] (IER) to investigate abuses committed in the name of the state, Morocco is trying to reconciliate with the victims. Many new laws and codes concerning all aspects of life are being or have been passed, most notable of which was the creation of the ''[[Mudawana]]'' — a family code which represented the first unique initiative of its kind in the Arab and Muslim world. The code gives women more rights. Other issues such as the abolition of [[capital punishment]] and the reform of the [[Moroccan nationality law]] are being debated. The [[Parliament of Morocco|Moroccan parliament]] is due to vote on these issues in spring 2007. The [[2003 Casablanca bombings]] and the need to fight the terrorist threat have led the government to pass a controversial anti-terrorism law that cracked down on terror suspects. Moroccan and international organizations continue to criticize the human rights situation in Morocco, mainly the arrests of suspected Islamist extremists during 2004 and 2005 in relation to the 2003 Casablanca bombings, and in Western Sahara.<ref name = "HRW">[http://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2006/01/18/morocc12228.htm Human rights overview on Morocco], HRW.</ref> In mid-February 2007, a study published by the [[Center for Strategic and International Studies]] called "Arab Reform and Foreign Aid: Lessons from Morocco" concluded that Morocco provides a valuable lesson in political and economic reform, which others in the [[Arab world]] can draw on and that the Moroccan model confirms that it is possible to adopt both forms of reform simultaneously.<ref>{{PDFlink|[http://www.csis.org/media/csis/pubs/malkamoroccobook4webuse.pdf ''Arab Reform and Foreign Aid: Lessons from Morocco'']|855&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 875823 bytes -->}} - [[Center for Strategic and International Studies]] by Haim Malka and John Alterman</ref> == Regions and prefectures == [[Image:3 maps morocco.PNG|thumb|right|270px|Different versions of maps of Morocco.]] {{main|Regions of Morocco|Prefectures and provinces of Morocco}} Morocco is divided into 16 [[region]]s,<ref>[http://www.statoids.com/uma.html Regions of Morocco], statoids.com</ref> and subdivided into 62 [[prefecture]]s and [[province]]s.<ref>[http://www.statoids.com/yma.html Regions of Morocco], statoids.com</ref> As part of a 1997 decentralization/regionalization law passed by the legislature, sixteen new regions were created. These regions are: {{columns |width = 245px |gap = 5px |col1 = *[[Chaouia-Ouardigha]] *[[Doukkala-Abda]] *[[Fès-Boulemane]] *[[Gharb-Chrarda-Béni Hssen]] *[[Greater Casablanca]] *[[Guelmim-Es Semara]] *[[Laâyoune-Boujdour-Sakia El Hamra]]* *[[Marrakech-Tensift-El Haouz]] |col2 = *[[Meknès-Tafilalet]] *[[Oriental Region|Oriental]] *[[Oued Ed-Dahab-Lagouira]]* *[[Rabat-Salé-Zemmour-Zaer]] *[[Souss-Massa-Draâ]] *[[Tadla-Azilal]] *[[Tangier-Tétouan]] *[[Taza-Al Hoceima-Taounate]] }} ===Western Sahara status=== Because of the conflict over [[Western Sahara]], the status of both regions of "[[Saguia el-Hamra]]" and "[[Río de Oro]]" is disputed. The government of Morocco has suggested that a [[Self-governance|self-governing]] entity, through the [[Royal Advisory Council for Saharan Affairs]] (CORCAS), should govern the territory with some degree of [[autonomy for Western Sahara]]. The project was presented to the [[United Nations Security Council]] in mid-April 2007. The stalemating of the Moroccan proposal options has led the UN in the recent "Report of the UN Secretary-General" to ask the parties to enter into direct and unconditional negotiations to reach a mutually accepted political solution.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N07/299/28/PDF/N0729928.pdf?OpenElement |title=Report of the Secretary-General on the situation concerning Western Sahara (13 April 2007)|accessdate=2007-05-18 |format=ped |work=UN Security Council }}</ref> The autonomy is rejected by the group [[Polisario]] which fought against the [[Spanish Sahara|Spanish colonial rule]] and now for the Western Sahara [[decolonization]] with the name of [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]]. == Geography == {{main|Geography of Morocco}}''See also [[List of cities in Morocco and Western Sahara]]'' At 172,402&nbsp;sq.mi (446,550&nbsp;sq.km), Morocco is the fifty-seventh largest country in the world (after [[Uzbekistan]]). It is comparable in size to [[Iraq]], and is somewhat larger than the US state of [[California]]. [[Image:Dune sunrise.