Mumps vaccine
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205335803
2008-04-13T14:57:36Z
JForget
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Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/69.208.36.100|69.208.36.100]] ([[User talk:69.208.36.100|talk]]) to last version by JForget
Several varieties of '''mumps vaccine''' have been used since 1949, and at least 10 strains were in use in 2006:<ref name="WHO_Mumps_Vaccines">{{cite web|title=Immunizations, Vaccines and Biologicals - The Mumps Vaccine|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|url= http://www.who.int/vaccines-diseases/diseases/mumps_vaccine.shtml}}</ref>
The first [[vaccine]] was a killed [[mumps]] virus vaccine developed in 1948 and used in the United States from 1950-1978. This vaccine produced little immune memory, thus had a short duration of effect. In the U.S.A. it was supplanted by Mumpsvax and then MMR.<ref name="WHO_Mumps_Vaccines"/>
All subsequent preparations have been live virus attenuated by multiple passages through animal cells of one or more species. No human diploid cell vaccine is currently in use.
== Current vaccines ==
* [[Mumpsvax]] is [[Merck & Co.|Merck]]'s brand of [[Jeryl Lynn]] strain vaccines<ref>Hilleman, M.R. et al (1968) Live attentuated mumps vaccine. N. Engl. J. Med. '''278''', 227</ref> and is the Mumps vaccine standard in the United States. <!-- By far the most common in the en-wiki world. --> The Jeryl Lynn strains have been in use since 1967, and were believed to be a single strain until 2002.
:* RIT 4385 is a newer strain derived from the Jeryl Lynn strain.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Lancet |date=2008 |volume=371 |issue=9616 |pages=932–44 |title=Mumps |author= Hviid A, Rubin S, Mühlemann K |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60419-5 |pmid=18342688}}</ref>
:* [[MMR Vaccine]] (Measles, Mumps, Rubella Vaccine) is the most commonly used form of the vaccine, formulated in combination with vaccines for Measles and Rubella.<!--Astonishing! You would rather use an obscure acronym, Midgley? It's like you want to /hide/ or /obscure/ the acronym. -->
* '''Leningrad-3''' strain was developed by Smrodintsev and Klyachko in guinea pig kidney cell culture and has been used since 1950 in former Soviet countries.<ref name="WHO_Mumps_Vaccines"/> This vaccine is routinely used in Russia.
* '''L-Zagreb''' strain used in [[Croatia]] and [[India]] was derived from the Leningrad-3 strain by further [[passaging]].<ref name="WHO_Mumps_Vaccines"/>
* '''Urabe''' strain was introduced in Japan, and later licenced in Belgium, France and Italy. It has been associated with a higher incidence of meningitis (1/143 000 versus 1/227 000 for J-L<ref>http://www.pediatriconcall.com/fordoctor/DiseasesandCondition/mmr_vaccine.asp</ref>), and abandoned in several countries. It was formulated as '''MMR''' in the UK.
* '''Rubini''' strain used mainly in [[Switzerland]] was attenuated by a higher number of passes through chicken embryos, and later proved to have low potency<ref>http://www.eurosurveillance.org/em/v03n12/0312-222.asp Eurosurveillance report on Portugal outbreak.</ref>. It was introduced in 1985.<ref name="WHO_Mumps_Vaccines"/>
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==UK Valency Controversy==
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Monovalent mumps vaccine (Mumpsvax) remained available in the U.S.A when MMR was introduced. in the UK the introduction of mumps vaccine was by MMR replacing the MR (measles and rubella) mixed vaccine. No UK-licenced monovalent preparation was ever available. This became the subject of considerable argument at the end of the 20th century, since some parents preferred to obtain individually the components of the MMR mixture. One single mumps vaccine preparation imported into the United Kingdom proved to be essentially ineffective<ref>Pavivac ineffective. [http://www.dhsspsni.gov.uk/hssmd33-02.pdf CMO's letter HSSMD33-02]::[http://66.249.93.104/search?q=cache:TVpufLRL21IJ:www.dhsspsni.gov.uk/hssmd33-02.pdf+single+mumps++ineffective&hl=en&gl=uk&ct=clnk&cd=3 as HTML] Nov. 2002</ref>.<!-- Does it have a name, because it is not Mumpvax? --> Immunisation against Mumps in the UK became routine in 1988, commencing with MMR. The Aventis-Pasteur "MMR-2" brand is usual in the UK in 2006.<!--suggesting therefore a need for an article on [[MMR-2]]? William of Occam would not like it.-->
A different monovalent Mumps vaccine is routinely used in Russia.<!-- This is relevant to en-wiki because??? -->
== Storage and stability ==
The [[cold chain]] is a major consideration in vaccination, particularly in less-developed countries. Mumps vaccines are normally refrigerated, but have a long half-life of 65 days at 23 degrees Celsius.<ref name="WHO_Mumps_Vaccines"/><!-- Is this generally true? Or only true of lyophilizied vaccine like Mumpsvax? In the context of the WHO discussion of 10 vaccines, it is clearly not intended to be applicable to only one of them. This is worth moving to the talk page. -->
== See also ==
[[vaccine]], [[Mumps]], [[Mumpsvax]], [[Jeryl Lynn vaccine]].
== References ==
* [http://omni.ac.uk/browse/mesh/D009108.html OMNI]
* [http://www.who.int/vaccines/en/mumps.shtml The Mumps Vaccine. (A history of the vaccine development.) WHO]
* [http://www.who.int/immunization/topics/mumps/en/index2.html Mumps Immunization. WHO]
* [http://www.intute.ac.uk/healthandlifesciences/cgi-bin/browse.pl?gateway=omni&id=100090 ''intute'', search results for '''Mumps vaccine'''. University of Manchester, England]
==Footnotes==
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[[Category:Vaccines]]