Music of Hawaii
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{{MDmusic|Other=[[Hawaiian folk music]] - [[Music of Honolulu]] - [[Music of Polynesia|Polynesian music]]|Institutions=[[Honolulu Symphony Orchestra]] - [[Maui Academy of Performing Arts]] - [[Honolulu Chamber Music Society]]|Organizations=[[Hawaii Academy of Recording Arts]] - [[Hawaii Music Awards]] - [[Hawaiian Music Foundation]] - [[Ukulele Guild of Hawaii]]|Venues=[[Honokaa People's Theatre]] - [[Neal S. Blaisdell Center]]|Statesong="[[Hawaii ponoi]]"|Festivals=[[Big Island Slack Key Guitar Festival]] - [[Gabby Pahinui/Atta Isaacs Slack Key Festival]] - [[Hamakua Music Festival]] - [[Hawaii Performing Arts Festival]] - [[Merrie Monarch Festival]]}}
The '''music of Hawai{{okina}}i''' includes an array of traditional and popular styles, ranging from native Hawaiian folk music to modern [[rock music|rock]] and [[hip hop music|hip hop]]. Hawai{{okina}}i's musical contributions to the [[music of the United States]] are out of proportion to the state's small size. Styles like [[slack-key guitar]] are well-known worldwide, while Hawaiian-tinged music is a frequent part of [[Hollywood]] [[soundtrack]]s. Hawai{{okina}}i also made a major contribution to [[country music]] with the introduction of the [[steel guitar]].<ref name="Unterberger"> Unterberger, pgs. 465 - 473</ref>
Traditional Hawaiian folk music is a major part of the state's musical heritage. The [[Native Hawaiians|Hawaiian people]] have inhabited the islands for centuries and have retained much of their traditional musical knowledge. Their music is largely religious in nature, and includes [[chanting]] and [[dance music]]. Hawaiian music has had an enormous impact on the [[Polynesian music|music of other Polynesian islands]]; indeed, music author Peter Manuel called the influence of Hawaiian music a "unifying factor in the development of modern Pacific musics".<ref name="Manuel"> Manuel, pgs. 236 - 241</ref>
== Music festivals and venues ==
Major music festivals in Hawai{{okina}}i include the [[Merrie Monarch Hula Festival]], which brings together hula groups from across the world, as well as a number of slack-key and steel guitar festivals: [[Big Island Slack Key Guitar Festival]], [[Steel Guitar Association Festival]] and the [[Gabby Pahinui/Atta Isaacs Slack Key Festival]]. April's [[Aloha Week]] is a popular tourist attraction, as is the [[Moloka'i Music Festival]] held around [[Labor Day]].<ref name="Unterberger"> Unterberger, pgs. 465 - 473</ref> There is also a [[Hawaii International Jazz Festival]], which was founded in 1993, and holds festivals on [[O'ahu|O{{okina}}ahu]], [[Hawaii (island)|Hawai{{okina}}i]], [[Maui]] and [[Kauai|Kaua{{okina}}i]].<ref>[http://www.hawaiijazz.com/historyofhijf.pdf History of the Hawai{{okina}}i International Jazz Festival] (pdf)</ref>
Hawai{{okina}}i is home to numerous hotels, many of which feature music in the afternoon or evening; some of the more prominent ones include the Kahala Hilton, the Sheraton Moana Hotel, the Sheraton Waikiki, the Halekulani, Casanova's and the King Kamehameha Hotel.<ref name="Unterberger"> Unterberger, pgs. 465 - 473</ref> Large music venues in Hawaii include the [[University Theater (Hawaii)|University Theater]], which has 600 seats and is the largest venue on the Big Island.<ref>[http://www.alternative-hawaii.com/activity/bient.htm Alternative Hawai`i: Big Island]</ref> The largest venue and cultural exhibition center on Kauai is the [[Kauai Community College Performing Arts Center]].<ref>[http://www.alternative-hawaii.com/activity/kent.htm Alternative Hawai`i: Kuaui]</ref> The [[Neal S. Blaisdell Center Arena]] is the largest venue in Honolulu and among the largest in the state -- other venues for Hawaiian music on Oahu include the Waikiki Shell in Kapiolani Park in Waikiki, Kennedy Theatre and Andrews Amphitheatre on the campus of the University of Hawaii at Manoa, the Blaisdell Center Concert Hall, the Hawaii Theatre in downtown Honolulu, the Red Elephant (a performance space and recording studio in downtown Honolulu), Paliku Theatre on the campus of Windward Community College and the Leeward Community College Theatre. The historic [[Lanai Theatre]] is a cultural landmark on Lanai, dating back to the 1930s.<ref>[http://www.alternative-hawaii.com/activity/lent.htm Alternative Hawaii: Lanai]</ref>
