Murinae
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2008-06-04T08:12:54Z
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robot Adding: [[eo:Musenoj]]
{{Taxobox
| name = Old World rats and mice
| fossil_range = Middle [[Miocene]] - Recent
| image = house_mouse.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Mus musculus]]'', the House Mouse
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| classis = [[Mammal]]ia
| ordo = [[Rodent]]ia
| superfamilia = [[Muroidea]]
| familia = [[Muridae]]
| subfamilia = '''Murinae'''
| subfamilia_authority = [[Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger|Illiger]], 1811
| subdivision_ranks = [[Genus|Genera]]
| subdivision =
''[[Abditomys]]''<br>
''[[Abeomelomys]]''<br>
''[[Aethomys]]''<br>
''[[Anisomys]]''<br>
''[[Anonymomys]]''<br>
†''[[Antemus]]''<br>
†''[[Anthracomys]]''<br>
''[[Apodemus]]''<br>
''[[Apomys]]''<br>
''[[Archboldomys]]''<br>
''[[Arvicanthis]]''<br>
''[[Bandicota]]''<br>
''[[Batomys]]''<br>
†''[[Beremendimys]]''<br>
''[[Berylmys]]''<br>
''[[Bullimus]]''<br>
''[[Bunomys]]''<br>
†''[[Canariomys]]''<br>
''[[Carpomys]]''<br>
†''[[Castillomys]]''<br>
†''[[Castromys]]''<br>
†''[[Chardinomys]]''<br>
''[[Chiromyscus]]''<br>
''[[Chiropodomys]]''<br>
''[[Chiruromys]]''<br>
''[[Chrotomys]]''<br>
''[[Coccymys]]''<br>
''[[Colomys]]''<br>
''[[Conilurus]]''<br>
†''[[Coryphomys]]''<br>
''[[Crateromys]]''<br>
''[[Crossomys]]''<br>
''[[Cremnomys]]''<br>
''[[Crunomys]]''<br>
''[[Dacnomys]]''<br>
''[[Dasymys]]''<br>
''[[Dephomys]]''<br>
''[[Desmomys]]''<br>
†''[[Dilatomys]]''<br>
''[[Diomys]]''<br>
''[[Diplothrix]]''<br>
''[[Echiothrix]]''<br>
''[[Eropeplus]]''<br>
†''[[Euryotomys]]''<br>
''[[Golunda]]''<br>
''[[Grammomys]]''<br>
''[[Hadromys]]''<br>
''[[Haeromys]]''<br>
''[[Hapalomys]]''<br>
''[[Heimyscus]]''<br>
†''[[Hooijeromys]]''<br>
†''[[Huaxiamys]]''<br>
†''[[Huerzelerimys]]''<br>
''[[Hybomys]]''<br>
''[[Hydromys]]''<br>
''[[Hylomyscus]]''<br>
''[[Hyomys]]''<br>
''[[Kadarsanomys]]''<br>
†''[[Karnimata]]''<br>
''[[Komodomys]]''<br>
†''[[Kritimys]]''<br>
''[[Lammottemys]]''<br>
''[[Leggadina]]''<br>
''[[Lemniscomys]]''<br>
''[[Lenomys]]''<br>
''[[Lenothrix]]''<br>
''[[Leopoldamys]]''<br>
''[[Leporillus]]''<br>
''[[Leptomys]]''<br>
''[[Limnomys]]''<br>
''[[Lorentzimys]]''<br>
''[[Macruromys]]''<br>
''[[Madromys]]''<br>
''[[Malacomys]]''<br>
''[[Mallomys]]''<br>
†''[[Malpaisomys]]''<br>
''[[Mammelomys]]''<br>
''[[Margaretamys]]''<br>
''[[Mastacomys]]''<br>
''[[Mastomys]]''<br>
''[[Maxomys]]''<br>
''[[Melasmothrix]]''<br>
''[[Melomys]]''<br>
''[[Mesembriomys]]''<br>
''[[Micalaemys]]''<br>
''[[Microhydromys]]''<br>
''[[Micromys]]''<br>
†''[[Microtia (genus)|Microtia]]''<br>
''[[Millardia]]''<br>
''[[Muriculus]]''<br>
''[[Mouse|Mus]]''<br>
''[[Mylomys]]''<br>
''[[Myomyscus]]''<br>
''[[Myotomys]]''<br>
''[[Nesokia]]''<br>
''[[Nesoromys]]''<br>
''[[Nilopegamys]]''<br>
''[[Niviventer]]''<br>
''[[Notomys]]''<br>
''[[Oenomys]]''<br>
†''[[Orientalomys]]''<br>
''[[Otomys]]''<br>
''[[Palawanomys]]''<br>
†''[[Paraethomys]]''<br>
†''[[Parapodemus]]''<br>
''[[Papagomys]]''<br>
''[[Parahydromys]]''<br>
''[[Paraleptomys]]''<br>
''[[Paramelomys]]''<br>
''[[Parotomys]]''<br>
