Mumbai 19189 226082959 2008-07-16T19:21:47Z Nichalp 41228 /* Geography */ correcting factual error. Salsette island existed from ancient times. It is the site of Bandra. The 7 islands were merged together and with salsette and trombay is to form the city {{redirect|Bombay}} {{Infobox Indian Jurisdiction |native_name = Mumbai |type = metropolitan city |type_2 = capital |latd=18.96 |longd=72.82 |locator_position = right |skyline = DowntownBombay.jpg |650px |skyline_caption = [[Nariman Point]] and [[Cuffe Parade]] |state_name = Maharashtra |district = • [[Mumbai City]]<br />• [[Mumbai Suburban]] |leader_title = [[Municipal Commissioner of Mumbai|Municipal commissioner]] |leader_name = [[Jairaj Phatak]] |leader_title_2 = [[Mayor of Mumbai|Mayor]] |leader_name_2 = [[Shubha Raul]] |altitude = 8 |population_total = 13662885 |per capita income = $31278 |population_as_of = 2008 |population_rank = 1st |population_metro = 20870764 |population_metro_as_of = 2008 |population_metro_rank = 1st |population_density = 21880 |area_magnitude = 8 |area_total = 603.4 |area_telephone = 022 |postal_code = 400 xxx |vehicle_code_range = MH 01—04 |unlocode = INBOM |seal = SealofMumbai.jpg |seal_size = 60px |seal_caption = [[Coat of arms of the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai|Seal of the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai]] |website = www.mcgm.gov.in |footnotes = }} '''Mumbai''' ([[Marathi language|Marathi]]: [[:mr:मुंबई|{{lang|mr|मुंबई}}]], ''{{transl|mr|Mumbaī}}'', [[Help:IPA|IPA]]:{{audio|Mumbai_pronunciation.ogg|/{{IPA|ˈmumbəi}}/}}), formerly '''Bombay''', is the capital of the [[Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. With an estimated population of 13.66 [[million]], it is the second most populous city in the world behind [[Shanghai]].<ref name=WG>[http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&pt=c&va=&srt=pnan World Gazetteer estimate for 2008-01-01]</ref> Along with the neighbouring suburbs of [[Navi Mumbai]] and [[Thane]], it forms, at nineteen million, the [[world's largest cities|world's fifth most populous]] metropolitan area. Mumbai lies on the [[Konkan|west]] coast of India and has a deep natural [[harbor|harbour]]. Mumbai's port handles over half of India's maritime cargo.<ref name="Manorama2006">{{cite book |title=Manorama Yearbook 2006 |year=2006 |publisher=Malayala Manorama |location=Kottayam, India |isbn=8189004077}}</ref> Mumbai is the commercial and entertainment centre of India, generating 5% of India's [[GDP]]<ref>[http://mmrdamumbai.org/projects_muip.htm MMRDA - Projects - Mumbai Urban Infrastructure Project<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref> and accounting for 25% of industrial output, 40% of maritime trade, and 70% of capital transactions to [[Economy of India|India's economy]].<ref>http://img214.imageshack.us/img214/2299/dscn7619ql4.jpg</ref> Mumbai is one of the world's top ten centres of [[commerce]] by global financial flow,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2007/jun/18mumbai.htm |title=Mumbai among world's top 10 financial flow hubs |date=2007-06-18 |publisher=Rediff News}}</ref> home to such important financial institutions as the [[Reserve Bank of India]], the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]], the [[National Stock Exchange of India]] and the corporate [[List of Indian companies headquartered in Mumbai|headquarters]] of many [[List of Indian companies|Indian companies]] and numerous [[multinational corporations]]. The city also houses India's [[Hindi]] [[Indian cinema|film and television industry]], known as [[Bollywood]]. Mumbai's business opportunities, as well as its high [[Standard of living in India|standard of living]], attract migrants from all over India and, in turn, make the city a potpourri of many communities and [[culture of India|cultures]]. == Names == The name "Mumbai" is an [[eponym]], [[Etymology|etymologically]] derived from ''Mumba'' or ''Maha-Amba''{{ndash}} the name of the [[Hindu]] goddess [[Mumbadevi]]{{ndash}} and ''Aai'', "mother" in [[Marathi]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Sheppard |first=Samuel T |title=Bombay Place-Names and Street-Names:An excursion into the by-ways of the history of Bombay City |year=1917 |publisher=The Times Press |location=Bombay, India |pages=pp 104–105 |id={{ASIN|B0006FF5YU}} }}</ref> The former name ''Bombay'' had its origins in the 16th century when the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] arrived in the area and called it by various names, which finally took the written form ''Bombaim'', still common in current Portuguese use. After the [[British Empire|British]] gained possession in the 17th century, it was [[anglicise]]d to ''Bombay'', although it was known as ''Mumbai'' or ''Mambai'' to Marathi and Gujarati-speakers, and as ''Bambai'' in Hindi, Urdu.<ref>{{cite book |editor=Sujata Patel & Jim Masselos |title=Bombay and Mumbai. The City in Transition |chapter=Bombay and Mumbai: Identities, Politics and Populism |year=2003 |publisher=The Oxford University Press |location=Delhi, India |pages=pg 4 |isbn=0195677110}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book |last=Mehta |first=Suketu |title=Maximum City: MUMBAI Lost and Found |year=2004 |publisher=Penguin |location=Delhi, India |pages=pg 130 |isbn=0144001594 }}</ref> The name was officially changed to its original pronunciation of ''Mumbai'' in 1995. [[Image:Mumbai Taj.JPG|thumb|left|"Mumbai" written in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] at the [[Taj Mahal Palace & Tower]].]] A widespread explanation of the origin of the traditional English name ''Bombay'' holds that it was derived from a Portuguese name meaning "good bay".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.economist.com/cities/findStory.cfm?city_id=MBI&folder=Facts-History |title=Cities Guide: Mumbai |publisher=Economist.com}}</ref> This is based on the fact that ''bom'' (masc.) is Portuguese for "good" whereas the English word "bay" is similar to the Portuguese ''baía'' (fem., ''bahia'' in old spelling). The normal Portuguese rendering of "good bay" would have been ''boa bahia'' rather than the grammatically incorrect ''bom bahia''. However, it is possible to find the form ''baim'' (masc.) for "little bay" in sixteenth-century Portuguese. Other sources have a different origin for the Portuguese [[toponym]] ''Bombaim''. José Pedro Machado's ''Dicionário Onomástico Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa'' ("Portuguese Dictionary of Onomastics and Etymology") mentions what is probably the first Portuguese reference to the place, dated from 1516, as ''Benamajambu'' or ''Tena-Maiambu'',<ref>{{cite book |last=Barbosa |first=Duarte |title=Livro Em Que Dá Relação Do Que Viu E Ouviu No Oriente |year=1516 |language=Portuguese |others=apud Machado, J.P., ''Dicionário Onomástico Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa''}}</ref> pointing out that "MAIAMBU"' seems to refer to Mumba-Devi, the Hindu goddess after which the place is named in Marathi (Mumbai). In that same century, the spelling seems to have evolved to ''Mombayn'' (1525)<ref>Documents from the "Tombo do Estado da Índia" (currently the Historical Archives of Goa or Goa Purabhilekha)</ref> and then ''Mombaim'' (1563).<ref>{{cite book |last=Orta |first=Garcia da |title=Colóquios Dos Simples E Drogas Da Índia |origyear=1565 |date=1891<!--to 1895--> |language=Portuguese |others=apud Machado, J.P., ''Dicionário Onomástico Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa''}}</ref> The final form ''Bombaim'' appears later in the 16th century, as recorded by Gaspar Correia in his ''Lendas da Índia'' ("Legends of India").<ref>{{cite book |last=Correia |first=Gaspar |title=Lendas da Índia |others="originally from the 16th century" |year=1858<!--and 1866-->}}</ref> J.P. Machado seems to reject the "Bom Bahia" hypothesis, asserting that Portuguese records mentioning the presence of a bay at the place led the English to assume that the noun (''bahia'', "bay") was an integral part of the Portuguese toponym, hence the English version Bombay, adapted from Portuguese.