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A [[dune]] in Morocco.]] [[Algeria]] borders Morocco to the east and southeast though the border between the two countries has been closed since 1994. There are also four [[Spain|Spanish]] enclaves on the Mediterranean coast: [[Ceuta]], [[Melilla]], [[Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera]], [[Peñón de Alhucemas]], and the [[Islas Chafarinas|Chafarinas]] islands, as well as the disputed islet [[Isla Perejil|Perejil]]. Off the Atlantic coast the [[Canary Islands]] belong to [[Spain]], whereas [[Madeira]] to the north is [[Portugal|Portuguese]]. To the north, Morocco is bordered by and controls part of the [[Strait of Gibraltar]], giving it power over the waterways in and out of the [[Mediterranean]] sea. The [[Rif|Rif mountains]] occupy the region bordering the Mediterranean from the north-west to the north-east. The [[Atlas Mountains]] run down the backbone of the country, from the south west to the north east. Most of the south east portion of the country is in the [[Sahara Desert]] and as such is generally sparsely populated and unproductive economically. Most of the population lives to the north of these mountains, while to the south is the desert. To the south, lies the [[Western Sahara]], a former Spanish colony that was annexed by Morocco in 1975 (see [[Green March]]).<ref name="border" /> Morocco claims that the Western Sahara is part of its territory and refers to that as its [[Southern Provinces]]. Morocco's capital city is [[Rabat]]; its largest city is its main port, [[Casablanca]]. Other cities include [[Agadir]], [[Essaouira]], [[Fes]], [[Marrakech]], [[Meknes]], [[Mohammadia]], [[Oujda]], [[Ouarzazat]], [[Safi, Morocco|Safi]], [[Salè]], [[Tangier]] and [[Tétouan]]. [[Image:Sahara dust plume Nov 1998.jpg|thumb|275px|Satellite image of a dust plume off the coast of Morocco.]] ===Climate=== The climate is [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]], which becomes more extreme towards the interior regions where it is mountainous. The terrain is such that the coastal [[plain]]s are rich and accordingly, they comprise the backbone for [[agriculture]]. [[Forest]]s cover about 12% of the land while arable land accounts for 18%. 5% is irrigated. ===Wildlife=== Morocco is known for its [[wildlife]] [[biodiversity]]. [[Bird]]s represent the most important [[fauna]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.africanconservation.org/moroccoprofile.html |title=Profile on Morocco |accessdate=2007-05-10 |format= |work=African Conservation Foundation }}</ref> The [[avifauna]] of Morocco includes a total of 454 species, of which five have been [[introduced species|introduced]] by humans, and 156 are rare or accidental.<ref>Bergier, P., & Thévenot, M. (2006). Liste des oiseaux du Maroc / The List of the Birds of Morocco. ''Go-South Bull''. 3: 51-83. Available [http://go-south.org/lists/birds.htm online].</ref> {{further|[[List of birds of Morocco]]}} ===Encoding=== Morocco is represented in the [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-2]] geographical encoding standard by the symbol ''MA''.<ref name="ISO3166">{{cite web |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/country_codes/iso_3166_code_lists/english_country_names_and_code_elements.htm |title= English country names and code elements |accessdate=2008-05-24 |publisher=International Organization for Standardization |date=2008-05-15 }}</ref> This code was used as the basis for Morocco's internet domain, .ma.<ref name="ISO3166"/> ==Economy== {{main|Economy of Morocco}} [[Image:Twincenter.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Casablanca Twin Center]].]] According to the [[African Development Bank]], the [[GDP]] of Morocco accounts for 7% of the African continent.