Music of Philadelphia 3839023 223965350 2008-07-06T18:58:09Z 71.185.94.77 /* R&B and hip hop */ [[Image:WIKI CHUBBY CHECKER 1.jpg|thumb|right|150px|One of Philadelphia's first mainstream stars, Chubby Checker, in 2005]] {{portalpar|Philadelphia}} The city of [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]] is home to a vibrant and well-documented musical heritage, stretching back to colonial times. Innovations in [[European classical music|classical music]], [[opera]], [[Rhythm and blues|R&B]], [[jazz]] and [[soul music|soul]] have earned the '''music of Philadelphia''' national and international renown. Philadelphia's musical institutions have long played an important role in the [[music of Pennsylvania]], as well as a nationwide impact, especially in the early development of [[hip hop music]]<ref name="pcvb">{{cite web | url = http://www.pcvb.org/pressroom/view_kit.asp?ID=52 | title = The Sounds Of Philadelphia | work = Press Kit | publisher = Philadelphia Convention & Visitors Bureau | accessdate = March 29 | accessyear = 2006}}</ref>. Philadelphia's diverse population has also given it a reputation for styles ranging from [[dancehall]] to [[Music of Ireland|Irish traditional music]], as well as a thriving classical and folk music scene. Philadelphia's musical heritage has been described by music author Richie Unterberger, as "not nearly as (influential) in American popular music as its size might indicate", which Unterberger attributes to a "[musical] shadow thrown by New York", which is not far north of Philadelphia. Nevertheless, Unterberger notes that Philadelphia has "played an important part in the history of [[rock and roll]] by being home to one of the most dependable audiences on the planet, rather than as an incubator of major performers". Unterberger also noted Philadelphia's role as a home to major radio personalities and DJs, as well as a major popular music field, [[Philadelphia soul]] <ref>Unterberger, pg. 67<small>Unterberger compares Philadelphia to Cleveland, which is identical in all his descriptors save being home to a major field of popular music; the reference to New York's shadow comes from ''Artistically and culturally, it can't hope to throw off the huge shadow thrown by New York, about a hundred miles to the north.''</ref>. However, Philadelphia has also been described as a city that "lives and breathes music" with a "creative, artistic and fresh" vibe <ref>[http://www.gophila.com/C/Things_to_Do/211/Philadelphia_CultureFiles/210/Music/19.html All Music Presenters: Annenberg Center for the Performing Arts], cited to ''Touch'' magazine in July 2003</ref> == Music venues and festivals == [[Image:Kimmel-center.JPG|thumb|right|160px|The Kimmel Center.]] Philadelphia's major music venues include the [[Kimmel Center for the Performing Arts]], home of the [[Philadelphia Orchestra]], the [[Painted Bride Art Center]], which promotes [[alternative music|alternative]] and [[avant garde music]], and the [[Tower Theater]], a destination for many top touring acts. The [[International House Folklife Center]] hosts traditional music from around the world at the campus of the [[University of Pennsylvania]]. The [[Mann Center for the Performing Arts]] is one of the largest outdoor amphitheatres in the United States, and is a touring stop for major artists, as well as a summer performance space for the Philadelphia Orchestra <ref>[http://www.gophila.com/C/Things_to_Do/211/Philadelphia_CultureFiles/210/Music/19/All_Venues/46/U/The_Mann_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts/212.html Mann Center for the Performing Arts]</ref>. The [[Annenberg Center for the Performing Arts]] is a major music venue, opened in 1971; the Center now includes the [[University of Pennsylvania]]'s Irvine Auditorium, Zellerbach Theatre and Harold Prince Theatre <ref>[http://www.gophila.com/C/Things_to_Do/211/Philadelphia_CultureFiles/210/Music/19/All_Music_Presenters/45/U/The_Annenberg_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts/206.html