†''[[Parapelomys]]''<br>
''[[Paruromys]]''<br>
''[[Paulamys]]''<br>
''[[Pelomys]]''<br>
''[[Phloeomys]]''<br>
''[[Pithecheir]]''<br>
''[[Pithecheirops]]''<br>
''[[Pogonomelomys]]''<br>
''[[Pogonomys]]''<br>
''[[Praomys]]''<br>
†''[[Progonomys]]''<br>
''[[Protochromys]]''<br>
†''[[Qianomys]]''<br>
''[[Pseudohydromys]]''<br>
''[[Pseudomys]]''<br>
†''[[Ratchaburimys]]''<br>
''[[Rattus]]''<br>
''[[Rhabdomys]]''<br>
†''[[Rhagamys]]''<br>
†''[[Rhagapodemus]]''<br>
''[[Rhynchomys]]''<br>
†''[[Saidomys]]''<br>
''[[Saxatilomys]]''<br>
''[[Solomys]]''<br>
''[[Sommeromys]]''<br>
†''[[Spelaeomys]]''<br>
''[[Srilankamys]]''<br>
''[[Stenocephalemys]]''<br>
†''[[Stephanomys]]''<br>
''[[Stochomys]]''<br>
''[[Sundamys]]''<br>
''[[Taeromys]]''<br>
''[[Tarsomys]]''<br>
''[[Tateomys]]''<br>
''[[Thallomys]]''<br>
''[[Thamnomys]]''<br>
''[[Tokudaia]]''<br>
''[[Tonkinomys]]''<br>
''[[Tryphomys]]''<br>
''[[Uromys]]''<br>
''[[Vandeleuria]]''<br>
''[[Vernaya]]''<br>
†''[[Wushanomys]]<br>
''[[Xenuromys]]''<br>
''[[Xeromys]]''<br>
†''[[Yunomys]]''<br>
''[[Zelotomys]]''<br>
''[[Zyzomys]]''
}}
The '''Old World rats and mice''', part of the [[subfamily]] '''Murinae''' in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Muridae]], comprise at least 519 species. This subfamily is larger than all [[mammal]] families except the [[Cricetidae]], and is larger than all [[mammal]] [[order (biology)|order]]s except the [[bat]]s and the remainder of the [[rodent]]s.
==Description==
The Murinae are native to [[Africa]], [[Europe]], [[Asia]], and [[Australia]]. They are the only [[terrestrial animal|terrestrial]] [[placental]] [[mammal]]s native to Australia. They have also been [[invasive species|introduced]] to all continents except [[Antarctica]], and are serious pest animals. This is particularly true in island communities where they have contributed to the [[endangered|endangerment]] and [[extinct]]ion of many native animals.
Two prominent murine human [[commensalism|commensal]]s have become vital [[laboratory animal]]s. The [[Brown Rat]] and [[House Mouse]] are both used as medical subjects and are among a handful of animals where the full [[genome]] has been sequenced.
The murines have a distinctive [[Molar (tooth)|molar]] pattern that involves three rows of cusps instead of two, the primitive pattern seen most frequently in [[muroid rodent]]s.
==Fossils==
The first known appearance of the Murinae in the [[fossil]] record is about [[Miocene|14 million years ago]] with the fossil genus ''[[Antemus]]''. ''[[Antemus]]'' is thought to derive directly from ''[[Potwarmus]]'', which has a more primitive tooth pattern. Likewise, two genera, ''[[Progonomys]]'' and ''[[Karnimata]]'' are thought to derive directly from ''[[Antemus]]''. ''[[Progonomys]]'' is thought to be the ancestor of ''[[Mus (genus)|Mus]]'' and relatives, while ''[[Karnimata]]'' is thought to lead to ''[[Rattus]]'' and relatives. All of these fossils are found in the well-preserved and easily dated [[Siwalik]] fossil beds of [[Pakistan]]. The transition from ''[[Potwarmus]]'' to ''[[Antemus]]'' to ''[[Progonomys]]'' and ''[[Karnimata]]'' is considered an excellent example of [[anagenesis|anagenic evolution]].