<ref name=double>[http://www.voxlatina.com/vox_dsp2.php3?art=1472 ''Morocco, 5th economical power in Africa''] {{fr icon}}</ref> Morocco is the fifth economic power of [[Africa]] with a 2006 GDP of $152.5 billion at [[Purchasing power parity|PPP]] ($58.1 billion at official exchange rates),<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mo.html CIA World Factbook - Morocco]</ref> after [[South Africa]], [[Egypt]], [[Algeria]] and [[Nigeria]].(2001)<ref name=double/> Morocco's largest industry is the mining of [[Phosphate rock|phosphates]]. Its second largest source of income is from nationals living abroad who [[remittances|transfer money]] to relatives living in Morocco. The country's third largest source of revenue is [[tourism]]; 7.45 million tourists visited the country in 2007.<ref>(Jan 30, 2008), [http://www.marocpost.net/news/Headlines/ViewArticle.cfm?ArticleID=6491 <u>"Over 7 million tourists visited Morocco in 2007"<u>] ''Maroc Post'', Accessed Feb 10, 2008</ref> Morocco ranks among the world’s largest producers and exporters of [[cannabis]], and its cultivation and sale provide the economic base for much of the population of northern Morocco. The cannabis is typically processed into [[hashish]]. This activity represents about 0.5% of Morocco's Gross Domestic Product (GDP). A UN survey<ref>[http://www.unis.unvienna.org/unis/pressrels/2003/unisnar826.html Europe's Drug Consumption Stimulates Cannabis Cultivation in Morocco] UN Information Service</ref> estimated cannabis cultivation at about 1,340 square kilometres (515&nbsp;[[square mile|sq&nbsp;mi]]) in Morocco's five northern provinces. This represents 10 % of the total area and 27 per cent of the arable lands of the surveyed territory and 1.5 per cent of Morocco's total arable land. Morocco is a party to the 1988 UN Drug Convention and in 1992 Morocco passed legislation designed to implement the Convention. Morocco has an [[unemployment]] rate of 7.7% (2006 Data) and a 1999 estimate by the CIA puts 19% of the Moroccan population under the [[poverty line]].<ref>[http://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mo.html CIA World Factbook]</ref>. Though working towards change, Morocco historically has utilized child labor on a large scale. In 1999, the Moroccan Government stated that over 500,000 children under the age of 15 were in the labor force.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/369753.stm Child labour rife in Morocco] BBC Online</ref> Morocco has signed Free Trade Agreements with the [[European Union]] (to take effect 2010) and the [[United States of America]]. The United States Senate approved by a vote of 85 to 13, on [[July 22]] [[2004]], the [[US-Morocco Free Trade Agreement]], which will allow for 98% of the two-way trade of consumer and industrial products to be without tariffs. The agreement entered into force in January 2006. ==Demographics== [[Image:Morocco ethno 1973 all.svg|thumb|350px|Ethnolinguistic groups in Morocco.]] {{main|Demographics of Morocco}} Morocco is the third most populous Arab country, after [[Egypt]] and [[Sudan]].<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html The CIA Fact book]</ref> Most Moroccans are [[Sunni]] Muslims of Arab, Berber, or mixed Arab-Berber stock. About three-quarters of all present-day Moroccans are of Berber descent, while Arabs form the second largest ethnic group.{{Fact|date=June 2007}} The Arabs invaded Morocco in the seventh century and established their culture there. There is no significant [[genetics|genetic]] difference between Moroccan Arabs and Moroccan non-Arabs (i.e. Berbers). Thus, it is likely that [[Arabization]] was mainly a cultural process without genetic replacement.<ref>{{PDFlink|[http://www.upf.edu/cexs/recerca/bioevo/2000BioEvo/BE2000-Bosch-STRs-EJHG.pdf Genetic structure of north-west Africa revealed by STR analysis]|108&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 111004 bytes -->}}</ref> However, according to the [[European Journal of Human Genetics]], North-Western [[Africa]]ns were genetically closer to [[Iberians]] and to other [[Europe]]ans than to [[sub-Saharan Africa]]ns.