<ref>{{cite book |last=Machado |first=José Pedro |title=Dicionário Onomástico Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa |others=entry "Bombaim", Volume I |pages=pp. 265-266 }}</ref> == History == [[Image:Hajiali.jpg|thumb|The [[Haji Ali|Haji Ali Mosque]] was built in 1631, when Mumbai was under Islamic rule.]] {{main|History of Mumbai}}{{seealso|Timeline of Mumbai events}} Artifacts found near [[Kandivali]] in northern Mumbai indicate that these islands had been inhabited since the [[Stone Age]]. Documented evidence of human habitation dates back to 250&nbsp;BCE, when it was known as ''Heptanesia'' ([[Ptolemy]]) ([[Ancient Greek]]: ''A Cluster of Seven Islands''). In the 3rd century BCE, the islands formed part of the [[Maurya]] Empire, ruled by the [[Buddhist]] emperor, [[Ashoka|Aşoka]]. During its first few centuries, control over Mumbai was disputed between the [[Indo-Scythian]] [[Western Satraps]] and the [[Satavahanas]]. The Hindu rulers of the [[Silhara dynasty|Silhara Dynasty]] later governed the islands until 1343, when the kingdom of [[Gujarat]] annexed them. Some of the oldest edifices of the archipelago – the [[Elephanta Island|Elephanta Caves]] and the [[Banganga Tank|Walkeshwar temple complex]] date from this era. In 1534, the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] appropriated the islands from [[Bahadur Shah of Gujarat]]. They were ceded to [[Charles II of England]] in 1661, as [[dowry]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fco.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1007029394365&a=KCountryProfile&aid=1019061813652 |title=UK Government Foreign and Commonwealth Office |accessdate=2008-01-06 |date=2007-06-28}}</ref> for [[Catherine de Braganza]]. These islands, were in turn leased to the [[British East India Company]] in 1668 for a sum of [[pound sterling|£]]10 [[per annum]]. The company found the deep [[harbour]] on the east coast of the islands to be ideal for setting up their first port in the sub-continent. The population quickly rose from 10,000 in 1661, to 60,000 in 1675; In 1687, the British East India Company transferred its headquarters from [[Surat]] to Mumbai. The city eventually became the headquarters of the [[Bombay Presidency]]. [[Image:Gateway of India.jpg|thumb|The [[Gateway of India]] was built to commemorate the arrival in India, on 2nd December 1911, of King [[George V of the United Kingdom|George V]] and Queen [[Mary of Teck|Mary]] and was completed on 4th December, 1924.]] From 1817 onwards, the city was reshaped with large [[civil engineering]] projects aimed at merging all the islands in the archipelago into a single amalgamated mass. This project, known as the [[Hornby Vellard]], was completed by 1845, and resulted in the total area swelling to 438&nbsp;[[Square kilometre|km²]]. In 1853, India's first passenger [[railway]] line was established, connecting Mumbai to the town of [[Thane]]. During the [[American Civil War]] (1861–1865), the city became the world's chief [[cotton]] trading market, resulting in a boom in the economy and subsequently enhancing the city's stature. The opening of the [[Suez Canal]] in 1869 transformed Bombay into one of the largest seaports on the [[Arabian Sea]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Dossal |first=Mariam |title=Imperial Designs and Indian Realities. The Planning of Bombay City 1845–1875 |location=Delhi |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1991}}</ref> Over the next thirty years, the city grew into a major urban centre, spurred by an improvement in infrastructure and the construction of many of the city's institutions. The population of the city swelled to one million by 1906, making it the second largest in India after [[Calcutta]]. As capital of the [[Bombay Presidency]], it was a major base for the [[Indian independence movement]], with the [[Quit India Movement]] called by [[Mahatma Gandhi]] in 1942 being its most rubric event. After India's independence in 1947, it became the capital of [[Bombay State]]. In the 1950 the city expanded to its present limits by incorporating parts of Salsette island which lay to the north. After 1955, when the [[State of Bombay]] was being re-organised along linguistic lines into the states of [[Maharashtra]] and [[Gujarat]], there was a demand that the city be constituted as an autonomous city-state. However, the [[Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti|Samyukta Maharashtra movement]] opposed this, and insisted that Mumbai be declared the capital of Maharashtra. Following protests in which 105 people were killed by police firing, Maharashtra state was formed with Mumbai as its capital on [[May 1]], [[1960]]. [[Image:Image-Mumbai fountain.jpg|thumb|[[Flora Fountain]] was renamed [[Hutatma Chowk]] ("Martyr's Square") as a memorial to the [[Samyukta Maharashtra]] movement.]] The late 1970s witnessed a construction boom and a significant influx of migrants, which saw Mumbai overtake [[Kolkata]] as India's most populous city. This influx caused unrest among local [[Maharashtrian]]s who worried about the loss of culture, jobs, and language.<ref>[http://www.merinews.com/catFull.jsp?articleID=129954 Raj Thackeray has a point]</ref> The [[Shiv Sena]] Party was formed by [[Balasaheb Thackeray]] for the purpose of securing the interests of Maharashtrians.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://in.rediff.com/election/2004/apr/23espec3.htm |title=Know your party |accessdate=2007-12-05 |author=Ashraf, Syed Firdaus |date=2004-04-23 |work=Elections 2004 Rediff Special |publisher=Rediff News}}</ref> The city's secular fabric was torn apart in the [[Bombay Riots|riots]] of 1992–93, after large scale sectarian violence caused extensive loss of life and property. A few months later, on [[March 12]], [[1993 Bombay bombings|a series of co-ordinated bombings]] at several city landmarks by the [[Mumbai underworld]] killed around three hundred people. In 1995, the city was renamed ''Mumbai'' by the Shiv Sena government of Maharashtra, in keeping with their policy of renaming colonial institutions after historic local appellations. There have also been terrorist attacks, sponsored by Islamic extremists, on public transport buses in past years. In 2006, Mumbai was also the site of a [[11 July 2006 Mumbai train bombings|major terrorist attack]] in which over two hundred people were killed when several bombs exploded almost simultaneously on the [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/south_asia/2006/mumbai_train_attacks/default.stm |title=Special Report: Mumbai Train Attacks |date=2006-09-30 |publisher=BBC |accessdate=2008-08-13}}</ref> == Geography == [[Image:Mumbaicitydistricts.png|thumb|The metropolis consists of the Mumbai city, Mumbai suburban district and also the cities of [[Navi Mumbai]] and [[Thane]]]] {{main|Geography of Mumbai}}{{seealso|List of Mumbai beaches}} Mumbai lies at the mouth of [[Ulhas River]] off the western coast of India, in the coastal region known as the [[Konkan]]. It sits on [[Salsette Island]], partially shared with the district of Thane. Much of the city lies just above [[sea level]], with average elevations ranging from {{convert|10|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} to {{convert|15|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. Northern Mumbai is hilly, and the highest point in the city is {{convert|450|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bhramanti.com/kanheri.html |title=Kanheri, Lungs of Mumbai |accessdate=2007-12-05 |author=Krishnadas Warrior}}</ref> The city spans a total area of 603&nbsp;[[Square kilometre|km²]] (233&nbsp;[[Square mile|sq&nbsp;mi]]). [[Sanjay Gandhi National Park]] is located near to the city, and covers almost 1/6th of the city area. It is to be noted big cats such as [[leopard|panther]]s are still residing in this national park <ref>[http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=45505 A cat rouses Thane colony]</ref><ref>[http://ngcblog.nationalgeographic.com/explorer/?p=1 Killer Cats by Bijal Trivedi - National Geographic Channel]</ref> next to millions of people in an age of habitat shrinkage and species extinction. Apart from the [[Bhatsa Dam]], six major lakes supply water to the city: [[Vihar Lake|Vihar]], [[Middle Vaitarna Dam|Vaitarna]], Upper Vaitarna, [[Tulsi Lake|Tulsi]], Tansa and [[Powai]]. Tulsi Lake and Vihar Lake are located in [[Borivili National Park]], within the city's metropolitan limits. The supply from [[Powai]] lake, also within the city limits, is used only for industrial purposes. Three small rivers, the Dahisar, Poinsar (or Poisar) and Ohiwara o(r Oshiwara) originate within the park, while the now infamous [[Mithi River]] originates from Tulsi Lake and gathers water overflowing from Vihar and Powai Lakes. The coastline of the city is indented with numerous [[Creek (tidal)|creeks]] and bays. The eastern coast of Salsette Island is covered with large [[mangrove]] [[swamp]]s, rich in [[biodiversity]]. The western coast is mostly sandy and rocky. Soil cover in the city region is predominantly sandy due to its proximity to the sea. In the suburbs, the soil cover is largely alluvial and loamy. The underlying rock of the region is composed of black [[Deccan]] basalt flows, and their acid and [[Basic (chemistry)|basic]] variants dating back to the late [[Cretaceous]] and early [[Eocene]] [[geologic timeline|eras]]. Mumbai sits on a seismically active zone<ref>{{cite web |url=http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/physical/fault.html |title=The Seismic Environment of Mumbai |publisher=Tata Institute of Fundamental Research |accessdate=2007-12-06}}</ref> owing to the presence of three fault lines in the vicinity. The area is classified as a Zone III region, which means an earthquake of up to magnitude 6.5 on the [[Richter]]-scale may be expected.{{Fact|date=July 2008}} == Climate == [[Image:India mumbai temperature precipitation averages chart.svg|thumb|Average temperature and precipitation in Mumbai.]] {{main|Climate of Mumbai}} Lying in a [[tropical zone]] and the near the [[Arabian Sea]], Mumbai's climate falls into two main seasons: the humid and the dry season. The humid season, between March and October, is characterized by high humidity and temperatures of over {{convert|30|°C|°F|0}}. Between June and September, the monsoon rains lash the city supplying most of the city's annual rainfall of {{convert|2200|mm|in|1}}. The maximum annual rainfall ever recorded was {{convert|3452|mm|in|1}} in 1954.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mdmu.maharashtra.gov.in/pages/Mumbai/mumbaiplanShow.php |title=Mumbai Plan |publisher=Department of Relief and Rehabilitation (Government of Maharashtra)}}</ref> The [[2005 Mumbai floods|highest rainfall]] recorded in a single day was 944&nbsp;mm (37.16&nbsp;inches) on [[2005-07-26]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1039257 |title=Three drown as heavy rain lashes Mumbai for the 3rd day |publisher=Daily News and Analysis |location=Mumbai |date=2006-07-03}}</ref> The dry season, between November and February, is characterized by moderate levels of humidity and warm to cool weather. Cold northerly winds are responsible for a mild chill during January and February. Annual temperatures range from a high of {{convert|38|°C|°F|0}} to a low of {{convert|11|°C|°F|0}}. The record high is {{convert|43.3|°C|°F|1}} and record low is {{convert|7.4|°C|°F|1}} on [[1962-01-22]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mherrera.org/temp.htm |title=Extreme temperatures |last=Herrera |first=Maximiliano |accessdate=2007-12-06}}</ref>. Though {{convert|7.4|°C|°F|1}} is the lowest recorded by one of the two official meteorological weather stations, a low of {{convert|6.5|°C|°F|1}} was recorded on [[February 8]], [[2008]] at a weather station near [[Kanheri Caves]] that lies within city limits.<ref>{{cite news |title=City continues to hover in 8-9 degree C range |publisher=[[Times of India]] |location=Mumbai |date=2008-02-10 }}</ref> ==Economy== [[Image:Mumbai Downtown.jpg|thumb|[[Cuffe Parade]] is an important business district in Mumbai, home to the World Trade Centre as well as other important financial institutions.]] [[Image:BSE.jpg|thumb|The [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] is the oldest stock exchange in Asia.]] {{main|Economy of Mumbai}} Mumbai is India's largest city. It serves as an important economic hub of the country, contributing 10% of all factory employment, 40% of all [[income tax]] collections, 60% of all [[Customs (tax)|customs duty]] collections, 20% of all central [[excise tax]] collections, 40% of India's [[foreign trade]] and 40 [[1 E9|billion]] [[Indian rupee|Rupees]] ([[US dollar|US$]] 1 billion) in [[corporate tax]]es.<ref>{{cite book |title=Manorama Yearbook |publisher=Malayala Manorama |year=2003 |page=pp 678 |isbn=ISBN 81-900461-8-7}}</ref> Mumbai's per-capita income is Rs.48,954 which is almost three times the national average.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/MTDC/HTML/MaharashtraTourism/Default.aspx?strpage=../MaharashtraTourism/Trivia.html |title=Maharashtra - trivia |publisher=Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation |accessdate=2007-12-07}}</ref> Many of India's numerous conglomerates (including [[State Bank Of India]], [[Tata Group]], [[Godrej]] and [[Reliance]]), and four of the [[Fortune Global 500]] companies are based in Mumbai. Many foreign banks and financial institutions also have branches in this area, the World Trade Centre (Mumbai)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wtcmumbai.org/ |title= Welcome To World Trade Centre, Mumbai |accessdate= 2008-02-14 |publisher=WTC Mumbai}}</ref> being the most prominent one. Until the 1980s, Mumbai owed its prosperity largely to textile mills and the seaport, but the local economy has since been diversified to include engineering, diamond-polishing, [[healthcare]] and [[information technology]]. Mumbai is home to the [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]], and most of India's specialized, technical industries, having a modern industrial infrastructure and vast, skilled human resources. Rising venture capital firms, start-ups and established brands work in [[aerospace]], [[optical engineering]], medical research, computers and electronic equipment of all varieties, shipbuilding and salvaging, and renewable energy and power. State and central government employees make up a large percentage of the city's workforce. Mumbai also has a large unskilled and semi-skilled labour population, who primarily earn their livelihood as hawkers, taxi drivers, mechanics and other such [[blue collar]] professions. The port and shipping industry, too, employs many residents, directly or indirectly. In [[Dharavi]], in central Mumbai, there is an increasingly large [[recycling]] industry, processing recyclable waste from other parts of the city; the district has an estimated 15,000 single-room [[factory|factories]].