== Music institutions and industry ==
Hawai{{okina}}i is home to a number of renowned music institutions in several fields. The [[Honolulu Symphony Orchestra]] is an important part of the state's musical history, and is the oldest orchestra in the United States west of the Rocky Mountains, founded in 1900 {{Fact|date=February 2008}}. The Orchestra has collaborated with other local institutions, like the [[Hawaii Opera Theatre|Hawai{{okina}}i Opera Theatre]] and the [[O'ahu Choral Society|O{{okina}}ahu Choral Society's]] [[Honolulu Symphony Chorus]], which operates the [[Hawaii International Choral Festival|Hawai{{okina}}i International Choral Festival]].<ref>[http://www.honolulusymphony.com/about.php Honolulu Symphony]</ref>
== Folk music ==<!-- This section is linked from [[Honky tonk]] -->
Hawaiian folk music includes several varieties of chanting (''mele'') and music meant for highly-ritualized dance (''hula''). Traditional Hawaiian music and dance was functional, used to express praise, communicate genealogy and mythology and accompany games, festivals and other secular events. The [[Hawaiian language]] has no word that translates precisely as ''music'', but a diverse vocabulary exists to describe rhythms, instruments, styles and elements of voice production. Hawaiian folk music is simple in [[melody]] and [[rhythm]], but is "complex and rich" in the "poetry, accompanying mimetic dance (''hula''), and subtleties of vocal styles... even in the attenuated forms in which they survive today".<ref name="Manuel"> Manuel, pgs. 236 - 241</ref>
[[Image:US Navy hula 031112-N-3228G-001.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Hula performance at a ceremony turning over [[U.S. Navy]] control over the island of [[Kahoolawe]] to the state performed by Uncle Frank Kawaikapuokalani Hewett]]
The chant (''mele'') is typically accompanied by an ''ipu heke'' (a double [[gourd]] and/or ''pahu'' (sharkskin covered drum). Some dances require dancers to utilize hula implements such as an ''[[ipu]]'' (single [[gourd]], ''{{okina}}ili{{okina}}ili'' (waterworn lava stone castanets),''{{okina}}uli{{okina}}uli'' (feathered gourd rattles), ''pu`{{okina}}li'' (split bamboo sticks) or ''kala{{okina}}au'' (rhythm sticks). The older, formal kind of hula is called ''kahiko'', while the modern version is ''{{okina}}auana''. There are also religious chants called ''{{okina}}oli''; when accompanied by [[dance|dancing]] and [[drums]], it is called ''mele hula pahu''.
In the pre-contact [[Hawaiian language]], the word ''mele'' referred to any kind of poetic expression, though it now translates as ''song''. The two kinds of Hawaiian [[chant]]ing were ''mele oli'' and ''mele hula''. The first were [[a cappella]] individual songs, while the latter were accompanied [[dance music]] performed by a group. The chanters were known as ''haku mele'' and were highly-trained composers and performers. Some kinds of chants express emotions like [[angst]] and [[affection]], or request a favor from another person. Other chants are for specific purposes like [[Hawaiian name|naming]], (''mele inoa''), [[prayer]] (''mele pule''), [[surfing]] (''mele he'e nalu'') and [[genealogy|genealogical]] recitations (''mele koihonua''). Mele chants were governed by strict rules, and were performed in a number of styles include the rapid ''kepakepa'' and the enunciate ''koihonua''.