==Taxonomy==
Most of the Murinae have been poorly studied. Some genera have been grouped, such as the hydromyine water rats, conilurine or pseudomyine Australian mice, or the phloeomyine [[Southeast Asia]]n forms. No [[tribe (biology)|tribal]] level [[taxonomy]] has been attempted for the complete subfamily. It appears as if genera from southeast Asian islands and Australia may be early offshoots compared to mainland forms. The [[vlei rat]]s in the genera ''[[Otomys]]'' and ''[[Parotomys]]'' are often placed in a separate subfamily, Otomyinae, but have been shown to be closely related to African murines in spite of their uniqueness.
Three genera, ''[[Uranomys]]'', ''[[Lophuromys]]'', and ''[[Acomys]]'' were once considered to be murines, but were found to be more closely related to [[gerbil]]s through [[molecular phylogeny|molecular phylogenetics]]. They have been assigned a new subfamily status, [[Deomyinae]].
==List of Genera==
As of 2005, the Murinae contain 129 genera in 584 species. Musser and Carleton (2005) divided the Murinae into 29 genus divisions. They treated the Otomyinae as a separate subfamily, but all molecular analyses conducted to date have supported their inclusion in the Murinae as relatives of African genera (Michaux et al., 2001; Jansa and Weksler, 2004; Steppan et al., 2004; 2005; Jansa et al., 2006).
'''Subfamily Murinae - Old World rats and mice'''
*Aethomys Division
**Genus ''[[Aethomys]]'' - bush rats
**Genus ''[[Micaleamys]]''
*Apodemus Division
**Genus ''[[Apodemus]]'' - old world field mice
**Genus ''[[Rhagamys]]''
**Genus ''[[Tokudaia]]'' - Ryūkyū spiny rats
*Arvicanthis Division
**Genus ''[[Arvicanthis]]'' - unstriped grass mice
**Genus ''[[Desmomys]]''
**Genus ''[[Lemniscomys]]'' - striped grass mice
**Genus ''[[Mylomys]]'' - African Groove-toothed Rat
**Genus ''[[Pelomys]]'' - groove-toothed creek rats
**Genus ''[[Rhabdomys]]'' - Four-striped Grass Mouse
*Chrotomys Division
**Genus ''[[Apomys]]''
**Genus ''[[Archboldomys]]'' - Mount Isarog shrew rats
**Genus ''[[Chrotomys]]'' - Luzon striped rats
**Genus ''[[Rhynchomys]]'' - shrewlike rats
*Colomys Division
**Genus ''[[Colomys]]'' - African Water Rat
**Genus ''[[Nilopegamys]]''
**Genus ''[[Zelotomys]]'' - stink mice
*Crunomys Division
**Genus ''[[Crunomys]]'' - Philippine and Sulawesian shrew rats
**Genus ''[[Sommeromys]]''
*Dacnomys Division
**Genus ''[[Anonymomys]]'' - Mindoro Rat
**Genus ''[[Chiromyscus]]'' - Fea's Tree Rat
**Genus ''[[Dacnomys]]'' - Large-toothed Giant Rat
**Genus ''[[Leopoldamys]]'' - long-tailed giant rats
**Genus ''[[Niviventer]]'' - white-bellied rats
**Genus ''[[Saxatilomys]]''
**Genus ''[[Srilankamys]]'' - Ceylonese rats
*Dasymys Division
**Genus ''[[Dasymys]]'' - Shaggy Swamp Rat
*Echiothrix Division
**Genus ''[[Echiothrix]]'' - Sulawesian Spiny Rat
*Golunda Division
**Genus ''[[Golunda]]'' - Indian Bush Rat
*Hadromys Division
**Genus ''[[Hadromys]]'' - Manipur Bush Rat
*Hybomys Division
**Genus ''[[Dephomys]]'' - defua rats
**Genus ''[[Hybomys]]'' - hump-nosed mice
**Genus ''[[Stochomys]]'' - Target Rat
*Hydromys Division
**Genus ''[[Crossomys]]'' - Earless Water Rat
**Genus ''[[Hydromys]]'' - water rats
**Genus ''[[Microhydromys]]''
**Genus ''[[Parahydromys]]'' - Mountain Water Rat
**Genus ''[[Paraleptomys]]''
*Lorentzimys Division
**Genus ''[[Lorentzimys]]'' - New Guinea jumping mouse
*Malacomys Division