<ref name="gua">[http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2007/mar/04/india.recycling Waste not, want not in the £700m slum], ''The Guardian'', 4 March 2007</ref> The media industry is another major employer in Mumbai. Most of India's major television and satellite networks, as well as its major publishing houses, are headquartered here. The centre of the Hindi movie industry, [[Bollywood]] produces the largest number of films per year in the world; and the name Bollywood is a [[portmanteau]] of Bombay and Hollywood. [[Marathi television]] and [[Marathi cinema|Marathi film industry]] are also based in Mumbai. Along with the rest of India, Mumbai, its commercial capital, has witnessed an [[economic boom]] since the liberalisation of 1991, the finance boom in the mid-nineties and the IT, export, services and [[Business Process Outsourcing|BPO]] boom in this decade. The middle class in Mumbai is the segment most impacted by this boom and is the driver behind the consequent consumer boom. Upward mobility among Mumbaikars has led to a direct increase in consumer spending. Mumbai has been ranked 10th among the world's biggest [[Commerce|centres of commerce]] in terms of financial flow in a survey compiled by Mastercard Worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2007/jun/18mumbai.htm |title=Mumbai among world's top 10 financial flow hubs |date=2007-06-18 |publisher=Rediff News}}</ref> == Civic administration == {{main|Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation}} Mumbai consists of two distinct regions: the city and the suburbs, which also form two separate districts of Maharashtra. The city region is also commonly referred to as the ''Island City''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/projects_muip.htm |title=MMRDA Projects |accessdate=2007-12-06 |publisher=Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA)}}</ref> The city is administered by the [[Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai|Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC)]] (formerly the Bombay Municipal Corporation), with executive power vested in the [[Municipal Commissioner of Mumbai|Municipal Commissioner]], who is an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officer]] appointed by the [[Maharashtra#Government|state government]]. The Corporation comprises 227 directly elected Councillors representing the twenty four [[Administrative divisions of Mumbai|municipal wards]], five nominated Councillors, and a titular [[Mayor of Mumbai|Mayor]]. The BMC is in charge of the civic and infrastructure needs of the metropolis. An Assistant Municipal Commissioner oversees each ward for administrative purposes. Almost all the state political parties field candidates in the elections for Councillors. The [[Mumbai Metropolitan Area|Mumbai Metropolitan Region]] consists of 7 Municipal Corporations and 13 Municipal Councils. In addition to the [[Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai|BMC]], it includes the Municipal Corporations of [[Thane]], [[Kalyan-Dombivali]], [[Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation|Navi Mumbai]], [[Mira-Bhayandar]], [[Bhiwandi-Nizampur Municipal Corporation|Bhiwandi-Nizampur]] and [[Ulhasnagar]].<ref name="citymum">{{cite web |url=http://www.citiesalliance.org/doc/events/2006/ppf-06/mumbai.pdf |title=Presentation on Mumbai Transformation Process |accessdate= 2008-02-16 |publisher=The Cities Alliance}}</ref> [[Image:Highcourt.jpg|thumb|The [[Bombay High Court]] exercises jurisdiction over [[Maharashtra]], [[Goa]], [[Daman and Diu]], and [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]].]] Greater Mumbai forms two [[List of Indian districts|districts]] of Maharashtra, each under the jurisdiction of a [[District Collector]]. The Collectors are in charge of property records and revenue collection for the [[Government of India|Central Government]], and oversee the [[Elections in India|national elections]] held in the city. The [[Mumbai Police]] is headed by a [[Police Commissioner of Mumbai|Police Commissioner]], who is an [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer. The Mumbai Police comes under the state Home Ministry. The city is divided into seven police zones and seventeen traffic police zones, each headed by a Deputy Commissioner of Police. The Traffic Police is a semi-autonomous body under the Mumbai Police. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mumbaipolice.org/ |title=MUMBAI POLICE : CUSTODIANS OF YOUR TRUST |accessdate=2008-01-27 |publisher=Mumbai Police}}</ref> The [[Mumbai Fire Brigade]] department is headed by the Chief Fire Officer, who is assisted by four Deputy Chief Fire Officers and six Divisional Officers. Mumbai is the seat of the [[Bombay High Court]], which exercises jurisdiction over the states of [[Maharashtra]] and [[Goa]], and the [[Union Territory|Union Territories]] of [[Daman and Diu]] and [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]. Mumbai also has two lower courts, the [[Small Causes Court]] for civil matters, and the [[Sessions Court]] for criminal cases. Mumbai also has a special TADA (''Terrorist and Disruptive Activities'') court for people accused of conspiring and abetting acts of terrorism in the city. The city elects six members to the ''[[Indian Parliament|Lok Sabha]]'' and thirty-four members to the ''[[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]]'' (State Assembly). Mumbai is headed by mayor [[Shubha Raul]], [[Municipal Commissioner of Mumbai|Municipal Commissioner]] [[Jairaj Phatak]], and [[Sheriff of Mumbai|Sheriff]] [[Indu Shahani]]. == Transport == [[Image:Mumbai Train Station.jpg|thumb|The [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]], headquarters of the [[Central Railway (India)|Central Railway]], is a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]].]] {{main|Public transport in Mumbai}} Most of Mumbai's inhabitants rely on [[public transport]] to travel to and from their workplace. Transport systems in Mumbai include the [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]], [[Bombay Electricity Supply Transport|BEST]] buses, taxis, [[auto rickshaw]]s, ferries, and aeroplanes. The city is the headquarters of two [[Indian railways|railway zones]]: the Central Railway (CR) headquartered at [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]], and the Western Railway (WR) headquartered near [[Churchgate]]. The backbone of the city's transport, the [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]], is composed of three separate networks running the length of the city, in a north-south direction. The [[Mumbai Metro]], an underground and elevated railway system that is currently under construction, will run from Versova to Andheri to Ghatkopar when the first phase is completed in 2009. Mumbai is well connected to most parts of [[India]] by the [[Indian Railways]]. Trains originate from [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]], [[Dadar]], [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]], [[Mumbai Central]], [[Bandra|Bandra terminus]] and Andheri. Mumbai's suburban rail systems carry a total of 6.3 million passengers every day.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mrvc.indianrail.gov.in/overview.htm |title=Overview of existing Mumbai suburban railway |accessdate=2008-07-07 |publisher=Mumbai Rail Vikas Corporation}}</ref> [[Image:Best cbd wad.jpg|thumb|A [[Bombay Electricity Supply Transport|BEST]] bus.]] Public [[buses]] run by [[Bombay Electricity Supply Transport|BEST]] cover almost all parts of the metropolis, as well as parts of [[Navi Mumbai]] and [[Thane]]. Buses are used for commuting short to medium distances, while train fares are more economical for long distance commutes. The BEST runs a total of 3,408 buses,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bestundertaking.com/trans_engg.asp |title=Composition of Bus Fleet |accessdate=2006-10-12 |publisher=BEST Undertaking}}</ref> ferrying 4.5 million passengers daily over 340 routes. Its fleet consists of single-decker, double-decker, vestibule, low-floor, disabled-friendly, air-conditioned and the recently introduced [[Euro III]] compliant [[compressed natural gas|CNG]] powered buses. [[MSRTC]] buses provide intercity transport and connect Mumbai with other major cities of [[Maharashtra]] and other states. The ''Mumbai Darshan'' is a tourist bus service which explores numerous [[List of tourist attractions in Mumbai|tourist attractions in Mumbai]] Black and yellow-metered, [[taxis]] traverse most of the metropolis. [[Auto rickshaw]]s operate in the suburban areas of Mumbai. Rickshaws, which run on [[Compressed Natural Gas]], are the main form of hired transport. These three-wheeled vehicles are a quick way to get around. They are the cheapest form of hired transport and can accommodate up to three passengers. [[Image:Mumbai Airport.jpg|thumb|[[Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport]] is [[South Asia]]'s busiest airport.