== Music history ==
Historical documentation of Hawaiian music does not extend prior to the late 18th century, when haoles (non-Hawaiians) arrived on the island. From 1778 onward, Hawaii began a period of acculturation with the introduction of numerous styles of European music, including the hymns (''himeni'') introduced by Protestant missionary choirs. Spanish-speaking Mexican cowboys (''paniolos''), were particularly influential immigrants in the field of music, introducing [[string instrument]]s such as the [[guitar]] and possibly also the technique of [[falsetto]] singing, while Portuguese immigrants brought the [[ukulele]]-like [[braguinha]].<ref name="Unterberger"> Unterberger, pgs. 465 - 473</ref>
Elizabeth Tatar divided Hawaiian music history into seven periods, beginning with the initial arrival of Europeans and their musical cultures, spanning approximately from 1820 to 1872. The subsequent period lasted to the beginning of the 20th century, and was marked by the creation of an acculturated yet characteristically Hawaiian modern style, while European instruments spread across the islands. Tatar's third period, from 1900 to about 1915, saw the integration of Hawaiian music into the broader field of American popular music, with the invention of ''hapa haole'' songs, which use the English language and only superficial elements of Hawaiian music; the beginning of the Hawaiian recording industry was in 1906, when the [[Victor Talking Machine Company]] made the first 53 recordings in the state. By 1912, recorded Hawaiian music had found an audience on the American mainland.<ref name="Tatar"> Tatar, Elizabeth, in George Kanahele's ''Hawaiian Music and Musicians''</ref>
From 1915 to 1930, mainstream audiences outside of Hawaii became increasingly enamored of Hawaiian music, though by this time the songs marketed as ''Hawaiian'' had only tangential relations to actual Hawaiian music. Tahitian and Samoan music had an influence on Hawaiian music during this period, especially in their swifter and more intricate rhythms. The following era, from about 1930 to 1960, has been called the "Golden Age of Hawaiian music", when popular styles were adapted for [[orchestra]]s and [[big band]]s, and Hawaiian performers like [[Lani MacIntire]] and [[Sol Hoopii]] became mainstream stars. In the 1960s, Hawaiian-style music declined in popularity amid an influx of rock, soul and pop acts from the American mainland. This trend reversed itself in the final period of Hawaiian music history, the modern period beginning with the [[Hawaiian Renaissance]] in the 1970s and continuing with the foundation of a variety of modern music scenes in fields like [[indie rock]], [[Hawaii hip hop music|Hawaiian hip hop]] and [[Jawaiian]].<ref name="Tatar"> Tatar, Elizabeth, in George Kanahele's ''Hawaiian Music and Musicians''</ref>
=== Queen Lili'uokalani and Henry Berger ===
[[Image:Liliuokalani of Hawaii.jpg|left|thumb|150px|Queen Lili'uokalani]]
Queen [[Lili'uokalani]] was the last Queen of Hawaii before the [[Hawaiian monarchy]] was overthrown. She was also a musician and composer, best known as the composer of "[[Aloha 'Oe]]". Though she arranged the music for "Aloha 'Oe", and wrote the lyrics, she appropriated the tune from a [[Music of Croatia|Croatian folk]] song called "Sidi Mara na kamen studencu". {{Fact|date=February 2008}}
Lili'uokalani was one of many members of the Hawaiian royal family with musical inclinations. They studied under a [[Prussia]]n military bandleader, [[Henry Berger]], who was sent by the [[Kaiser]] at the request of [[Kamehameha V]]. Berger became fascinated by Hawaiian folk music, and wrote much documentation on it. However, he also brought his own musical background in [[music of Germany|German music]], and heavily guided the Hawaiian musicians and composers he worked with. As a result, the traditional Hawaiian music that he documented was a hybrid of native and German styles, brought both by Berger and [[Lutheran]] [[missionary|missionaries]]. {{Fact|date=February 2008}}
=== Guitar innovations ===
Guitars could have come to Hawaii from several sources: sailors, missionaries, or travelers to and from California. The most frequently-told story is that it accompanied the Mexican cowboys (''vaqueros'') brought by King [[Kamehameha III]] in 1832 in order to teach the natives how to control an overpopulation of cattle. The Hawaiian cowboys (''paniolo'') used guitars in their traditional folk music. The Portuguese introduced an instrument called the ''braguinha'', a small, four-stringed [[Madeira]] variant of the [[cavaquinho]]; this instrument was a precursor to the [[`ukulele]].<ref name="Unterberger"> Unterberger, pgs. 465 - 473</ref>
