Mount Cayley 5806582 226089559 2008-07-16T19:52:30Z Juliancolton 2793164 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/99.237.98.255|99.237.98.255]] to last version by Thijs!bot (using [[WP:HG|Huggle]]) {{Infobox Mountain | Name=Mount Cayley | Photo= MountCayleyPyroclasticVulcan'sThumb.jpg | Caption= Mount Cayley in April 2004 | Elevation={{Convert|2385|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | Location=[[Squamish River]], [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]] | Range=[[Pacific Ranges]] | Prominence = {{Convert|674|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | Coordinates = {{coor at dms|50|07|13|N|123|17|26|W|type:mountain_region:CA}} | Topographic map = [[National Topographic System|NTS]] 92J/03 | Type=[[Stratovolcano]] | Volcanic_Arc/Belt=[[Cascade Volcanoes|Cascade Volcanic Arc]]{{clear}}[[Garibaldi Volcanic Belt]] | Age=[[Pleistocene]] | Last eruption=310,000 [[Before Present|BP]] | First ascent=1928 E. Brooks, T. Fyles, W. Wheatley | Easiest route=rock/ice climb | Listing=[[List of volcanoes in Canada]]{{clear}}[[List of Cascade volcanoes]]}} '''Mount Cayley''' is a potentially active<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=kaJz_SNNuKMC&pg=PA569&lpg=PA569&dq=wells+%22gray+clearwater%22+volcanic+field+earthquakes&source=web&ots=3-cpYxu0uM&sig=OsW3GQ5BQLaHN3HZRdzQfObnx6A An Assessment of Natural Hazards and Disasters in Canada]</ref> [[stratovolcano]] in the [[Squamish-Lillooet Regional District]], [[British Columbia]] located {{Convert|11|km|mi|0}} southwest of [[Callaghan Lake Provincial Park|Callaghan Lake]] and {{Convert|24|km|mi|0}} west of [[Whistler, British Columbia]], [[Canada]]. This heavily [[erosion|eroded]] multiple plug dome complex is the largest and long-lived center (3.8 to 0.31 million years ago) of the [[Garibaldi Volcanic Belt]] which is a segment of the [[Cascade Volcanoes|Cascade Volcanic Arc]], but it is not within the geographic boundary of the [[Cascade Range]]. It is located in the [[Pacific Ranges]] complex of the [[Coast Mountains]], rising {{Unit m|2385|0}} above the [[Squamish River]] to the west and {{Unit m|1844|0}} above the [[Cheakamus River]] to the east. To [[Sḵwxwú7mesh]], the [[indigenous peoples|indigenous people]] from this territory, the name for the mountain is '''t'a<u>k</u>'t'a<u>k</u> mu'yin tl'a in7in'a'xe7en''', meaning ''Landing Place of the Thunderbird''. This mountain considered "very sacred" to these people because in their history it was home of the legendary [[Thunderbird (mythology)|Thunderbird]].<ref>[http://www.llbc.leg.bc.ca/public/PubDocs/bcdocs/414673/d24044/1181338763782_401d3802844e42babeb6eb41577ab95b.pdf First Heritage Archaeological Consulting Squamish Traditional Study]</ref> Like [[Black Tusk]], the rock was said to have been burnt black by the Thunderbird's lightning.<ref>[http://www.bivouac.com/MtnPg.asp?MtnId=31 The Black Tusk] in the Canadian Mountain Encyclopedia. Retrieved on [[2008-04-14]]</ref> ==Human history== The first recorded ascent of Mount Cayley were made by the mountaineers E.C. Brooks, W.G. Whealey, B.Clegg, R.E. Knight, and Tom Fyles in 1928. During this time, the party named the volcano after the late Beverley Cochrane Cayley, who was an ardent mountaineer of the executive committees of the [[British Columbia Mountaineering Club]] and the [[Vancouver]] section of the [[Alpine Club of Canada|Alpine Club]] for several years.<ref name="QW">[http://srmwww.gov.bc.ca/bcgn-bin/bcg10?name=3467 BCGNIS Query Results: Mount Cayley] Retrieved on [[2008-02-05]]</ref> Beverley Cayley was a friend of those in the climbing party, and died 8 June 1928 at the age of 29 in Vancouver. Photographs of Mount Cayley were published in the Canadian Alpine Journal Vol XX in 1931.<ref name="QW"/> ==Geology== [[Image:Pyroclastic Peak and Mount Fee.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Pyroclastic Peak]] is hidden in the clouds on the left, [[Mount Fee]] is on the right edge]] Mount Cayley lies within the [[Coast Plutonic Complex]], which is the single largest contiguous [[granite]] outcropping in the world.