<ref>[http://www.travelbizmonitor.com/ArticleDetails.aspx?aid=1777&sid=18&sname=Coverstory Travel Biz Monitor :: Mumbai airport gets ready for new innings<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref>]] Mumbai's [[Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport]] (formerly Sahar International Airport) is the busiest airport in South Asia.<ref>[http://www.travelbizmonitor.com/ArticleDetails.aspx?aid=1777&sid=18&sname=Coverstory Travel Biz Monitor :: Mumbai airport gets ready for new innings<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref> The [[Juhu aerodrome]] was India's first airport, and now hosts a [[flying club]] and a [[heliport]]. The proposed [[Navi Mumbai International airport|Navi Mumbai International Airport]] which is to be built in the Kopra-Panvel area, has been sanctioned by the Government and would help relieve the increasing traffic burden on the existing airport. Mumbai handles about 25% of the domestic and 38% of the international air passenger traffic in the country. With its unique topography, Mumbai has one of the best natural harbours in the world, handling 50% of the country's passenger traffic, and much of India's cargo.<ref>{{cite book |title=Manorama Yearbook 2006 |year=2006 |publisher=Malayala Manorama |location=Kottayam, India |isbn=8189004077}}</ref> It is also an important base for the [[Indian Navy]], being the headquarters of the Western Naval Command.<ref>{{cite book |title=Manorama Yearbook 2003 |year=2003 |publisher=Malayala Manorama |location=Kottayam, India |pages=pp 524 |isbn=8189004077 }</ref> Ferries from [[Ferry wharf|Ferry Wharf]] allow cheap access to islands and beaches in the area. == Utility services == [[Image:Mumbai Bmc.jpg|thumb|BMC headquarters.]] {{See also|Mumbai's water sources}} The [[Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai|BMC]] supplies [[potable water]] to the city, most of which comes from the Tulsi and Vihar lakes, as well as a few lakes further north. The water is filtered at [[Bhandup]], which is Asia's largest water filtration plant. Even [[India]]'s first underground water tunnel will come up in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1151960 | title=Country's first water tunnel to come up in Mumbai |accessdate=2008-02-21 |publisher=DNA (Diligent Media Corporation Ltd.)}}</ref> The [[Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai|BMC]] is also responsible for the road maintenance and garbage collection in the city. Almost all of Mumbai's daily refuse of 7,800&nbsp;[[metric tonne]]s is transported to dumping grounds in [[Gorai]] in the northwest, [[Mulund]] in the northeast, and [[Deonar]] in the east. [[Sewage]] treatment is carried out at [[Worli]] and [[Bandra]], and disposed off by two independent [[marine outfall]]s of {{convert|3.4|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} and {{convert|3.7|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} at Bandra and Worli respectively. A third outfall at Malad is in the planning stages. [[Electricity]] is distributed by [[Bombay Electricity Supply Transport|BEST]] in the island city, and by [[Reliance Energy]], [[Tata Power]], and [[Mahavitaran]] (Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Co. Ltd) in the suburbs. Most of the city's electricity is [[Hydroelectricity|hydroelectric]] and [[Nuclear energy|nuclear]] based. Consumption of electricity is growing faster than production capacity. The largest [[telephone]] service provider is the state-owned [[MTNL]], which held a [[monopoly]] over fixed line and cellular services up until 2000, and provides fixed line as well as mobile [[Wireless local loop|WLL]] services. [[Cell phone]] coverage is extensive, and the main service providers are [[Vodafone Essar]], [[Airtel]], [[BPL group]], [[Reliance Communications]] and [[Tata Indicom]]. Both [[GSM]] and [[CDMA]] services are available in the city. [[Broadband internet]] penetration is increasing in the city, with MTNL and [[Tata group|Tata]] being the leading service providers. Since 1995, many parts of the city also have access to piped gas, provided by Mahanagar Gas Limited, which also provides compressed natural gas to 127 gas stations. == Demographics == {{seealso|Growth of Mumbai|Mumbai statistics}} {{IndiaCensusPop |title= Population Growth |1971= 5970575 |1981= 8243405 |1991= 9925891 |2001= 11914398 |footnote= <center>Source : [http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/docs/Population%20and%20Employment%20profile%20of%20MMR.pdf www.mmrdamumbai.org] <br />Data is based on <br />[[Government of India]] Census.</center> }} According to the 2001 census, the population of Mumbai is about 13 million,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/millioncities.html |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070606212627/http://www.censusindia.net/results/millioncities.html |archivedate=2007-06-06 |title=Cities with more than one Million Population |accessdate=2007-08-17 |work=Census of India, 2001}}</ref> with the population of the urban agglomerate exceeding 16 million.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/miilion_plus.html |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070116063351/http://www.censusindia.net/results/miilion_plus.html |archivedate=2007-01-16 |title=Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population of more than one million in 2001 |accessdate=2007-08-17 |work=Census of India, 2001}}</ref> The Rural [[Mumbai Metropolitan Area|Mumbai Metropolitan Region]] has a population of 1.04 million.<ref name="citymum"/> According to extrapolations carried out by the ''World Gazetteer'' in 2008, Mumbai has a population of 13,662,885<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=80&geo=-104&srt=pnan&col=aohdq&msz=1500&pt=c&va=&srt=pnan |title=India: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population |accessdate=2008-01-31 |publisher=World Gazetteer}}</ref> and the [[Mumbai metropolitan area|Mumbai Metropolitan Area]] has a population of 20,870,764.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=80&geo=-104&srt=pnan&col=aohdq&msz=1500&va=&pt=a |title=India: metropolitan areas |accessdate=2008-01-17 |publisher=World Gazetteer}}</ref> The population density is estimated to be about 22,000 persons per square kilometre. The overall literacy rate of the city is above 86%, higher than the national average.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/Religion_WhizMap1/housemap.htm |title=Census GIS India - Census of India 2001 |year=2006 |publisher=Census of India}}</ref> There are 875 females to every 1,000 males, lower than the national average. The religions represented in Mumbai include [[Hindu]]s (66%), [[Muslim]]s (17%), and [[Christianity|Christians]] and [[Sikh]]s (4%). The remainder are [[Parsi]]s100 000 ( one lakh ), [[Jains]]4% or circa 500 000 ( five lakhs ),[[Buddhist]]s, [[Jew]]s and [[atheist]]s.{{Fact|date=February 2008}} [[Image:Mumbai skyline B&W.jpg|thumb|Since the 1970s, Mumbai has witnessed a construction boom and a significant influx of migrants, making it India's largest city.]] According to the 1991 census, the ethnic groups' demographics are: [[Maharashtrians]] (53%), [[Gujaratis]] (22%), [[North Indians]] (17%), [[Tamilians]] (3%), [[Sindhi people|Sindhis]] (3%), [[Tuluvas]]/[[Kannadigas]] (2%) and others.