Steel-string guitars also arrived with the Portuguese in the 1860s and slack-key had spread across the chain by the late 1880s. A ship called the ''Ravenscrag'' arrived in Honolulu on August 23, 1879, bringing Portuguese field workers from [[Madeira]]. Legend has it that one of the men, João Fernandes, later a popular musician, tried to impress the Hawaiians by playing folk music with a friend's [[braguinha]]; it is also said that the Hawaiians called the instrument ''`ukulele'' (''jumping flea'') in reference to the man's swift fingers. Others have claimed the word means ''gift that came here'' or a corruption of ''ukeke lele'' (''dancing [[ukeke]]'', a three-string bow).<ref name="Unterberger"> Unterberger, pgs. 465 - 473</ref>
=== Late 19th and early 20th century ===
[[Image:AlohaOe1913.jpg|right|thumb|1913 sheet music cover]]
In the 1880s and 90s, King [[David Kalakaua]] promoted Hawaiian culture and also encouraged the addition of new instruments, such as the ukulele and possibly steel guitar; Kalakaua died in 1891, and so it is highly unlikely he would have heard it [See: Kanahele, George S., ''Hawaiian Music and Musicians'', pp 367-368]. Kalakaua's successor, his sister [[Lili'uokalani]], was also a prolific composer and wrote several songs, like "Aloha 'Oe", which remain popular. During this period, Hawaiian music evolved into a "new distinctive" style, using the derivatives of European instruments; aside from the widespread string instruments, [[brass band]]s like the [[Royal Hawaiian Band]] performed Hawaiian songs as well as popular marches and ragtimes.<ref name="Unterberger"> Unterberger, pgs. 465 - 473</ref>
In about 1889, [[Joseph Kekuku]] began sliding a piece of steel across the strings of a guitar, thus inventing [[steel guitar]] (''kila kila''); at about the same time, traditional Hawaiian music with [[English language|English]] lyrics became popular — this was called [[hapa haole]]. Vocals predominated in Hawaiian music until the 20th century, when instrumentation took a lead role. Much of modern slack-key guitar has become entirely instrumental.<ref name="Unterberger"> Unterberger, pgs. 465 - 473</ref>
From about 1895 to 1915, Hawaiian music dance bands became in demand more and more. These were typically string quintets. [[Ragtime]] music influenced the music, and English words were commonly used in the lyrics. This type of Hawaiian music, influenced by popular music and with lyrics being a combination of English and Hawaiian (or wholly English), is called hapa haole (literally: half white) music. In 1903, [[Albert "Sonny" Cunha]] composed ''My Waikiki Mermaid'', arguably the first popular hapa haole song (The earliest known hapa haole song, "Eating of the Poi", was published in ''Ka Buke o na Leo Mele Hawaii...o na Home Hawaii'' in Honolulu in 1888 [See Kanahele, George S., ''Hawaiian Music and Musicians'' pp 71-72]).
In 1927, Rose Moe (1908 - 1999), a Hawaiian singer, with her husband [[Tau Moe]] (1908 - 2004), a Samoan guitarist, began touring with ''Madame Riviere's Hawaiians''. In 1929 they recorded eight songs in [[Tokyo]]. Rose and Tau continued touring for over fifty years, living in countries such as Germany, Lebanon and India. They even performed in Germany as late as 1938 when the Nazi raciscm was on the rise and people of a darker color were regarded as inferior people; it is said that they even performed even for [[Adolf Hitler]] himself. {{Fact|date=February 2008}} With their children, the Tau Moe family did much to spread the sound of Hawaiian folk music and hapa haole music throughout the world. In 1988, the Tau Moe family re-recorded the 1929 sessions with the help of musician and ethnomusicologist Bob Brozman.
The 1920s also saw the development of a uniquely Hawaiian style of [[jazz]], innovated by performers at the Moana and Royal Hawaiian Hotels.<ref>[http://www.hawaiijazz.com/historyofhijf.pdf History of the Hawaii International Jazz Festival] (pdf)</ref>
====Slack key guitar====
{{main|Slack-key guitar}}
Slack-key guitar (''kī ho`alu'' in Hawaiian) is a fingerpicked playing style, named for the fact that the strings are most often "slacked" or loosened to create an open (unfingered) chord, either a major chord (G or C, sometimes D) or a major 7th. (The latter are called "wahine" tunings.) A tuning might be invented to play a particular song or facilitate a particular effect, and as late as the 1960s they were often treated as family secrets and passed from generation to generation. By the time of the [[Hawaiian Renaissance]], though, the example of players such as [[Auntie Alice Namakelua]], [[Leonard Kwan]], [[Raymond Kane]], and [[Keola Beamer]] had encouraged the sharing of the tunings and techniques and probably saved the style from extinction. Playing techniques include "hammering-on", "pulling-off", "chimes" (harmonics), and "slides," and these effects frequently mimic the falsettos and vocal breaks common in Hawaiian singing.