<ref>European Journal of Human Genetics (2000) 8, 360–366</ref> Morocco's official language is [[classical Arabic]]. The country's distinctive Arabic dialect is called [[Moroccan Arabic]]. Approximately 12 million (40% of the population), mostly in [[rural area]]s, speak [[Berber language|Berber]]{{ndash}} which exists in Morocco in three different dialects ([[Tarifit]], [[Tashelhiyt]], and [[Tamazight]]){{ndash}} either as a first language or bilingually with the spoken Arabic dialect.<ref>[http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761552010/Berber_(people).html Berber (people)] Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2006</ref> [[French language|French]], which remains Morocco's unofficial second language, is taught universally and still serves as Morocco's primary language of commerce and economics. It also is widely used in education and government. About 20,000 Moroccans in the northern part of the country speak [[Spanish language|Spanish]] as a second language in parallel with [[Tarifit]]. [[English language|English]], while still far behind French and Spanish in terms of number of speakers, is rapidly becoming the third foreign language of choice among educated youth (after Arabic and French). As a result of national education reforms entering into force in late 2002, English will be taught in all public schools from the fourth year on. French however, will remain the second foreign language because of Morocco's close economic and social links with other French-speaking countries and especially France. Most people live west of the [[Atlas Mountains]], a range that insulates the country from the [[Sahara Desert]]. [[Casablanca]] is the center of commerce and industry and the leading port; [[Rabat]] is the seat of government; [[Tangier]] is the gateway to Morocco from [[Spain]] and also a major port; [[Fez, Morocco|Fez]] is the cultural and religious center; and Marrakech is a major tourist center. [[Image:Aït Benhaddou1 (js).jpg|right|220px|thumb|The Kasbah of [[Aït Benhaddou]], High Atlas.]] There is a European expatriate population of 100,000, mainly of [[French people|French]] or [[Spanish people|Spanish]] descent; many are teachers or technicians and more and more retirees, especially in [[Marrakech]]. [[Education]] in Morocco is free and compulsory through primary school (age 15). Nevertheless, many children{{ndash}} particularly girls in rural areas{{ndash}} still do not attend school. The country's [[illiteracy]] rate has been stuck at around 50% for some years, but reaches as high as 90% among girls in rural regions. On September 2006, UNESCO awarded Morocco amongst other countries; [[Cuba]], [[Pakistan]], [[Rajasthan]] ([[India]]) and [[Turkey]] the "UNESCO 2006 Literacy Prize".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=33384&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html |title=2006 UNESCO Literacy Prize winners announced |publisher=UNESCO.org |accessdate=2006-09-27 }}</ref> Morocco has about 230,000 students enrolled in fourteen public universities. The [[Mohammed V University]] in Rabat and [[Al Akhawayn University]] in [[Ifrane]] (a private university) are highly regarded. Al-Akhawayn, founded in 1993 by [[Hassan II of Morocco|King Hassan II]] and [[Fahd of Saudi Arabia|King Fahd of Saudi Arabia]], is an English-language American-style university comprising about 1,000 students. The [[University of Al Karaouine]], in Fez, is considered the oldest university in the world and has been a center of learning for more than 1,000 years. ===Moroccan Jews=== [[History of the Jews in Morocco|Morocco's Jewish minority]] has decreased significantly and numbers about 7,000 (see [[Jewish exodus from Arab lands]]). Prior to mass emigration, Morocco was home to more Jews than any other Muslim country in the world. The Jewish community of Morocco, which dates back more than 2,000 years, has experienced various waves of both tolerance and discrimination. The worst outbreaks of antisemitic violence occurred during the Middle Ages, when Jews were massacred in Fez in 1033 and in Marrakech in 1232. Following the establishment of the French protectorate in 1912, Jews began to enjoy greater equality. Morrocan Jews are of two main stocks. One group is composed by those descended from the Jewish community of [[Spain]] (known