{{Fact|date=February 2008}} Mumbai has a large [[Multilingualism|polyglot]] population unlike any other [[Status of Indian cities|metropolitan city]] of India. [[Marathi]], the official language of Maharashtra state, is widely spoken. Other languages spoken are [[Hindi]] and [[English language|English]]. A colloquial form of Hindi, known as ''[[Bambaiya]]''{{ndash}} a blend of [[Marathi]], [[Hindi]], [[Indian English]] and some invented words{{ndash}} is spoken on the streets. English is extensively spoken and is the principal language of the city's [[white collar]] workforce. Like other [[metropolis]]es in the developing world, Mumbai suffers from the same major urbanisation problems seen in many fast growing cities in [[developing countries]]: widespread poverty and unemployment, poor public health and poor civic and educational standards for a large section of the population. With available space at a premium, Mumbai residents often reside in cramped, relatively expensive housing, usually far from workplaces, and therefore requiring long commutes on crowded mass transit, or clogged roadways. According to 2001 census of India, about 54% of the city's population lives in slums.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3761/is_200609/ai_n17197135/pg_5 |title=India's Population Reality: Reconciling Change and Tradition |accessdate=2008-01-19 |author=Haub, Carl, Sharma, O P |publisher=CNET Networks, Inc.}}</ref> [[Dharavi]], [[Asia]]'s second largest [[slum]] is located in central Mumbai and houses over 1 million people<ref>[http://seabed.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0705/feature3/index.html National Geographic: Dharavi, Mumbai's Shadow City]</ref>. Mumbai recorded 27,577 incidents of crime in 2004, which is down 11% from 30,991 in 2001. The city's main jail is the [[Arthur Road Jail]]. The number of migrants to Mumbai from outside [[Maharashtra]] during the 1991-2001 decade was 1.12 million, which amounted to 54.8% of the net addition to the population of Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://maccia.org.in/ecoSmaha06.pdf |title=HIGHLIGHTS OF ECONOMIC SURVEY OF MAHARASHTRA 2005-06 |accessdate=2008-02-13 |publisher=DIRECTORATE OF ECONOMICS & STATISTICS, PLANNING DEPARTMENT, GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA, MUMBAI}}</ref> == People and culture == [[Image:Mumbai India .jpg|thumb|The [[Asiatic Society of Bombay]] is a library that holds Indian literature.]] {{main|Mumbai culture}} A resident of Mumbai is called a ''[[Mumbaikar]]'', ''Mumbaite'', ''Mumbaiya'', ''Mumbaiwale'', ''Bambaiyya'' or ''Bombayite''. Many residents live close to major railway stations for easy access to their workplaces, as a significant amount of time is spent on daily commuting.Mumbai's appetizing foods and cuisines have been influenced by the rich but not too spicy styles of cooking from the surrounding [[Maharashtra]] and [[Gujarat]] states. Some of the unique and famous palatable specialties include ''Dhan Sak'', ''Khicheri'', ''Bombli Batata Bhaji'', ''Kamag Kakri'', ''Solachi Kadhi'', ''Min Vela Curry'' and ''Curried [[Bombay Duck]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hillmanwonders.com/cuisines/mumbai_cuisine.htm |title=Mumbai Cuisine |accessdate=2008-01-19 |author=Howard Hillman |publisher=HQP / Hillman Quality Publications}}</ref> Local roadside [[fast food]] includes [[vada pav]], [[panipuri]], paav bhaji, and [[bhelpuri]]. Mumbai is the birthplace of [[Indian cinema]]{{ndash}} [[Dadasaheb Phalke]] laid the foundations with silent movies followed by [[Marathi cinema|Marathi talkies]]{{ndash}} and the oldest film broadcast here in the early 20th century. Mumbai also boasts of large number of cinemas, including the world's largest [[IMAX]] dome theatre,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adlabscinemas.com/imax.asp |title=AdLabs: The IMAX Experience |accessdate=2007-08-22 |publisher=AdLabsCinemas.com}}</ref> which feature mainstream [[Bollywood]], [[Marathi]] and [[Hollywood]] movies. Many film festivals are avidly attended throughout the year. Besides catering to cinephiles, the city has a thriving theatrical tradition in Marathi, Hindi, Urdu, English and other regional languages. [[Image:Chowpatti.jpg|thumb|[[Girgaum Chowpatty|Chowpatty]] is one of the most famous beaches of Mumbai and a prime spot for Mumbai's roadside cuisine.]] Contemporary art is well-represented in both government funded art spaces and private commercial galleries. The government-funded [[art gallery|art galleries]] include The [[Jehangir Art Gallery]] and The [[National Gallery of Modern Art]]. Built in 1833, the [[Asiatic Society of Bombay]] is the oldest [[public library]] in the city. The [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Museum|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya]] (formerly The Prince of Wales Museum) is a renowned museum in the heart of [[South Mumbai]] near the [[Gateway of India]] which houses rare and ancient exhibits of Indian history.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bombaymuseum.org/ |title=CHHATRAPATI sHIVAJI mAHARAJ vASTU sANGRAHALAYA |accessdate=2007-01-30 |publisher=Prince of Wales Museum of Western India, Mumbai}}</ref> Mumbai has a very popular zoo named [[Jijamata Udyaan]] which also harbours a garden within its boundaries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mumbainet.com/travel/vjbudyan.htm |title=Veermata Jeejabai Udyan |accessdate=2007-01-30 |publisher=Mumbai on the net}}</ref> The city of Mumbai is home to many well known Indian [[List of poets from Mumbai|poets]]. Mumbai has two [[World Heritage Sites|UNESCO World Heritage Sites]], the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]] and the [[Elephanta Caves]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/in |title=India: World heritage sites centre |accessdate=2007-08-09 |publisher=[[UNESCO]]}}</ref> The [[Western Railway (India)|Western Railways]] is also planning to make a proposal to the [[UNESCO]] to include the [[Churchgate]] building in the list of [[World Heritage Sites]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?newsid=1090556 |title=A heritage tag for Churchgate? |accessdate=2008-02-14 |publisher=Diligent Media Corporation |author=Shweta Karnik}}</ref> Popular places in the city are [[Nariman Point]], [[Girgaum Chowpatti]], [[Juhu Beach]], and [[Marine Drive]]. Essel World<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.esselworld.com/ |title=Essel World |accessdate=2008-01-29}}</ref> is an international-style theme park and amusement centre situated close to Gorai Beach. Asia's largest theme water park, Water Kingdom, is also located in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mumbai.clickindia.com/travel/waterkingdom.html |title=Water Kingdom |publisher=My CityPedia Publications |accessdate=2008-01-29}}</ref> [[Image:Ganesh utsav.jpg|thumb|[[Ganesh Chaturthi]], a popular festival in Mumbai.]] Mumbai residents celebrate [[Western culture|Western]] and [[Indian festivals]] with great fanfare. Festivals and celebrations are observed by residents of all communities and religions. [[Diwali]], [[Holi]], [[Christmas]], [[Navratri]], [[Good Friday]], [[Eid]], [[Dussera]], [[Moharram]], [[Ganesh Chaturthi]], [[Durga Puja]] and [[Maha Shivratri]] are some of the most popular festivals in the city. The Kala Ghoda Festival is an exhibition of a world of arts that encapsulates works of artistes in the fields of music, dance, theater, film and all the genres of art that make for the vibrantly rich culture of Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kalaghodaassociation.com/ |title=Kala Ghoda Association |accessdate=2008-02-06}}</ref> A week long fair known as the Bandra Fair or the Mount Mary Festival is celebrated by people of all faiths.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wcities.com/en/record/,320375/683/record.html |title=Mount Mary Festival/Bandra Fair |accessdate=2008-01-18 |publisher=wcities.com}}</ref> The Banganga Festival is a two-day music festival, held annually in the month of January which is organised by the Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation (MTDC) at the historic [[Banganga Tank]] in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/MTDC/HTML/MaharashtraTourism/Default.aspx?strpage=../MaharashtraTourism/MTDC_Festival/Banganga_Festival.html |title=The Banganga Festival |accessdate=2008-02-07 |publisher=Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation}}</ref> The Elephanta Festival which is celebrated every February on the [[Elephanta Island]]s, is dedicated to the classical Indian Dance and Music with artists from across the country converging on the occasion conjuring a mesmerizing atmosphere on this picturesque island.