All Music Presenters: The Annenberg Center for the Performing Arts]</ref>. The [[Curtis Institute for Music]], founded in 1924, is an important establishment of [[music education]] in Philadelphia, and has been home to artists ranging from [[Samuel Barber]] and [[Leonard Bernstein]] to [[Rudolf Serkin]] and [[Hilary Hahn]]; the Institute also runs an opera theatre and symphony orchestra <ref>[http://www.gophila.com/C/Things_to_Do/211/Philadelphia_CultureFiles/210/Music/19/All_Music_Presenters/45/U/The_Curtis_Institute_of_Music/267.html All Music Presenters: The Curtis Institute of Music]</ref>. [http://www.worldcafelive.com World Cafe Live], which opened October 2004, is a three-tiered music hall, restaurant, bar, and private event facility where every detail has been designed to optimize the live performance experience. The venue is state-of-the-art with clear sightlines, flawless sound quality and a full restaurant and kitchen, featuring performances by nationally renowned touring artists of varied genres, including: George Clinton & Parliament/Funkadelic, Rhett Miller, Natalie Cole, KT Tunstall, Allen Toussaint, Pink Martini, Buckethead, and Liz Phair. Philadelphia's ethnic minorities have established several organizations that promote their musical styles, including the [[Asian Arts Initiative]] and the [[Latin American Musicians Association]] (AMLA). The AMLA is also an important institution, established by [[Jesse Bermudez]] in 1982 in North Philadelphia, to promote Latino music and musicians. The Association runs a [[Latin School of Arts]], which features teachers like [[Elio Villafranca]], [[Orlando Fiol]] and [[Pablo Batista]] <ref>[http://www.gophila.com/C/Things_to_Do/211/Philadelphia_CultureFiles/210/Music/19/All_Music_Presenters/45/U/Asociacion_de_Musicos_Latino_Americanos_(AMLA)/261.html All Music Presenters: Asociacion de Musicos Latino Americanos (AMLA)]</ref>. Major music festivals in Philadelphia include the summer concert series and ethnic festivals at Penn's Landing, the [[Concerts Under the Stars]], the [[Bach Festival]] (since 1976) and the long-standing and historical [[Philadelphia Folk Festival]] <ref>Unterberger, pgs. 74 - 76, with the [http://www.bach-fest.org/history2.aspx Bach Festival]</ref>. The [[Philadelphia Céilí Group]] is a prominent local organization that promotes Irish music, and runs a festival, which the Group claims is among the oldest continuous Irish traditional festivals in the United States <ref>[http://www.philadelphiaceiligroup.org/festival.html Philadelphia Céilí Group]</ref>. Perhaps the most famous music festival in Philadelphia is the [[Mummers]] parade, a [[New Year's Day]] celebration that features outrageous costumes, [[old-time music|old-time]] string bands and other entertainment. The tradition dates to the mid-17th century, when Finnish and Swedish settlers in Philadelphia celebrated holidays by shooting muskets. Their parade grew more diverse over the years, and the Mummers tradition became official in 1901, and has occurred every year but two since. The Mummers' string band is a large group of several dozen musicians who play banjos, violins, bass viols, glockenspiels, bells, accordions, saxophones and drums in an "old-fashioned, tinny sound approximating the popular music of 1900 and earlier"<ref>Unterberger, pg. 73</ref>. == Music institutions == Philadelphia is home to several music institutions of historical importance. The [[Academy of Music (Philadelphia)|Academy of Music]] is an important organization, dating back to 1857; the Academy operates the oldest [[grand opera]] house still used for the original purpose, and calls itself a "current focus" of Philadelphia's musical life. The Academy hosts performances by many local groups, including the [[Philly Pops]], the [[Pennsylvania Ballet]] and the [[Opera Company of Philadelphia]] <ref>[http://www.academyofmusic.org/fs_history.htm Academy of Music]</ref>. The [[Philadelphia Orchestra]] is a major performer of classical music, touring