as [[Sephardi Jews]]), who emigrated and settled in Morocco after a wave of anti-Jewish rioting in 1391, and especially after the expulsion of the Jews in 1492. An example of such a community was the Jewish population of [[Debdou]], who constituted a majority of the town's population. The other grouping is Jews of indigenous descent, probably [[Berber people|Berber]] converts to Judaism. == Culture == [[Image:King Hassan II Mosque 02.jpg|thumb|A view of King [[Hassan II Mosque]].]] {{main|Culture of Morocco}} Morocco is an ethnically diverse country with a rich [[culture]] and [[civilization]]. Through [[History of Morocco|Moroccan history]], Morocco hosted many people coming from East ([[Phoenicians]], [[Carthaginians]], [[Jew]]s and [[Arab]]s), South ([[Sub-Saharan Africa]]ns) and North ([[Ancient Rome|Romans]], [[Vandals]], [[Al-Andalus|Andalusians]] (including [[Moors]] and Jews)). All those civilizations have had an impact on the social structure of Morocco. It conceived various forms of beliefs, from [[paganism]], [[Judaism]], and [[Christianity]] to [[Islam]]. Each region possesses its own specificities, thus contributing to the national culture and to the legacy of [[civilization]]. Morocco has set among its top priorities the protection of its diverse legacy and the preservation of its cultural heritage. Culturally speaking, Morocco has always been successful in combining its Berber, Jewish and Arabic cultural heritage with external influences such as the French and the Spanish and, during the last decades, the Anglo-American lifestyles. ===Cuisine=== {{main|Cuisine of Morocco}} Moroccan cuisine has long been considered as one of the most diversified cuisines in the world. This is a result of the centuries-long interaction of Morocco with the outside world. The cuisine of Morocco is a mix of Berber, Spanish, Corsican, Portuguese, Moorish, Middle Eastern, Mediterranean, and African cuisines. The cuisine of Morocco has been influenced by the native [[Berber cuisine]], the Arabic Andalusian cuisine brought by the [[Moriscos]] when they left Spain, the [[Turkish cuisine]] from the Turks and the [[Middle Eastern cuisine]]s brought by the Arabs, as well as [[Jewish cuisine]]. [[Spices]] are used extensively in Moroccan food. While spices have been imported to Morocco for thousands of years, many ingredients, like [[saffron]] from Tiliouine, [[mentha|mint]] and [[olive]]s from Meknes, and [[orange (fruit)|orange]]s and [[lemon]]s from Fez, are home-grown. [[Chicken]] is the most widely eaten meat in Morocco. The most commonly eaten red meat in Morocco is [[beef]]; [[domestic sheep|lamb]] is preferred, but is relatively expensive. [[Couscous]] is the most famous Moroccan dish along with [[pastilla]], [[tajine]], and [[harira]]. The most popular drink is [[green tea]] with mint. The tea is accompanied with hard sugar cones or lumps. ===Literature=== {{main|Literature of Morocco}} Moroccan literature is written in Arabic, Berber and French. It also contains literature produced in [[Al-Andalus]]. Under the [[Almohad]] dynasty Morocco experienced a period of prosperity and brilliance of learning. The Almohad built the [[Marrakech]] [[Koutoubia Mosque]], which accommodated no fewer than 25,000 people, but was also famed for its books, manuscripts, libraries and book shops, which gave it its name; the first book bazaar in history. The Almohad Caliph [[Yusuf I, Almohad Caliph|Abu Yakub]] had a great love for collecting books. He founded a great library, which was eventually carried to the [[Casbah]] and turned into a [[public library]]. Modern Moroccan literature began in the 1930s. Two main factors gave Morocco a pulse toward witnessing the birth of a modern literature. Morocco, as a [[French Morocco|French]] and [[Spanish Morocco|Spanish protectorate]] left Moroccan intellectuals the opportunity to exchange and to produce literary works freely enjoying the contact of other [[Arabic literature]] and Europe. During the 1950s and 1960s, Morocco was a refuge and artistic centre and attracted writers as [[Paul Bowles]], [[Tennessee Williams]] and [[William S. Burroughs]]. Moroccan literature flourished with novelists such as [[Mohamed Zafzaf]] and [[Mohamed Choukri]], who wrote in Arabic, and [[Driss Chraïbi]] and [[Tahar Ben Jelloun]] who wrote in French. Other important Moroccan authors include, [[Abdellatif Laabi]], [[Fouad Laroui]], [[Mohammed Berrada]] and [[Leila Abouzeid]]. It should be noted also, that orature (oral literature) is an integral part of Moroccan culture, be it in Moroccan Arabic or [[Amazigh]]. ===Music=== {{main|Music of Morocco}} Moroccan music is predominantly of Arab origins. There also exist other varieties of [[Berber music|Berber folk music]]. [[Music of Andalusia|Andalusian]] and other imported influences have had a major effect on the country's musical character. Rock-influenced [[chaabi]] bands are widespread, as is [[trance music]] with historical origins in [[Muslim music]]. Morocco is home to [[Andalusian classical music]] that is found throughout North Africa. It probably evolved under the Moors in [[Córdoba, Spain|Cordoba]], and the Persian-born musician [[Ziryab]] is usually credited with its invention. [[Chaabi]] (''popular'') is a music consisting of numerous varieties which are descended from the multifarious forms of Moroccan folk music. Chaabi was originally performed in markets, but is now found at any celebration or meeting. Popular Western forms of music are becoming increasingly popular in Morocco, such as [[fusion (music)|fusion]], [[Rock music|rock]], [[country]], [[Metal (music)|metal]] and particularly [[Hip hop music|hip hop]]. ==Transport== {{Main|Transport in Morocco}} == Military == {{Main|Military of Morocco}} The military of Morocco is composed of the following main divisions: *Royal Armed Forces **[[Royal Moroccan Army|Army]] **[[Royal Moroccan Navy|Navy]] **[[Royal Moroccan Air Force|Air Force]] **[[Royal Moroccan Gendarmerie|Gendarmerie]] **[[Moroccan Auxiliary Forces|Auxiliary Forces]] **[[Moroccan Royal Guard]] **[[Marche Verte]] == Technology == * [[Casablanca Technopark]] == Universities == {{Main|List of universities in Morocco}} == Sport == {{Main|Sport in Morocco}} == International rankings == * The 2002 [[Reporters Without Borders#Worldwide press freedom index|Reporters Without Borders' worldwide press freedom index]] ranked Morocco 119th out of 167 countries. * ''[[The Economist]]''''s {{PDFlink|[http://www.economist.com/media/pdf/QUALITY_OF_LIFE.pdf worldwide quality-of-life index 2005]|67.1&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 68805 bytes -->}} ranked Morocco 65th out of 111 countries. == Affiliations == <center> {| class="wikitable" colspan="2" |Organization |Dates |- |align="center"| [[United Nations]] | since [[November 12]] [[1956]] |- |align="center"| [[Arab League]] | since [[October 1]], [[1958]] |- |align="center"| [[International Olympic Committee]] | since 1959 |- |align="center"| [[Organization of African Unity]] | co-founder [[May 25]], [[1963]]; withdrew [[November 12]], [[1984]] |- |align="center"| [[Group of 77]] | since [[June 15]] [[1964]] |- |align="center"| [[Organization of the Islamic Conference]] | since [[September 22]] [[1969]] |- |align="center"| [[World Trade Organization]] | since [[January 1]] [[1995]] |- |align="center"| [[Mediterranean Dialogue|Mediterranean Dialogue group]] | since February 1995 |- |align="center"| [[Major non-NATO ally]] of the [[United States]] | since [[January 19]] [[2004]] |- |} </center> == Bilateral and multilateral agreements == * [[GAFTA]] * [[Middle East Free Trade Area]] * [[General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade]] * [[Euro-Mediterranean free trade area]] * [[US-Morocco Free Trade Agreement]] == See also == {{portalpar|Morocco|Flag of Morocco.svg}} {{main|List of Morocco-related topics}} {{columns |width=220px |col1 = * [[Berber people|Berbers]] * [[French Morocco]] * [[History of the Jews in Morocco]] * [[Human rights in Morocco]] * [[Media of Morocco]] |col2 = * [[Military of Morocco]] * [[Public holidays in Morocco]] * [[Spanish Morocco]] * [[Transportation in Morocco]] * [[Foreign Relations of Morocco]] * "[[Years of Lead (Morocco)|Years of Lead]]" }} ==Sufism== *[http://www.dar-sirr.com '''Dar-Sirr.com''': Portal to Moroccan Sufism] ==Notes and references== {{reflist}} ==External