The guitar entered Hawaiian culture from a number of directions—sailors, settlers, contract workers. One important source of the style was Mexican cowboys hired to work on the Big Island of Hawai'i in the first half of the 19th century. These ''paniolo'' brought their guitars and their music, and when they left, the Hawaiians developed their own style of playing the instrument.
Slack key guitar evolved to accompany the rhythms of Hawaiian dancing and the melodies of Hawaiian chant. Hawaiian music in general, which was promoted under the reign of King David Kalakaua as a matter of national pride and cultural revival, drew rhythms from traditional Hawaiian beats and European military marches, and drew its melodies from Christian hymns and the cosmopolitan peoples of the islands (although principally American).
==== Popularization ====
In the early 20th century Hawaiians began touring the United States, often in small bands. A [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] show called ''Bird of Paradise'' introduced Hawaiian music to many Americans in 1912 and the [[Panama Pacific Exhibition]] in [[San Francisco]] followed in 1915; one year later, Hawaiian music sold more recordings than any other style in the country. The increasing popularization of Hawaiian music influenced [[blues]] and [[country music|country]] musicians; this connection can still be heard in modern country. In reverse, musicians like [[Bennie Nawahi]] began incorporating [[jazz]] into his [[steel guitar]], [[ukulele]] and [[mandolin]] music, while the [[Kalama Quartet]] introduced a style of group falsetto singing. The musician [[Sol Ho'opii]] arose during this time, playing both Hawaiian music and jazz, Western swing and country, and developing the pedal steel guitar; his recordings helped establish the [[Nashville sound]] of popular country music.<ref name="Unterberger"> Unterberger, pgs. 465 - 473</ref> [[Lani McIntyre]] was another musician who infused a Hawaiian guitar sound into mainstream American popular music through his recordings with [[Jimmie Rodgers (country singer)|Jimmie Rodgers]] and [[Bing Crosby]].
In the 1920s and 30s, Hawaiian music became an integral part of [[tourism in Hawaii|local tourism]], with most hotels and attractions incorporating music in one form or another. Among the earliest and most popular musical attractions was the ''Kodak Hula Show'', sponsored by [[Kodak]], in which a tourist purchased Kodak film and took photographs of dancers and musicians.<ref name="Unterberger"> Unterberger, pgs. 465 - 473</ref> The show ran from 1937 through 2002. In the first half of the 20th century, the mostly-young men who hung around the Honolulu beaches, swimming and surfing, came to be known as the [[Waikiki Beachboys]] and their parties became famous across Hawaii and abroad; most of them played the ukulele all day long, sitting on the beach and eventually began working for hotels to entertain tourists.
Popular Hawaiian music with English verse (hapa haole) can be described in a narrow sense. Generally, songs are sung to the ukulele or steel guitar. A steel string guitar sometimes accompanies. Melodies often feature an intervallic leap, such as a perfect fourth or octave. Falsetto vocals are suited for such leaps and are common in Hawaiian singing, as is the use of microtones. Rhythm is mostly in duple meter. A musical scale that is unique to Hawaiian music imbues it with its distinct feel, and so is aptly named the Hawaiian scale.