worldwide and releasing best-selling recordings; the Orchestra has been performing since 1900 <ref>[http://www.philorch.org/styles/poa02e/www/orchhistory.html Philadelphia Orchestra]</ref>. The [[Mendelssohn Club]] is a choral group that dates back to the 19th century, and was founded by [[William Gilchrist]], one of the major figures of 19th century music in the city <ref>[http://www.mcchorus.org/history.htm Mendelssohn Club]</ref>. The [[Philadelphia Youth Orchestra]] is one of the most renowned children's groups, having performed worldwide since forming in 1939 <ref>[http://www.pyos.org/history.htm Pennsylvania Youth Orchestra]</ref>. Philadelphia is home to a well-established [[chamber music]] scene, dominated by the [[Philadelphia Chamber Music Society]], established in 1986, which puts on concerts by internationally-renowned performers as well as local enembles like [[1807 and Friends]], who have been prominent local performers since 1981. There is also a [[Philadelphia Singers]] choir, a [[Chamber Orchestra of Philadelphia]] <ref>[http://www.philadelphiamusicproject.org/magazine/2004/burwasser.html Philadelphia and Its Countryside]</ref> and a [[Philadelphia Virtuosi Chamber Orchestra]], founded in 1991 <ref>[http://www.philadelphiavirtuosi.com/historyMissionStatement.html Philadelphia Virtuosi Chamber Orchestra]</ref>. Other local institutions include the [[Philadelphia Gay Men's Chorus]], founded in 1981 <ref>[http://www.pgmc.org/about.htm Philadelphia Gay Men's Chorus]</ref>, and the [[Chamber Orchestra of Philadelphia]], founded in 1964 <ref>[http://www.chamberorchestra.org/about/history.html Chamber Orchestra of Philadelphia]</ref>. The [[Italian American Broadcasting Network]] is based out of Philadelphia and promotes radio stations that broadcast Italian music in southeastern Pennsylvania; the Philadelphia stations that play Italian music include [[WPHT]], [[WEDO (AM 81)|WEDO]] and [[WSSJ]] <ref>[http://www.italiansinfonia.com/usradio.htm Italian Radio in the US]</ref>. The [[John W. Coltrane Cultural Society]], which honors local jazz legend [[John Coltrane]], helps to promote the local jazz scene. Philadelphia is also home to the [[Clef Club of Jazz and Performing Arts]], which has been called the "first-ever club designed and constructed specifically as a jazz institution". The city is also home to several major jazz concerts, such as the West Oak Lane Jazz Festival in June and the Smooth Jazz Summer Nights Series at Penn's Landing in August. The [[Wanamaker Grand Organ]] is a unique musical attraction, located in a [[Lord and Taylor]] retail store. The [[organ (musical instrument)|organ]] was built in 1904, designed by [[George Ashdown Audsley]], a famed organ architect. The organ was so large it required thirteen freight cars to bring it from St. Louis. Once in Philadelphia, the organ was made even larger, with additional pages added -- 3,000 were added by 1917, and between 1924 and 1930, 10,000 more added. The modern organ has 28,500, ranging from a 32-foot long and 3-inch thick pipe made of Oregon sugar pine and a tiny, quarter-inch long pipe <ref>[http://www.dtrmusic.com/orgwana.html Wanamaker Organ]</ref>. == Music history == The earliest music in the Philadelphia area was that of the [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous peoples of the area]], though little is known about their music. The city soon rose to prominence as a major cultural capital in the thirteen colonies of North America, and then in the fledgling United States. The city established a reputation for classical music, Roman Catholic liturgical music and other styles, which grew throughout the 19th century. In the 20th century, Philadelphia's population grew steadily more diverse, with immigrants from Ireland, Italy and Jamaica constituting the most sizable groups. Philadelphia became a regional center for [[music of Italy|Italian music]], and also produced a number of well-regarded [[music of Ireland|Irish]] musicians and groups. The city's sizable