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/MTDC/HTML/MaharashtraTourism/Default.aspx?strpage=../MaharashtraTourism/MTDC_Festival/Elephanta_Festival.html |title=The Elephanta Festival |accessdate=2008-02-07 |publisher=Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation}}</ref> Mumbai has several [[Town twinning|sister cities]]:<ref>http://www.mcgm.gov.in/</ref> * {{flagicon|USA}} [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]], [[United States]]. * {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yokohama]], [[Japan]]. * {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Stuttgart]], [[Germany]]. * {{flagicon|GER}} [[Berlin]], [[Germany]]. * {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russia]]. * {{flagicon|UK}} [[London]], [[United Kingdom]]. == Media == {{seealso|List of Mumbai radio stations}} Mumbai has numerous [[Indian newspapers|newspaper]] publications and television and radio stations. Popular English language newspapers published and sold in Mumbai include the ''[[Times of India]]'', ''[[MiD DAY|Mid-day]]'', ''[[D N A - Daily News And Analysis|DNA]]'', ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', ''[[Mumbai Mirror]]'', ''[[Asian Age]]'' and ''[[Indian Express]]''. [[Marathi language|Marathi]] newspapers include ''[[Loksatta]]'', ''[[Sakal]]'', ''[[Lokmat]]'' and ''[[Maharashtra Times]]''. Newspapers are also printed in other Indian languages with [[Navbharat Times]] in [[Hindi language|Hindi]] and The ''Urdu Times Daily'' in [[Urdu language|Urdu]] being the popular ones. Mumbai is home to Asia's oldest newspaper, ''[[Bombay Samachar]]'', which has been published in Gujarati since 1822. ''Bombay Durpan'' - the first Marathi newspaper&nbsp;— was started by Balshastri Jambhekar in Mumbai in 1832.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/br/2002/02/05/stories/2002020500040500.htm |title=Privatising emancipation: A Book Critique |work=LANGUAGE POLITICS, ELITES, AND THE PUBLIC SPHERE: Veena Naregal |publisher=The Hindu |accessdate=2007-12-24}}</ref> Popular magazines are ''Saaptahik Sakaal'', ''Lokprabha'' in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and ''[[India Today]]'', ''Outlook'' in [[English language|English]]. [[Image:Bolywood.jpg|thumb|[[Bollywood]] is based in Mumbai.]] Numerous [[Television in India|Indian]] and foreign channels can be watched in Mumbai. Mumbai households receive over a hundred television channels via cable, and a majority of them are produced to cater to the city's [[Multilingualism|polyglot]] populace. The metropolis is also the hub of many international media corporations, with many news channels and print publications having a major presence. The national television broadcaster, [[Doordarshan]], provides two free terrestrial channels, while three main cable networks serve most households. [[Zee Marathi]], [[ETV Marathi]], DD Sahyadri, [[Zee TV]], [[STAR Plus]] and news channels are popular. Popular news channels entirely dedicated to the city include ''Sahara Samay Mumbai''. [[Direct broadcast satellite|Satellite television (DTH)]] has yet to gain mass acceptance, due to high installation costs. Popular [[Direct broadcast satellite|DTH]] entertainment services in Mumbai include [[Dish TV India|Dish TV]] and [[Tata Sky]]. There are twelve radio stations in Mumbai, with nine broadcasting on the [[Frequency modulation|FM]] band, and three [[All India Radio]] stations broadcasting on the [[Amplitude modulation|AM]] band.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asiawaves.net/india/maharashtra-radio.htm#mumbai-radio |title=Radio stations in Maharashtra, India |accessdate=2008-01-18 |publisher=ASIAWAVES: Radio and TV Broadcasting in South and South-East Asia}}</ref> Mumbai also has access to popular [[Commercial broadcasting|Commercial radio]] providers like [[WorldSpace]], [[Sirius Satellite Radio|Sirius]] and [[XM Satellite Radio|XM]]. The Conditional Access System (CAS) started by the [[Government of India|Union Government]] in 2006 has met a very poor response in Mumbai due to the arduous competition from its sister technology [[Direct broadcast satellite|Direct-to-Home (DTH)]] transmission service.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/856609.cms |title=Few takers for CAS in Mumbai |accessdate=2008-01-22 |publisher=Times Internet Limited}}</ref> [[Bollywood]], the Hindi film industry that is the largest [[film producer]] in the world, is based in Mumbai. [[Bollywood]] produces more than 800 films a year, twice as many as [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]]. It has an audience of 3.6 billion people.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessweek.com//magazine/content/02_48/art02_48/a48tab37.gif |title=Bollywood vs. Hollywood |format=GIF image |publisher=Business Week |accessdate=2007-12-24 |year=2002}}</ref> Film studios in Goregaon, including Film City, are the location for many movie sets. The [[Marathi cinema|Marathi Film Industry]] is also based in Mumbai. == Education == [[Image:Nehru c.jpg|thumb|The [[Nehru Science Centre]] in Mumbai is India's largest interactive science centre.]] {{seealso|List of colleges in Mumbai}} Schools in Mumbai are either "municipal schools" (run by the [[Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai|BMC]]) or private schools (run by trusts or individuals), which in some cases receive financial aid from the government. The schools are affiliated either with the [[Maharashtra State Secondary and Higher Secondary Education Board|Maharashtra State Board (MSBSHSE)]], the all-India [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations|Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE)]] and the [[CBSE|Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE)]] boards. [[Marathi language|Marathi]] or [[English language|English]] is the usual language of instruction. The government run public schools lack many facilities, but are the only option for poorer residents who cannot afford the more expensive private schools. A majority of residents prefer private schools because of better infrastructure and the use of [[English language|English]] as a medium of instruction. Under the [[10+2+3 plan|10+2+3/4 plan]], students complete ten years of schooling, and then enroll for two years in [[Junior College]], where they select one of three streams: [[liberal arts|arts]], commerce or science. This is followed by either a general degree course in a chosen field of study, or a professional degree course, such as law, engineering, medicine etc. Most colleges in the city are affiliated with the [[University of Mumbai]], one of the largest [[university|universities]] in the world in terms of the number of graduates. The [[IIT Bombay|Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai]] which is India's premier engineering schools, National Institute of Industrial Engineering (NITIE), [[VJTI|VJTI (Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute)]], [[SNDT Women's University]], and [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]] are the other universities in Mumbai. Mumbai is also home to [[Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies|Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies (JBIMS)]], the esteemed business and management school in Asia. The [[Sir J. J. School of Art]], is affiliated with the University of Mumbai, and offers degrees in fine art and sculpture. It won the Award of Distinction at the [[UNESCO]] Asia-Pacific Heritage Awards in 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unesco.or.id/activities/culture/programme/310.php |title= An Heritage Award of Distinction to Han Jiang Ancestral Temple in Penang, Malaysia |accessdate=2008-07-12 |publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> Mumbai