== Modern music ==
In recent decades, traditional Hawaiian music has undergone a renaissance, with renewed interest from both ethnic Hawaiians and others. The islands have also produced a number of well-regarded [[rock and roll|rock]], [[pop music|pop]], [[hip hop music|hip hop]], [[soul music|soul]] and [[reggae]] performers, and many local musicians in the clubs of Waikiki and Honolulu play outside the various "Hawaiian" genres. Hawaii has its own regional music industry, with several distinctive styles of recorded popular music. Hawaiian popular music is largely based on [[American popular music]], but does have distinctive retentions from traditional Hawaiian music.<ref name="Manuel"> Manuel, pgs. 236 - 241</ref>
=== Hawaiian Renaissance ===
{{main|Hawaiian Renaissance}}
The Hawaiian Renaissance was a resurgence in interest in Hawaiian music, especially slack-key, among ethnic Hawaiians. Long-standing performers like [[Gabby Pahinui]] found their careers revitalized; Pahinui, who had begun recording in 1947, finally reached mainstream audiences across the United States when sessions on which [[Ry Cooder]] played with him and his family were released as ''The Gabby Pahinui Hawaiian Band, Vol. 1'' on a major mainland label. Pahinui inspired a legion of followers who played a mix of slack-key, reggae, country, rock and other styles. The more traditional players included [[Leland Isaacs Sr.|Leland "Atta" Isaacs, Sr.]], [[Sonny Chillingworth]], [[Ray Kane]], [[Leonard Kwan]], [[Ledward Ka`apana]], [[Dennis Pavao]], while [[Keola Beamer]] and [[Peter Moon (musician)|Peter Moon]] have been more eclectic in their approach.The Emerson brothers rekindled the classic sound of Sol Ho'opi'i with the National steel guitar on their vintage 1920's stylings. [[George Kanahele]]'s [[Hawaiian Music Foundation]] did much to spread slack-key and other forms of Hawaiian music, especially after a major 1972 concert.<ref name="Unterberger"> Unterberger, pgs. 465 - 473</ref>
[[Don Ho]] (1930-2007), originally from the small Honolulu neighborhood of Kaka'ako, was the most widely known Hawaiian entertainer of the last decades of the 20th century. Although he did not play "traditional" Hawaiian music, Ho became an unofficial ambassador of Hawaiian culture throughout the world as well as on the American mainland. Ho's style often combined traditional Hawaiian elements and older 1950s and 1960s-style crooner music with an easy listening touch.
[[Loyal Garner]] also embraced Hawaiian elements in her Vegas-style lounge act and in the songs she recorded. A third notable performer, [[Myra English]], became known as the "Champagne Lady" after recording the song "Drinking Champagne" by [[Bill Mack]] in 1963 became her signature song in Hawaii, and she achieved considerable commercial success both locally and abroad.
=== Jawaiian ===
Jawaiian is a Hawaiian style of [[reggae]] music, a genre that evolved in the late 1960s and early 70s in [[Jamaica]]. Reggae has become popular across the world, especially among ethnic groups and races that have been historically oppressed, such as [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]], [[Pacific Islanders]], [[Maori]], and [[Australian Aborigine]]s. In Hawaii, [[Native Hawaiians|ethnic Hawaiians]] and others in the state began playing a mixture of reggae and local music in the early 1980s, although it was not until the late 1980s that it became recognized as a new genre in local music. By the end of that decade, it had come to dominate the local music scene, as well as spawning a backlash that the ''[[Honolulu Star-Bulletin]]'' compared to the "[[disco]] sucks" movement of the late 1970s.<ref>{{cite web|accessmonthday=January 12 |accessyear=2006|title=’02 not the year Jawaiian dies, but look out|work=Honolulu Star-Bulletin|url=http://starbulletin.com/2002/01/01/features/story2.html}}</ref>
Reggae culture as a whole began to dominate Hawaii, as many locals can be seen sporting Bob Marley memorabilia, and lots of local merchandise and souvenirs have been emblazoned with the red, yellow, and green colors of the Ethiopian flag, a known symbol of the [[Rastafari movement]]. The Rasta colors have also become a symbol of local pride.
=== Jazz ===
{{Expand-section|date=June 2008}}
''Musicians''
:Some notable current jazz musicians in Hawaii include Gabe Baltazar (saxophone), Adam Baron (drums), David Choy (saxophone), Rich Crandall (piano), Dan Del Negro (keyboards), Pierre Grill (piano/keyboards/trombone), Bruce Hamada (bass), DeShannon Higa (trumpet), Jim Howard (piano), Steve Jones (bass), John Kolivas (bass), Ryan Kunimura (saxophone), Noel Okimoto (drums/percussion/vibes), Michael Paulo (reeds), Rene Paulo (acoustic grand piano) Robert Shinoda (guitar), Tennyson Stephens (piano), Betty Loo Taylor (piano), Tim Tsukiyama (saxophone) and [http://www.abrahamlagrimasjr.com Abe Lagrimas Jr. (drums/ukulele/vibes)].