<ref>[http://www.bivouac.com/ArxPg.asp?ArxId=1357 Coast Mountains] in the Canadian Mountain Encyclopedia</ref> The [[intrusion|intrusive]] and [[metamorphic rock]]s extend approximately {{Unit km|1800|0}} along the coast of British Columbia, the [[Alaska Panhandle]] and southwestern [[Yukon]]. This is a remnant of a [[Jurassic]]-to-[[Eocene]] [[volcanic arc]] called the ''Coast Range Arc'' that formed as a result of [[subduction]] of the [[Farallon Plate|Farallon]] and [[Kula Plate]]s.<ref>[http://www.washington.edu/burkemuseum/geo_history_wa/Coast%20Range%20Episode.htm The Coast Range Episode (115 to 57 million years ago)] Retrieved on [[2008-04-09]]</ref> In addition, [[Mount Garibaldi|Garibaldi]], [[Mount Meager|Meager]], Cayley and [[Silverthrone Caldera|Silverthrone]] areas are of recent volcanic origin and are associated with the present-day [[Cascade Volcanoes|Cascade Volcanic Arc]]. There are several [[hot spring]]s and anomalous geophysical properties around Mount Cayley.<ref name="SD"/> Its hot springs have made it a target for geothermal exploration.<ref>[http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Geothermal/GeothermalRights.htm Geothermal Rights Pamphlet] Retrieved on [[2008-04-15]]</ref> It lies in the central part of the [[Garibaldi Volcanic Belt]] of volcanic centers in southwestern [[British Columbia]] and contains several complex features which probably represent multiple eruptions under different conditions and are difficult to classify. Mount Cayley consists of poorly lithified [[pyroclastic rock]]s and [[lava]]s, which underwent three stages of volcanic activity. Its first phase of activity is characterized by a compound stack of [[plagioclase]], [[hypersthene]], [[hornblende]], phyric [[dacite]] flows, [[tephra]], and [[breccia]], which are hydrothermally changed to an unstable degrees. The [[Vulcan's Thumb]] phase followed, named for the biggest of a number of slight peaks extend beyond from [[Pyroclastic Peak]]. Its creation consist of vent breccia, massive [[lava flows]], and agglutinated breccia of [[plagioclase]], [[hypersthene]], [[hornblende]], [[biotite]], phyric dacite deposited as part of an edifice that raised upon the southwestern edge of the ancestral Mount Cayley. The third phase of activity constructed two minor plagioclase-hypersthene-biotite-phyric dacite [[lava dome]]s, associated flows and tephra pieces that are uncovered in the Shovelnose Creek [[valley]]. There are no noticeable suggestions of volcano-ice contacts at Mount Cayley. ==Area== Mount Cayley is associated with a [[Miocene]]-to-[[Pleistocene]] [[volcanic field]]. The high elevations of the volcanic field, coupled with its cluster of mostly high altitude, non-overlapping vents, has resulted in numerous eruptions under ice more than {{Unit m|800|0}} thick which is relatively rare. Due to the steep underlying topography and vent-ice geometries during eruptions, ice associated with most eruptions is likely to have been permeable, promoting abundant water during eruption (i.e. pillows, hyaloclastite). The field includes flow-dominated [[tuya]]s and subglacial [[lava dome|dome]]s. Ice-impounded flows are also present. Subglacial domes are steep-sided, rounded lava masses characterized by fine-scale joints whose orientations suggest cooling against steeply-inclined surfaces that are no longer present, such as [[ice]]. These represent [[subglacial eruption]]s which never breached the surface. Tuyas are a distinctive, flat-topped, steep-sided lava mass formed when [[magma]] intrudes into and melts a vertical pipe in an overlying ice sheet or glacier. The partially molten mass cools as a large block, with gravity flattening its upper surface. Unlike conventional tuyas, tuyas in the volcanic field are flow-dominated tuyas and contain few or no pillow lavas and little or no [[hyaloclastite]]. Ice-impounded flows commonly truncate in steep, intensely-jointed, glassy cliffs, and represent subaerial flows which flowed downslope to pond against valley-filled ice. Many of the volcanic features are thought to have originated from a single source because of structural similarities and have similar ages. [[Image:Garibaldi Volcanic Belt-en.svg|thumb|right|351px|Map of the [[Garibaldi Volcanic Belt]] centers, including the Mount Cayley area.]] ===Related features=== *[[Little Ring Peak]] is a volcano that has not been previously studied. It contains 70% of brown glass, with sparse plagioclase phenocrystals and contains a [[tuya]]-like form, but its inner stratigraphy is yet unknown. It is located at the northernmost known extent of the volcanic complex.