**Genus ''[[Malacomys]]'' - big-eared swamp rats
*Maxomys Division
**Genus ''[[Maxomys]]'' - rajah rats
*Melasmothrix Division
**Genus ''[[Melasmothrix]]'' - Lesser Sulawesian Shrew Rat
**Genus ''[[Tateomys]]'' - greater Sulawesian shrew rats
*Micromys Division
**Genus ''[[Chiropodomys]]'' - pencil-tailed tree mice
**Genus ''[[Haeromys]]'' - pygmy tree mice
**Genus ''[[Hapalomys]]'' - marmoset rats
**Genus ''[[Micromys]]'' - Old World Harvest Mouse
**Genus ''[[Vandeleuria]]'' - long-tailed climbing mice
**Genus ''[[Vernaya]]'' - Vernay's Climbing Mouse
*Millardia Division
**Genus ''[[Cremnomys]]''
**Genus ''[[Diomys]]'' - Manipur Mouse
**Genus ''[[Madromys]]''
**Genus ''[[Millardia]]'' - Asian soft-furred rats
*Mus Division
**Genus ''[[Muriculus]]'' - Stripe-backed Mouse
**Genus ''[[Mouse|Mus]]'' - typical mice
*Oenomys Division
**Genus ''[[Canariomys]]'' - [[Canary Islands Giant Rat|Giant Canary Islands Rat]]
**Genus ''[[Grammomys]]''
**Genus ''[[Lamottemys]]''
**Genus ''[[Malpaisomys]]'' - [[Lava Mouse|Canarian Lava Fields Mouse]]
**Genus ''[[Oenomys]]'' - rufous-nosed rats
**Genus ''[[Thallomys]]'' - acacia rats
**Genus ''[[Thamnomys]]'' - thicket rats
*Phloeomys Division
**Genus ''[[Batomys]]'' - Luzon and Mindanao forest rats
**Genus ''[[Carpomys]]'' - Luzon rats
**Genus ''[[Crateromys]]'' - cloudrunners
**Genus ''[[Phloeomys]]'' - slender-tailed cloud rats
*Pithecheir Division
**Genus ''[[Eropeplus]]'' - Sulawesian Soft-furred Rat
**Genus ''[[Lenomys]]'' - Trefoil-toothed Rat
**Genus ''[[Lenothrix]]'' - Grey Tree Rat
**Genus ''[[Margaretamys]]'' - Margareta's rats
**Genus ''[[Pithecheir]]'' - monkey-footed rats
**Genus ''[[Pithecheirops]]''
*Pogonomys Division
**Genus ''[[Abeomelomys]]''
**Genus ''[[Anisomys]]'' - Powerful-toothed Rat
**Genus ''[[Chiruromys]]''
**Genus ''[[Coccymys]]''
**Genus ''[[Coryphomys]]''
**Genus ''[[Hyomys]]'' - white-eared rats
**Genus ''[[Macruromys]]'' - New Guinean rats
**Genus ''[[Mallomys]]'' - giant tree rats
**Genus ''[[Mammelomys]]''
**Genus ''[[Pogonomelomys]]'' - Rummler's mosaic tailed rats
**Genus ''[[Pogonomys]]'' - prehensile-tailed rats
**Genus ''[[Spelaeomys]]''
**Genus ''[[Xenuromys]]'' - White-tailed New Guinea Rat
*Pseudomys Division
**Genus ''[[Conilurus]]'' - rabbit rats
**Genus ''[[Leggadina]]''
**Genus ''[[Leporillus]]'' - Australian stick-nest rats
**Genus ''[[Mastacomys]]''
**Genus ''[[Mesembriomys]]'' - tree rats
**Genus ''[[Notomys]]'' - Australian [[hopping mice]]
**Genus ''[[Pseudomys]]'' - Australian native mice
**Genus ''[[Zyzomys]]'' - thick-tailed rats
*Rattus Division
**Genus ''[[Abditomys]]''
**Genus ''[[Bandicota]]'' - bandicoot rats
**Genus ''[[Berylmys]]'' - white-toothed rats
**Genus ''[[Bullimus]]''
**Genus ''[[Bunomys]]''
**Genus ''[[Diplothrix]]''
**Genus ''[[Kadarsanomys]]''
**Genus ''[[Komodomys]]''
**Genus ''[[Limnomys]]''
**Genus ''[[Nesokia]]'' - Short-tailed Bandicoot Rat
**Genus ''[[Nesoromys]]''
**Genus ''[[Palawanomys]]'' - Palawan Rat
**Genus ''[[Papagomys]]'' - Flores giant rats
**Genus ''[[Paruromys]]'' - Sulawesian giant rat
**Genus ''[[Paulamys]]''
**Genus ''[[Rattus]]'' - typical rats
**Genus ''[[Sundamys]]'' - giant Sunda rats
**Genus ''[[Taeromys]]''
**Genus ''[[Tarsomys]]''
**Genus ''[[Tryphomys]]'' - Mearn's Luzon Rat
*Stenocephalomys Division