Among the greats on the local jazz scene who have since passed on are Richard Kauhi, Ernie Washington, Paul Madison and Trummy Young. Kauhi was born in Hawaii, the others settled in Hawaii after successful careers on the US mainland.
Notable jazz vocalists in Hawaii include Jimmy Borges, Rachel Gonzales, Azure McCall and I. Mihana Souza. Although Hawaiian vocalist Melveen Leed is known primarily for singing Hawaiian and "Hawaiian country" music, she has also earned good reviews as a jazz singer.
The most visible jazz group in Hawaii as of November 2007 was the Honolulu Jazz Quartet consisting of Baron (drums), Del Negro (keys), Kolivas (bass) and Tsukiyama (sax).
There are frequent performances by the two [[University of Hawaii]] jazz bands.
''Locales''
:Regular venues to hear jazz in Honolulu include:
*Ward Rafters [http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&q=3810+Maunaloa+Ave,+HOnolulu,+hi&ll=21.276458,-157.798176&spn=0.015116,0.042057&t=h&om=1], a residential home in Kaimuki (3810 Maunaloa Ave.) converted into an indoor stage with performances every Sunday afternoon
*The Honolulu Club [http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&q=+932+Ward+Ave,+Honolulu,+Hawaii&ll=21.302509,-157.85079&spn=0.007557,0.021029&t=h&om=1]: Robert Shinoda's rotating group is featured here. In the 1990s this group played regularly at the Music Union building.
*Jazz Minds [http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&q=1661+Kapiolani+Blvd.+Honolulu,+Hawaii&ll=21.292133,-157.838259&spn=0.007557,0.021029&t=h&om=1]: DeShannon Higa's ''gr00ve.imProV.arTiSts'' plays here, as well as other groups. Higa also formerly appeared regularly at the Music Union building in the late 1990s.
*39 Hotel [http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&q=39+N+Hotel+St,+Honolulu,+HI+96817&ll=21.311575,-157.862839&spn=0.007556,0.021029&t=h&om=1]: Regular location of the Newjass Quartet.
''Links''
*[http://www.hawaiijazz.com/ Hawaii International Jazz Festival]
*[http://jazz.hawaii.edu/ University of Hawaii Jazz Ensembles]
=== Ukulele===
{{main|Ukulele}}
The [[ukulele]] was introduced to [[Hawaii]] by the Portuguese immigrants near the close of the 19th century. The Portuguese brought small guitar-like instruments with them. These small guitars are called the [[cavaquinho]]. The instrument became a very popular one in Hawaiian culture, and a majority of Hawaiian songs involve the ukulele. In Hawaiian, ukulele literally means "flea (uku) jumping (lele)." (Note: The reason it was named this is unknown.) The are currently four types of ukulele tunings. They include: soprano, concert, tenor and baritone.
The ukulele can be played with simple strums to elaborate strums and what is called "picking," which is the act of picking the strings to make single sounds. There are multiple ukulele makers. The most popular ukulele maker is Kamaka Ukuleles, Inc.
Well known ukulele recording artists include Eddie Bush, Peter Moon, Benny Chong, Kelly "Kelly Boy" DeLima, Troy Fernandez, Canadian virtuoso James Hill, Raiatea Helm, Daniel Ho, slack key guitarist Ledward Kaapana, Jesse Kalima, [[Eddie Kamae]], David Kamakahi, [[Israel Kamakawiwo'ole]], Moe Keale, Ken Emerson, Bob Brozman, Pat Cockett, David Heaukulani [http://www.ukulele-uncle.com], Kirby Keough, Gordon Mark, Herb "Ohta-san" Ohta, [http://www.herbohtajr.com Herb Ohta Jr.], Brittni Paiva, Lyle Ritz, Bruce Shimabukuro, [[Jake Shimabukuro]], Bill Tapia, Byron Yasui, Abe Lagrimas Jr., and Uluwehi Guerrero.
The ukulele is mostly recognized as being Hawaiian, even though it is originally based on the Portuguese [[cavaquinho]].
{{Expand-section|date=June 2008}}
=== Other ===
{{Expand-section|date=June 2008}}
The music that is considered popular or "underground" in Hawaii does not necessarily correspond to similar genres in mainland areas of the U.S.A. This is partly a result of Hawaiian music, which appeals to many generations over. Whereas music like heavy metal or punk rock appeals primarily to a more youthful generation, and is not considered as commercially attractive to tourism. [[Na mele paleoleo]] is an emerging form of Hawaiian rap.