<ref name="SJ">[http://dsp-psd.communication.gc.ca/Collection/M44-2001-A11E.pdf Preliminary petrography and chemistry of the Mount Cayley volcanic field]</ref> *[[Cauldron Dome]] is an almost flat-topped pile of coarsely plagioclase-orthophyroxene-phyric andesite flows and is similar to a [[tuya]].<ref name="SJ"/> *[[Mount Brew (Cheakamus River)|Mount Brew]] is a partially forested [[subglacial volcano]] which lies on a ridge system that separates [[Roe Creek]] from [[Brandywine Creek (British Columbia)|Brandywine Creek]].<ref name="SJ"/> *The [[Mount Fee]] [[volcanic neck]] consists of two sharp blades of [[volcanic rock]] at the head of Brandywine Creek. It is located 13 km south of [[Callaghan Lake]] and 21 km west of [[Whistler, British Columbia|Whistler]]. The south tower of Mount Fee is the highest. *The [[Pali Dome]] [[subglacial volcano]], located north of Mount Cayley, is partially obscured by ice and is dominated by coarsely plagioclase-hypersthene-phyric-andesite flows.<ref name="SJ"/> *The [[Slag Hill]] [[subglacial volcano]] consists of glassy, [[augite]]-phyric [[basalt]]ic [[andesite]] in steep-sided, glassy, finely jointed domes and one small, flat-topped [[Hill|bluff]].<ref name="SJ"/> *[[Ring Mountain]] is a flow-dominated [[tuya]] located on the east side of the upper [[Squamish River]]. Its age is unknown, but lack of evidence for glacial overriding and preservation of finely-jointed, glassy lavas suggests that the volcano may have formed about 10,000-12,000 years ago.<ref>[http://www.eos.ubc.ca/~krussell/subglacial/images/01-2-5.html Ring Mountain]</ref> *The [[Ember Ridge]] [[subglacial volcano]], located at the southern known extent of the volcanic complex, last erupted during the [[Pliocene]] period. It is made of series of steep-sided domes of glassy, complexly jointed, hornblende-phyric [[basalt]].<ref name="SJ"/> <!--which one is the "Red Tusk"? Fee? --> ==Geological history== In [[1968]] and [[1983]], rock avalanches occurred on Cayley's flanks. Signifiant damage was experienced by forest stands and logging roads, however no injuries resulted. In [[1984]], a small [[debris flow]] slid from the western flank of Mount Cayley and [[dam]]med the [[Squamish River]].<ref>[http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=1035968 CAT.INIST: Mount Cayley] Retrieved on [[2007-06-14]]</ref> ==Volcanic hazards== [[Image:South Face of Pyroclastic Peak.jpg|thumb|left|200px|South face of [[Pyroclastic Peak]]]] Mount Cayley is one of the top 11 Canadian volcanoes associated with [[seismology|seismic activity]] since [[1985]], the others include: [[Castle Rock (volcano)|Castle Rock]], [[Mount Edziza]], [[Mount Meager]], [[Hoodoo Mountain]], [[Lava Fork Valley]], [[Crow Lagoon]], [[Mount Silverthrone]], [[Wells Gray-Clearwater Volcanic Field]] and [[Nazko Cone]].<ref name="SD">[http://www.bcminerals.ca/pdf/CanadianVolcanoes-CH2005.pdf Volcanoes of Canada] Retrieved on [[2007-10-10]] </ref> Because of its remote location, the Mount Cayley volcanic complex has not been studied or mapped in detail. To date, most geological studies of the Mount Cayley volcanic complex have focused on [[landslide]] hazards and [[geothermal]] potential. The [[hydrothermal circulation|hydrothermal]] and seismic activity at Mount Cayley suggests that the volcanic complex still contains living [[magma]] plumbing systems preceding a volcanic eruption, but activity might also die out without an eruption. Although the existing data do not allow a clear conclusion, these observations are further indications that some of Canada's volcanoes are potentially active, and that their associated hazards may be significant. It is noteworthy that the seismic activity correlates with some of Canada's most youthful volcanoes, and with long-lived volcanic centers with a history of significant explosive behavior, such as Mount Cayley and other major volcanic centers in the [[Garibaldi Volcanic Belt]]. For this reason the [[Geological Survey of Canada]] are planning for developing hazard maps and emergency plains for Mount Cayley and Mount Meager volcanic complexes.