is home to two of India's important research institutions&nbsp;– The Tata Institute of Fundamental Research ([[TIFR]]), Indian Institute of Technology&nbsp;— Bombay and the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre ([[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre|BARC]]). The BARC operates [[CIRUS]], a 40 MW nuclear research reactor at their facility in [[Trombay]]. == Sports == [[Image:Brabourne.jpg|thumb|[[Brabourne Stadium]], one of the oldest cricket stadiums in the city.]] [[Cricket]] is the most popular sport in the city, and is usually played in the [[maidan]]s (grounds) around the city. [[Backyard cricket|Gully cricket]], a modified form of cricket, is played in the narrow by-lanes of the city. Mumbai is home to the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI). International cricket is widely watched, and the city comes to a virtual standstill on days when the [[Indian cricket team]] plays important matches. The local [[Mumbai cricket team]] is among the strongest competitors and the most successful team in the [[Ranji Trophy]], the nation's top domestic cricketing circuit. The city is represented by [[Mumbai Indians]] in the [[Indian Premier League]], and by [[Mumbai Champs]] in the [[Indian Cricket League]]. The city has two international cricket stadiums, the [[Wankhede Stadium]] and the [[Brabourne Stadium]]. The Wankhede stadium is set to host the final of [[2011 Cricket World Cup]]. Eminent cricketers from Mumbai include [[Sachin Tendulkar]], [[Sunil Gavaskar]] and [[Vijay Hazare]]. [[Football (soccer)|Football]] is the second most popular sport with the city. The [[Football World Cup]] is one of the most widely watched television events in Mumbai. The [[Mumbai FC|Mumbai FC (Mumbai Football Club)]] is one of the renowned Indian football clubs based in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/sports/2007/jun/28foot.htm |title=Mumbai Football Club launched |accessdate=2008-01-29 |publisher=Rediff.com India Limited.}}</ref> India's national sport, [[field hockey]], has gone into decline in the recent years, losing out in terms of popularity to cricket. Mumbai is home to the [[Maratha Warriors]], one of the few teams competing for the [[Premier Hockey League|Premier Hockey League (PHL)]] from [[Maharashtra]]. [[Chess]] is also a very popular indoor sport played in Mumbai. Other sports are mostly played in the numerous clubs and [[gymkhana]]s, and include [[Lawn tennis|tennis]], [[Squash (sport)|squash]], [[billiards]], [[badminton]], [[table tennis]] and [[golf]]. Mumbai also plays [[Rugby union]], one of the few Indian cities to do so. Every February, Mumbai holds the [[Derby (horse race)|Derby]] races in the [[Mahalaxmi Racecourse]]. In recent times [[Formula 1|Formula 1 (F1)]] racing has also become popular and the [[Force India]] F1 team unveiled its 2008 car in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/motorSportsNews/idUKL2521523620080125 |title=Motor racing-Force India F1 team to launch 2008 car in Mumbai |accessdate= 2008-01-27 |publisher=uk.reuters.com}}</ref> In March 2004, the Mumbai Grand Prix was held as part of the [[F1 Powerboat Racing|F1 powerboat world championship]]. Other sports such as [[volleyball]] and [[basketball]] are mostly popular in schools and colleges. In 2004, the [[Mumbai Marathon]], an annual marathon event, was established in a bid to bring the sport to the Indian public. Since 2006, Mumbai has also played host to the [[Kingfisher Airlines Tennis Open]], an [[International Series Tournaments|International Series]] tournament of the [[Association of Tennis Professionals|ATP Tour]]. [[United Breweries Group|Mcdowell's]] [[Derby]] is held in February at the [[Royal Western India Turf Club|Turf club]] in Mumbai.<ref>[http://209.85.175.104/search?q=cache:CFHUzHzk8j0J:timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1233374.cms+Mcdowell%27s+Derby+Turf+club&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=3 Times of India]</ref> == See also == {{Mumbai topics}} {{Tourist attractions in Mumbai}} == References == {{reflist|2}} == External links == {{commonscat|Mumbai}} {{sisterlinks}} {{spoken Wikipedia|Mumbai.ogg|2006-03-12}} {{contains Indic text}} {{portal|India|Flag of India.svg}} * [http://www.mcgm.gov.in/ Official site of the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai] * [http://mdmu.maharashtra.gov.in/pages/Mumbai/mumbaiplanShow.php Official City Report] * {{wikitravel}} * [http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/ The Mumbai Pages — a vast collection of information on the city] == Further reading == {{refbegin}} * Agarwal, Jagdish; ''Bombay - Mumbai: A Picture Book'' (1998) — Wilco Publishing House, ISBN 81-87288-35-3. * ''BusinessWeek''; [[August 12]], [[2005]]; "China and India" special coverage. * Chaudhari, K.K; ''History of Bombay'' (1987) — Modern Period Gazetteers Dept., Govt. of Maharashtra. * [[Behram Contractor|Contractor, Behram]]; ''From Bombay to Mumbai'' (1998) — Oriana Books. * Dwivedi, Sharada & Mehrotra, Rahul; ''Bombay, The Cities Within'' (1995) — India Book House Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 81-85028-80-X. * Fox, Edmund A; ''Short History of Bombay Presidency'' (1887) — Thacker & Co — No ISBN. * ''Imperial Gazetteer of India: vol. vii, Behrampore to Bombay''. Oxford at the Clarendon Press. 1908. 421 pages. * [[Arun Katiyar|Katiyar, Arun]] & Bhojani, Namas; ''Bombay, A Contemporary Account'' (1996) — Harper Collins ISBN 81-7223-216-0. * MacLean, James Mackenzie; ''A Guide to Bombay'' (1875 & 1902) — Various editions; No ISBN. * Mappls — ''Satellite based comprehensive maps of Mumbai'' (1999) — CE Info Systems Ltd. ISBN 81-901108-0-2. * ''Our Greater Bombay'' (1990) — Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research. * [[Suketu Mehta|Mehta, Suketu]] ; ''Maximum City: Bombay Lost and Found'' (2004) — Knopf ISBN 0-375-40372-8. * Patel, Sujata & Thorner, Alice; ''Bombay, Metaphor for Modern India'' (1995) — [[Oxford University Press]], ISBN 0-19-563688-0. * ''The Oxford School Atlas''; 28th Revised Edition (1991) — Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-563316-4. * Tindall, Gillian; ''City of Gold'' (1992) — Penguin, ISBN 0-14-009500-4, * Virani, Pinki; ''Once was Bombay'' (1999) — Viking, ISBN 0-670-88869-9. * Sharada Dwivedi,[http://www.hvk.org/articles/0605/63.html ''Goddess Island''] Indian Express, [[June 6]], [[2005]]. {{refend}} {{Template group |list = {{Maharashtra}} {{State and Union Territory capitals of India}} {{Metropolitan cities of India}} {{Million-plus cities in India}} {{Mumbai metropolitan area}} {{Portuguese overseas empire}} {{World's most populated urban areas}} }} {{featured article}} [[Category:Mumbai| ]] [[Category:Former Portuguese colonies]] [[Category:Coastal cities]] {{Link FA|es}} {{Link FA|mr}} {{Link FA|zh}} [[af:Moembaai]] [[ar:ممباي]] [[frp:Mumbai]] [[as:মুম্বাই]] [[ast:Mumbai]] [[bn:মুম্বাই]] [[bo:འབོམ་སྦེ]] [[bs:Bombaj]] [[br:Mumbai]] [[bg:Мумбай]] [[ca:Bombai]] [[cs:Bombaj]] [[cy:Mumbai]] [[da:Mumbai]] [[de:Mumbai]] [[dv:މުންބާއީ]] [[et:Mumbai]] [[es:Bombay]] [[eo:Mumbajo]] [[eu:Mumbai]] [[fa:بمبئی]] [[fr:Bombay]] [[ga:Mumbai]] [[gl:Mumbai - मुम़बई]] [[gu:મુંબઈ]] [[ko:뭄바이]] [[hi:मुम्बई]] [[hr:Mumbai]] [[bpy:পুল্লাপ মুম্বাই]] [[id:Mumbai]] [[is:Mumbai]] [[it:Bombay]] [[he:מומבאי]] [[jv:Mumbai]] [[kn:ಮುಂಬೈ]] [[ka:მუმბაი]] [[sw:Mumbai]] [[la:Mumbai]] [[lv:Mumbaja]] [[lt:Mumbajus]] [[li:Bombay]] [[hu:Mumbai]] [[ml:മുംബൈ]] [[mr:मुंबई]] [[ms:Mumbai]] [[nl:Bombay]] [[ne:मुम्बई]] [[new:ग्रेटर मुम्बई]] [[ja:ムンバイ]] [[no:Mumbai]] [[nn:Mumbai]] [[oc:Bombai]] [[pa:ਮੁੰਬਈ]] [[nds:Mumbai]] [[pl:Bombaj]] [[pt:Bombaim]] [[ro:Mumbai]] [[rmy:Mumbai]] [[qu:Mumbai]] [[ru:Мумбаи]] [[sa:बम्बई]] [[sco:Bombay]] [[simple:Mumbai]] [[sk:Bombaj]] [[sl:Bombaj]] [[sr:Мумбај]] [[sh:Mumbai]] [[fi:Mumbai]] [[szl:Bůmbaj]] [[sv:Bombay]] [[tl:Mumbai]] [[ta:மும்பை]] [[te:ముంబై]] [[th:มุมไบ]] [[vi:Mumbai]] [[tg:Мумбай]] [[tr:Mumbai]] [[uk:Мумбаї]] [[ur:ممبئی]] [[vo:Mumbai]] [[zh:孟买]]