Jamaican population brought their own styles of music, such as [[dancehall]], which became a major part of the Philadelphia nightclub scene in the early 2000s <ref name="weekly">[http://www.philadelphiaweekly.com/view.php?id=8277 ''Philadelphia Weekly'']</ref>. === Colonial era and late 18th century === Philadelphia became an important center for music in North America during the colonial era and late 18th century, when it was especially noted for classical composers like [[Alexander Reinagle]], [[Rayner Taylor]] and [[Susanna Rowson|Susannah Haswell Rowson]]. Reinagle became the most influential figure in Philadelphia's musical life, organizing a number of concerts, organizations and musical events, including the [[New Theatre (Philadelphia)|New Theatre]] with [[Thomas Wignell]]. Rowson wrote the [[libretto]]s for two of Reinagle's compositions, and was a successful poet, guitarist, singer, playwright and actress. Taylor also worked with Reinagle at the New Theatre, and was said to be the finest organist in the North American colonies. [[Francis Hopkinson]], a signer of the [[Declaration of Independence]], was a notable composer of the period. The prominent local figure [[Benjamin Franklin]] was also a musician, a guitar teacher and inventor of musical instruments like the [[glass armonica]] <ref>Chase, pgs. 77 - 78 <small>Chase calls Philadelphia "the leading cultural center" of the post-Revolutionary War United States.</ref>. Colonial Pennsylvania was home to a number of religious minority sects, several of which have played an important role in the musical development of the area. A number of German [[Pietist]]s settled in the Philadelphia area in 1694, led by [[Johannes Kelpius]]. These Pietists lived along the banks of the [[Wissahickon Creek]], and became known as the ''[[Hermits of the Wissahickon|Hermits (or Mystics) of the Wissahickon]]''. Kelpius was a hymn writer and musician. Kelpius has been said to be the composer of certain [[hymn tune]]s, although music historian Gilbert Chase doubts that he wrote the music, much of which, Chase claims, "is taken from readily identifiable German sources". These hymns were translated into English by [[Christopher Witt]], a painter and musician said to have built the first private (i.e. non-church) [[organ (music)|organ]] in the colonies of North America <ref>Chase, pgs. 47 - 48</ref>. Some of the earliest printing of sheet music came from Philadelphia, including an extant copy of [[Isaac Watts]]' ''Hymns and Spiritual Songs'', printed in 1741 by Benjamin Franklin <ref>Chase, pg. 38</ref>. Though Watts' Protestant hymnbook was a historically important document, the city of Philadelphia has long been a major center for Roman Catholic church music. The first Catholic hymnbook published in the United States came from Philadelphia in 1787, entitled ''Litanies and Vesper Hymns and Anthems as They Are Sung in the Catholic Church''; this collection included music scored for [[treble]] and [[Bass (vocal range)|bass]], with later editions adding a third vocal section, and used highly-[[ornamentation|ornamented]] [[plainchant]] themes in the [[Mass]] and hymns. The publisher [[Matthew Carey]] was particularly influential, publishing a catechism in 1794 that included hymns in later editions <ref name="adoremus">[http://www.adoremus.org/0604LucyCarroll.html ''The Adoremus Bulletin'']</ref>. === 19th century === Philadelphia's Holy Trinity Church published the first German-American Catholic catechism in 1810, while the music director of St. Augustine's Catholic Church, [[Benjamin Carr]], also published hymnbooks in the early 19th century. Carr's 1805 work introduced "[[O Sanctissima]]" and "[[Adeste Fideles]]" to American Catholics. The American [[Sodality]] movement began in Philadelphia in 1841, founded by [[Felix Barbelin]]; Barbelin personally prepared the first ''American Sodality Manual'', which was followed by others throughout the later 19th century. The Catholic Church of Philadelphia established important