**Genus ''[[Heimyscus]]''
**Genus ''[[Hylomyscus]]'' - African wood mice
**Genus ''[[Mastomys]]'' - multimammate rats
**Genus ''[[Myomyscus]]'' - multimammate rats
**Genus ''[[Praomys]]'' - African soft-furred rats
**Genus ''[[Stenocephalemys]]'' - Ethiopian narrow-headed rats
*Uromys Division
**Genus ''[[Melomys]]'' - banana rats
**Genus ''[[Paramelomys]]''
**Genus ''[[Protochromys]]''
**Genus ''[[Solomys]]'' - naked-tailed rats
**Genus ''[[Uromys]]'' - giant naked-tailed rats
*Xeromys Division
**Genus ''[[Leptomys]]''
**Genus ''[[Pseudohydromys]]'' - New Guinea false water rats
**Genus ''[[Xeromys]]'' - False Water Rat
*Otomyines
**Genus ''[[Myotomys]]''
**Genus ''[[Otomys]]'' - groove-toothed or vlei rats
**Genus ''[[Parotomys]]'' - whistling rats
==References==
*Chevret, P., C. Denys, J.-J. Jaeger, J. Michaux, and F.M. Catzeflis. 1993. Molecular evidence that the spiny mouse (''[[Acomys]]'') is more closely related to [[gerbil]]s (Gerbillinae) than to the true mice (Murinae). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 90:3433-3436.
*Jacobs, L.L. 1978. [[Fossil]] [[rodent]]s ([[Rhizomyinae|Rhizomyidae]] and [[Muridae]]) from Neogene Siwalik deposits, [[Pakistan]]. Bulletin of the Museum of Northern Arizona, 52: 1-103.
*Jansa, S., F. K. Barker, and L. R. Heaney. 2006. The pattern and timing of diversification of Philippene endemic rodents: evidence from mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences. Systematic Biology, 55:73-88.
*Jansa, S.A. and M. Weksler. [[Phylogeny]] of [[Muroidea|muroid]] [[rodent]]s: relationships within and among major lineages as determined by IRBP [[gene]] sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 31:256-276.
*McKenna, M.C. and S. K. Bell. 1997. Classification of [[Mammal]]s above the [[Species]] Level. Columbia University Press, New York.
*Michaux, J., A. Reyes, and F. Catzeflis. 2001. Evolutionary history of the most speciose [[mammal]]s: molecular [[phylogeny]] of [[Muroidea|muroid]] [[rodent]]s. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 17:280-293.
*Musser, G.G. and M. D. Carleton. 1993. Family [[Muridae]]. Pp. 501-755 in [[Mammal]] [[Species]] of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D.E. Wilson and D.M. Reeder eds. [[Smithsonian]] Institution Press, Washington D.C.
*Musser, G. G. and L. R. Heaney. 2006. Philippine rodents: Definitions of ''Tarsomys'' and ''Limnomys'' plus a preliminary assessment of phylogenetic patterns among native Philippine murines (Murinae, Muridae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 211:1–138.
*Nowak, R.M. 1999. Walker's [[Mammal]]s of the World, Vol. 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, London.
*Steppan, S.J., R.A. Adkins, and J. Anderson. 2004. [[Phylogeny]] and [[divergence da]]te estimates of rapid radiations in [[muroid rodent]]s based on multiple nuclear [[gene]]s. Systematic Biology, 53:533-553.
*Steppan, S. J., R. M. Adkins, P. Q. Spinks, and C. Hale. 2005. Multigene phylogeny of the Old World mice, Murinae, reveals distinct geographic lineages and the declining utility of mitochondrial genes compared to nuclear genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 37:370-388.
[[Category:Muroid rodents]]
[[Category:Old World rats and mice|*]]
{{Link FA|nl}}
[[de:Altweltmäuse]]
[[eo:Musenoj]]
[[fr:Murinae]]
[[lt:Pelės]]
[[hu:Egérformák]]
[[nl:Muizen en ratten van de Oude Wereld]]
[[ru:Мышиные (подсемейство)]]
[[simple:Murinae]]