It is difficult to promote popular acts from the mainland due to its geographical isolation, and the smaller group of people interested in the music.
''Links''
*[http://www.hawaii.edu/uhmmusic/eethnic.htm University of Hawaii Ethnomusicology Ensembles]
*[http://www.hawaiiunderground.com Hawaii Underground: Island Music and Entertainment]
==See also==
* [[Hawaii Calls]]
* [[Andy Iona]]
==References==
* {{cite web|work=Alternative Hawaii|title=Big Island: Entertainment|accessmonthday=February 2 |accessyear=2006|url=http://www.alternative-hawaii.com/activity/bient.htm}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.alternative-hawaii.com/activity/kent.htm|title=Kuaui: Entertainment|accessmonthday=February 2 |accessyear=2006|work=Alternative Hawaii}}
* {{cite web|title=History of the Hawaii International Jazz Festival (pdf)|work=Hawaii International Jazz Festival|accessmonthday=February 2 |accessyear=2006|url=http://www.hawaiijazz.com/historyofhijf.pdf}}
* {{cite book|author=Cooper, Mike|chapter=Steel Slide Hula Baloos|year=2000|editor= Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.)|title=World Music, Vol. 2: Africa, Europe and the Middle East|pages=56-57|location=London | publisher=Rough Guides|id=ISBN 1-85828-636-0}}
* {{cite web|title=History of the Honolulu Symphony|work=Honolulu Symphony|accessmonthday=January 10 |accessyear=2006|url=http://www.honolulusymphony.com/about.php}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.alternative-hawaii.com/activity/lent.htm|title=Lanai: Entertainment|accessmonthday=February 2 |accessyear=2006|work=Alternative Hawaii}}
* {{cite book|title=Popular Musics of the Non-Western World|author=Manuel, Peter|id=ISBN 0-19-506334-1|year=1988|New York: Oxford University Press|pages=236 - 241}}
* {{cite book|title=Hawaiian Music and Musicians|pages=xxv - xxvii|editor=Kanahele, George S., ed.}}
* {{cite book|author=Unterberger, Richie|title=Music USA: The Rough Guide|id=ISBN 1-85828-421-X|location=London | publisher=Rough Guides|year=1999|pages=465 - 473}}
* {{cite web|accessmonthday=March 29 |accessyear=2006|title=Waikiki hula show ends run|work=Honolulu Star-Bulletin|url= http://starbulletin.com/2002/09/26/news/story1.html}}
* {{cite book|author=Tatar, Elizabeth|chapter=Slack Key Guitar,|year=1979|editor=Kanahele, George S., ed.|title=Hawaiian Music and Musicians|pages=350 - 360|publisher=University Press of Hawaii|id=ISBN 0-8248-0578-X}}
== Notes ==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
*[http://www.nahokuhanohano.org/ Hawaii Academy of Recording Arts (HARA)] home of the ''Na Hoku'' Awards.
*[http://liveukulele.com Live Ukulele: A collection of contemporary and traditional hawaiian songs and tabs.]
*[http://www.squareone.org/Hapa/ Hapa Haole Songs, Island songs written in English]
*[http://www.northshoreradiohawaii.com/ North Shore Radio Hawaii Stream Hawaiian Music Station]
*[http://www.territorialairwaves.com Territorial Airwaves - Your Source For The History of Hawaiian Music]
*[http://www.hawaiimusicawards.com Hawaii Music Awards] The "People's Choice" awards.
*[http://hawaiimusicmuseum.org/main/cover.html/ Hawaiian Music Hall of Fame]
*[http://www.huapala.org/ Huapala, Hawaiian Music and Hula Archives]
*[http://www.taropatch.net/ Taro Patch, An internet and international Slack Key community]
*[http://weirdovideotoo.blogspot.com/2008/02/music-hawaiian-hula-song-with-steel.html Short soundie feat. Ana Lani & Ray Kinney]
*[http://www.HawaiianConcertGuide.com http://www.HawaiianConcertGuide.com] - A free podcast featuring Hawaiian music.
{{Polynesianmusic}}
{{Hawaii}}
[[Category:Hawaiian music| ]]
[[de:Musik auf Hawaii]]
[[es:Música de Hawái]]