institutions of musical education in the early 19th century, with the foundation a singing school and boys choir. The [[Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur]] and the [[Sisters of the Holy Child]] published several collections of hymns, some of which were later included in ''St. Basil's Hymnal''<ref name="adoremus"/>. In the early 19th century, a Philadelphia composer named [[William Henry Fry]] was a prominent composer and music journalist, writing for the ''National Gazette'' and the ''Public Ledger'' <ref>Chase, pgs. 303 - 304</ref>. The city was becoming a national center for musical development in the mid-19th century, with local religious music changing considerably, and new styles becoming regionally popular, especially [[English opera]]. An important concert was held in Philadelphia in the mid-19th century, one of the first major concerts in the country led by a chorus, in this case from the [[College of Philadelphia]] <ref>Burk, Cassie, Wirginia Meierhoffer and Claude Anderson Phillips, pgs. 44 - 45</ref>. Philadelphia's [[Academy of Music]] was founded in 1857, and was followed by the [[Philadelphia Orchestra]] in 1900. One of the leading figures in Philadelphia's 19th century musical life was [[William Wallace Gilchrist]], founder of the [[Mendelssohn Club]] and baritone soloist, organist and choirmaster with various institutions and churches. He also became a composer, known for his 1882 setting of Psalm 46 <ref>[http://www.mcchorus.org/history.htm Mendelssohn Club], for the history of that institution, with [http://www.adoremus.org/0604LucyCarroll.html The Adoremus Bulletin] confirming the rest.</ref>. 1872 saw the founding of the [[Orpheus Club of Philadelphia]], America's oldest men's chorus of its kind. <ref>[http://www.orpheusclub.org/]<ref> Philadelphia's [[African American music]]al heritage dates back to colonial times, and gained some national and international renown beginning with [[Frank Johnson]], who composed [[march (music)|march]]es and [[quadrille]]s that became very popular; he even performed for [[Queen Victoria]] in 1838. By the end of the century, African Americans in Philadelphia had their own musical institutions, including a symphony orchestra and choral societies <ref>[http://www.explorepahistory.com/story.php?storyId=13&chapter=3&page=1 Jazz in Philadelphia]</ref>. The Philadelphia Roman Catholic musical tradition produced the celebrated and controversial composer [[Albert Rosewig]], who "used romanticized harmony for Gregorian chants, and even harmonized the priest's altar chants" in an attempt to incorporate then-current styles of classical music. His innovations were eventually forbidden by [[Pius X]]. Afterwards, the Philadelphia-area conductor and composer led the United States in the development of a more traditional style in the 20th century<ref name="adoremus"/>. === 20th century === In the 20th century, Philadelphia became an important part of [[American popular music]], producing innovative performers in fields as varied as [[punk rock]], [[soul music|soul]] and [[jazz]]. Philadelphia's jazz heritage is noteworthy, especially as the origin of [[John Coltrane]], one of the most innovative performers of the 20th century. The [[Philly soul]] sound of the 1970s was also an especially important part of the national musical consciousness of its era. The city also has a distinguished history with local [[indie rock]] and [[punk rock|punk]]. The 1980s saw a local New Wave scene, alongside [[hardcore punk]] bands like [[Sadistic Exploits]]. The 90s indie rock scene found greater national popularity through the bands [[Dead Milkmen]] and [[Zen Guerilla]] <ref>Blush</ref>, The [[Dead Milkmen]] would go on to lead the charge in a satire punk era on [[Mtv]] during the late 80's, while the city also produced an electronic music scene, known for acts like [[Dieselboy]] and [[Josh Wink]]. Uncle Scams Outside the realm of modern popular music, 21st century Philadelphia became home to the [[Philadelphia