links== {{sisterlinks|Morocco}} ; Government * [http://www.maroc.ma/PortailInst/An/home Kingdom of Morocco] (official portal) * {{fr icon}} {{ar icon}} [http://www.parlement.ma/sitefr Parliament of Morocco] (official site) * {{fr icon}} {{ar icon}} [http://www.service-public.ma/index.jsp Public services website] * [http://www.map.ma/eng Maghreb Arabe Presse] (government news agency) ; Overviews * [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Morocco.htm Worldstatesmen.org/Morocco.htm] * [http://www.britannica.com/nations/Morocco Encyclopaedia Britannica, ''Morocco'' - Country Page] * [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mo.html CIA World Factbook{{ndash}} ''Morocco''] ; Media * [http://www.2morocco.com.cn/ Moroccan American Community Television] ; Directories * [http://dmoz.org/Regional/Africa/Morocco/ Open Directory Project{{ndash}} ''Morocco''] * [http://www.morocco-directory.com ''Morocco Directory''] * [http://www.sybsearch.com/countries/Morocco/''Morocco Web Directory''] ; Communities * [http://www.moroccoboard.com The Moroccan American Community Board] * [http://www.marocentrepreneurs.com Maroc Entrepreneurs] Association dedicated to the Promotion of Entrepreneurship in Morocco * {{fr icon}} [http://www.yabiladi.com/ Moroccans around the world] * [http://www.wafin.com Portal of Moroccans in the U.S.] * [http://www.BrandMorocco.com A Moroccan Community Online] * [http://www.speakmoroccan.com/forum Online Community for Moroccan Arabic Learners] ; Trade and external relations * [http://www.usembassy.ma/usmorrelations/historicalbgrnd.htm Historical Background on United States - Morocco Relations] * [http://ec.europa.eu/comm/external_relations/morocco/intro/ The EU's relations with Morocco] * [http://www.moroccanamericantrade.com Moroccan American Trade Council] * {{PDFlink|[http://www.moroccanamericantrade.com/FTAsummEn.pdf Description of benefits of the Moroccan-American FTA]|70.5&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 72242 bytes -->}} * [http://www.moroccousafta.com/index_ang.htm Moroccousafta] a site about the Morocco/US Free Trade Agreement ; Surveys and Studies * [http://www.geopium.org/Chouvy-JIR-NOV2005-Morocco_said_to_produce_nearly_half_of_the_worlds_hashish_supply.html Hashish production and trafficking in the Rif area of Morocco] * [http://www.hrw.org/doc?t=mideast&c=morocc Human Rights Watch on Morocco] * {{PDFlink|[http://www.upf.edu/cexs/recerca/bioevo/2000BioEvo/BE2000-Bosch-STRs-EJHG.pdf Genetic structure of north-west Africa]|108&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 111004 bytes -->}} revealed by STR analysis *{{PDFlink|[http://www.csis.org/media/csis/pubs/malkamoroccobook4webuse.pdf Arab Reform and Foreign Aid - Lessons from Morocco]|855&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 875823 bytes -->}} (CSIS - The Center for Strategic and International Studies) ; Tourism and culture *{{wikitravel}} * [http://www.teline.fr/index.en.php Biodiversity of South Western Morocco] (Flora and Plant Communities of Morocco) * [http://www.speakmoroccan.com Moroccan Dialectal Arabic] * [http://lexicorient.com/morocco/index.htm lexicorient] A reference site to plan its trip, and discover the country. <br/>{{Morocco topics}}<!-- ------------------------------------------------------------ Navbox links as navpages (avoids 100kb of navbox links) ------------------------------------------------------------ --> ===Geographic locale groups=== <!--{{Template group |title = Geographic locale |list = --><!-- ------- -->{{Navbox|title=[[List of African countries|Countries of Africa]] &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; [[Template:Countries of Africa|<small>(show)]] |state=plain|name=Countries_of_Africa}}<!-- ---------- -->{{Navbox|title=Countries bordering the [[Mediterranean Sea]] &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; [[Template:Countries and territories bordering the Mediterranean Sea|<small>(show)]]|state=plain |name=Countries and territories bordering the Mediterranean Sea}}<!-- ---------- -->{{Navbox|title=Countries and territories of the [[Middle East]] &nbsp; 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