<ref>[http://cgc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/gscvol_e.php Volcanoes of Canada - Volcanology in the Geological Survey of Canada]</ref> [[Image:Volcanic cinder.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Volcanic [[cinder]] at the Mount Cayley volcanic complex]] A scenario of an eruption of Mount Cayley shows how western Canada is vulnerable to an eruption. The scenario is based on past activity in the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt and involves both [[effusive eruption|effusive]] and [[explosive eruption]]s. The scenario impact is largely a result of the concentration of vulnerable infrastructure in [[valley]]s.<ref>[http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/klu/nhaz/2003/00000028/F0020002/05092054?crawler=true The Vulnerability of Canada to Volcanic Hazards] Retrieved on [[2007-06-14]]</ref> In [[2003]], [[Catherine Hickson]], a scientist with the Geological Survey of Canada, was one of the three scientists to report on the hypothetical eruption at Mount Cayley.<ref>[http://www.straight.com/article/fire-and-ice? Mount Cayley - Fire and ice] Retrieved on [[2007-06-14]]</ref> The first signs of activity at the volcano would probably be enlarged [[Seismology|seismic activity]] in and close to the mountain. Hot springs on the mountainside would, by this point, display more "vigour"; in other words, they would get hotter. An eruption at Mount Cayley would be explosive in nature. Ash would probably spread to most of the west coast from [[Seattle]] to [[Anchorage]], causing all airports to be closed and all relevant flights to be diverted of cancelled. The ash plume would then sweep eastward and disrupt air traffic across Canada from [[Alberta]] to [[Newfoundland and Labrador|Newfoundland]]. [[Flood]]ing would turn out to be a huge issue for the community of [[Squamish, British Columbia|Squamish]] and could eventually overrun parts of [[British Columbia Highway 99|Highway 99]]. The worst case scenario for an eruption is a [[caldera]] event, as happened at [[Mount Mazama]] in [[Oregon]]. An eruption could produce a large [[pyroclastic flow]], such as what occurred in the [[1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens]]. ==Subsidiary peaks== Mount Cayley contains five named summits. The highest is the main summit of Mount Cayley. The second highest summit is [[Pyroclastic Peak]], 2,349 m (7,707 ft), a steep, rotten volcanic peak immediately south on the ridge from Mount Cayley. The third highest highest summit is Powder Mountain, 2,347 m (7,700 ft) , a gentle [[volcanic dome]] north of Mount Cayley. The fourth highest summit is Vulcan's Thumb, 2,290 m (7,500 ft). The lowest of the five summits is Wizard Peak, 2,251 m (7,385 ft), a long eastwest [[ridge]], with a very steep [[cliff]] on the north face. ==See also== *[[Cascade Volcanoes|Cascade Volcanic Arc]] *[[Garibaldi Volcanic Belt]] *[[Cascade Range]] *[[Volcanism in Canada]] *[[Geology of the Pacific Northwest]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== {{commonscat|Mount Cayley}} * [http://www.canadianmountainencyclopedia.com/MtnPg.asp?MtnId=36 Mount Cayley] in the Canadian Mountain Encyclopedia * [http://www.bivouac.com/MtnPg.asp?MtnId=701 Pyroclastic Peak] in the Canadian Mountain Encyclopedia * [http://www.skimountaineer.com/CascadeSki/CascadeSki.php?name=Cayley Skiing the Cascade Volcanoes] * [http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/cat/volcano_e.php?id=gvb_mcy_025 Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes: Mount Cayley] * [http://cgrg.geog.uvic.ca/abstracts/KelmanTheThe.html The Mount Cayley volcanic field: Mapping glaciovolcanic features at a convergent margin] * [http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2003AM/finalprogram/abstract_65389.htm Glaciovolcanism in British Columbia's Mount Cayley Volcanic Field] {{Cascade volcanoes}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cayley, Mount}} [[Category:Mountains of British Columbia]] [[Category:Volcanoes of British Columbia]] [[Category:Subduction volcanoes]] [[Category:Cascade Volcanoes]] [[Category:Sea to Sky Country]] [[Category:Complex volcanoes]] [[Category:Stratovolcanoes]] [[Category:Lava domes]] [[Category:Active volcanoes]] [[Category:Sḵwx̱wú7mesh]] [[Category:Sacred mountains]] [[Category:Hot springs of Canada]] [[fr:Mont Cayley]] [[simple:Mount Cayley]]