Orchestra]], one of the "[[Big Five (orchestras)|Big Five]]" orchestras in the United States, in 1900. The Orchestra was led by [[Fritz Scheel]] until until taken over by [[Karl Pohlig]] in 1907; it was the [[Conducting|conductor]] [[Leopold Stokowski]], however, who made the Orchestra one of the most prominent in the country. Stokowski jointly held the conductor's post with [[Eugene Ormandy]] beginning in 1936, with Ormandy taking over completely in 1938. ==== Gospel ==== Philadelphia's gospel heritage stretches back to [[Charles Albert Tindley]], a local reverend <ref>[http://www.explorepahistory.com/story.php?storyId=13&chapter=3&page=5 Jazz in Philadelphia]</ref>, who composed many important hymns. Tindley's "I Do, Don't You" inspired the composer [[Thomas A. Dorsey]], who credited Tindley with the innovation of gospel music. Tindley composed most of his works between 1901 and 1906, and was known for his booming preaching style <ref>[http://www.gbgm-umc.org/Tindley/catbio.htm Charles Albert Tindley]</ref>. Philadelphia has produced a number of popular [[gospel music|gospel]] acts, most famously the singer [[Clara Ward]]. Ward rose to fame after a performance at the [[National Baptist Convention]] in Philadelphia n 1943. Ward formed a group with several other local singers, and toured widely throughout the decade; the Clara Ward Singers were known for bringing a sense of style and glamour to the emerging gospel music industry. ==== Irish music ==== Philadelphia became home to a large community of Irish immigrants in the 1840s, and then continually through the later 19th and 20th centuries. These immigrants brought with many styles of traditional [[music of Ireland|Irish music]], such as [[jig]]s and [[reel (music)|reel]]s. Beginning in the late 1940s, Philadelphia's Irish music scene grew rapidly, spurred in part by the broadcasting of live music by [[Austin Kelly]] and the [[All-Ireland Irish Orchestra]] by the [[WTEL]] [[radio station]]. Modern Philadelphia has contributed a number of important performers of Irish music, most famously [[Mick Moloney]], [[John Vesey]], [[Kevin McGillian]] and [[Séamus Egan]], both of whom were part of a nationwide resurgence of interest in traditional Irish-American music<ref name="sawyer247">Sawyers, pgs. 247 - 248</ref>. In Philadelphia, this revival of traditional music built on the work of earlier pioneers like [[Ed Reavy]], a composer who began working in the 1930s. Philadelphia's most famous contribution to Irish traditional music is Mick Moloney. Moloney was from [[County Limerick]], and was a musician both in Limerick and in Dublin, playing the [[banjo]] and singing; he was also a member of the popular folk group [[The Johnstons]]. Having emigrated to Philadelphia in 1973, Moloney has lectured widely on Irish culture and music and founded the organization [[Green Fields of America]], which promotes Irish-American music. Egan is a multi-instrumentalist originally from Philadelphia, though he moved back to [[County Mayo]] as a young man, and has there become a prominent musician. He is co-founder of the Irish music band Solas, and he co-wrote Sarah McLaughlin's hit song "I Will Remember You", featured in the soundtrack for the film ''The Brothers McMullen'', for which Egan also provided the score.<ref name="sawyer247"/>. ==== Roman Catholic church music ==== [[Albert Rosewig]] had become a prominent local reverend and musical arranger in the late 19th century, known for a modern style that adapted elements of Western classical music. In 1903, however, Pope [[Pius X]] issued an edict (''Motu Proprio''), which was intended to reform and restore church music to a more traditional style. To that end, local composer, conductor and publisher [[Nicola Montani]] led the reform, which restricted musical style and instrumentation, and encouraged the use of [[polyphony]], [[Latin language|Latin]] and restored [[Gregorian chant]]. He was not the only noted local liturgical composer, however, as [[M. Immaculée]], music director of [[Immaculata College]], was also a well-known composer; she was noted as a composer of choral works, and also promoted liturgical music, and female composers, in the Philadelphia area<ref name="adoremus"/>. Montani was from New York, but became prominent in Philadelphia as an editor for liturgical music at local publishers, and music director at several Philadelphia Catholic high schools. By the 1920s, he had grown in stature, forming the [[Society of St. Gregory]] and the [[Palestrina Choir]], which helped to bring attention to [[Renaissance music|Renaissance polyphony]] and publishing the ''Catholic Choirmaster'', a magazine. Montani also created a list of music that did and did not meet the standards put forth by ''Motu Proprio'', in the processing banning or altering well-known works by composers ranging from [[Franz Schubert]] and [[Gioacchino Rossini]] to [[Joseph Haydn]] and [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]]<ref name="adoremus"/>. Montani's ''St. Gregory Hymnal'' was used throughout Philadelphia-area Catholic churches until after the [[Second Vatican Council]]. Modern churches in the city use instruments ranging from electric [[organ (musical instrument)|organ]]s and [[electric guitar|guitar]]s to [[keyboards]], [[saxophone]]s and [[marimba]]s. The [[International Eucharistic Congress]] was held in Philadelphia in 1976, resulting in a new hymn called "Gift of Finest Wheat", which has become widespread<ref name="adoremus"/>. ==== Philadelphia Orchestra ==== Under the direction of [[Leopold Stokowski]] & [[Eugene Ormandy]], the [[Philadelphia Orchestra]] produced several well-known recordings in the 20th century, including the 1940 score for the [[Walt Disney Pictures|Disney]] film ''[[Fantasia (film)|Fantasia]]''. After Stokowski's departure, Ormandy continued to lead the Orchestra into the 1970s, when it became the first American orchestra to visit China and perform in the [[Great Hall of the People]] in [[Beijing]]; the Chinese tour was well-received, and has been repeated three times <ref name="Bach-Cantatas">[http://www.bach-cantatas.com/Bio/Philadelphia-Orchestra.htm Bach-Cantatas]</ref>. The 20th century saw the Orchestra make many innovations, becoming the first of its kind to make electric recordings, to perform on its own commercially sponsored radio broadcast, to perform on the soundtrack of a feature film (''[[The Big Broadcast]]''), to appear on a national television broadcast, to record the complete Beethoven symphonies on compact disc, to give a live cybercast of a concert on the Internet, and to tour Vietnam<ref name="Bach-Cantatas"/>. ==== Jazz ==== [[Image:Mccoy Tyner 1973 gh.jpg|thumb|left|140px|McCoy Tyner in 1973]] Philadelphia developed an early jazz scene, beginning with [[Ethel Waters]], a singer from nearby [[Chester, Pennsylvania]], who was the first star for the [[Black Swan Record Company]]. The [[Standard Theatre]] and [[Dunbar Theatre]] (later renamed the Lincoln) were important venues for jazz in the early 20th century, when most major performers stopped in Philadelphia along with Baltimore, Washington and New York. Though jazz was a fundamentally African American style, Philadelphia's multi-ethnic population was attracted to the style, and the city's Italian and Jewish neighborhoods produced several well-known jazz musicians. Two of the most important were the Italian jazz instrumentalists [[Eddie Lang]] and [[Joe Venuti]], the latter of whom became known as the "Mad Fiddler from Philly". Others included [[Jimmy Amadie]], [[Stan Getz]], [[Robert Chudnick]] and [[Jan Savitt]], who, with his band the Top Hatters, toured with [[George Tunnell]], one of the first African American singers in the city to consistently sing with a major white band. The city's early 20th century mainstream dance scene was led by the bandleader [[Howard Lanin]], whose band performed popular showtunes, waltzes and light jazz <ref>[http://www.newcolonist.com/cs-philly.html New Colonist] is the source for Venuti's nickname, and notes that he was based out of New York rather than Philadelphia; the rest of this paragraph comes from [http://www.explorepahistory.com/story.php?storyId=13&chapter=3&page=2 Jazz in Philadelphia]</ref>. Philadelphia's African American population grew greatly as a result of immigration from the south during World War 2, when future luminaries like the [[Heath Brothers]], [[Dizzy Gillespie]] and [[John Coltrane]] moved to Philadelphia from the Carolinas. Philadelphia's mid-20th century jazz heritage includes an important role in the development of bebop, a style most closely associated with New York. In the 1940s, Philadelphia jazz was based out of clubs along Columbia Avenue in North Philadelphia and clubs like the Clef Club and Pep's in South Philadelphia <ref>[http://www.explorepahistory.com/story.php?storyId=13&chapter=3&page=3 Jazz in Philadelphia]</ref>. The city produced a number of [[bop]]-era saxophonists, most famous including [[John Coltrane]], one of the most renowned jazz musicians of the 20th century, known for an "active, vigorous, emotionally charged style" <ref name="Newcolonist">[http://www.newcolonist.com/cs-philly.html New Colonist]</ref>. The city also produced [[Charlie Biddle]], [[Clifford Brown]], [[Catalyst (band)|Catalyst]], [[Philly Joe Jones]], [[Jimmy Smith (musician)|Jimmy Smith]], [[Hank Mobley]], [[Wilbur Ware]], [[Hassan ibn Ali]] and [[Benny Golson]] <ref>[http://www.explorepahistory.com/story.php?storyId=13&chapter=3&page=3 Jazz in Philadelphia]</ref>. In 1970, Philadelphia also became the home of [[Sun Ra]]'s band, who helped lay the groundwork for the 1980s scene, which locally produced [[McCoy Tyner]], [[Grover Washington, Jr.]] and [[Stanley Clarke]]. The 1990s local jazz scene continued to thrive with artists like [[Terell Stafford]], [[Jamaaladeen Tacuma]], [[Uri Caine]] and [[Christian McBride]] <ref name="Newcolonist"/>. It also has a thriving jazz radio station in [[WRTI]]. Its hosts include such notables as [[Bob Perkins]] and [[Harrison Ridley Jr.]]. ==== 1950s pop ==== [[Image:Bobby Rydell.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Bobby Rydell in 1998]] Philadelphia's first major contribution to mainstream American pop music was the television show ''[[American Bandstand]]'', hosted by [[Dick Clark]]. The show featured music and dancing teenagers, and became an enduring feature of American music and television, groundbreaking in its broadcasting of rock and roll in the early 1950s <ref>Unterberger, pg. 68, <small>Unterberger also points to many later imitators as evidence of ''American Bandstand's legacy: ''[[Soul Train]]'' and the ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' parody ''[[Sprockets]]''. [http://www.pcvb.org/pressroom/view_kit.asp?ID=52 PCVB] regars to ''American Bandstand'' as an "institution in American pop culture".</ref>. Clark, as the show's host, became a major player in the American music industry, and the show brought attention to Philadelphia's music scene, facilitating the rise of local labels like [[Swan Records]], [[Cameo-Parkway]] and [[Chancellor Records]]. This system produced pop stars including [[Fabian (entertainer)|Fabian]], [[Bobby Rydell]] and [[Frankie Avalon]]. Dick Clark became part of a [[payola]] scandal in the 1950s, but emerged from Congressional hearing "unscathed". The show moved to Los Angeles, however, and Philadelphia's pop output began to wane <ref>Unterberger, pg. 67 <small>"Unscathed" is from Unterberger</ref>. Philadelphia's 1950s-era musical output included the rock pioneer [[Bill Haley]] from [[Chester, Pennsylvania]] and the [[rockabilly]] musician [[Charlie Gracie]]. Philadelphia also had a vibrant R&B and soul scene, including most influentially the label Cameo-Parkway, which was responsible for some 1950s R&B dance hits beginning with [[Chubby Checker]]'s "[[The Twist (song)|The Twist]]". Cameo-Parkway followed with a series of other dance-themed novelty songs like "The Wah Watusi" by [[The Orlons]], "Mashed Potato Time" by [[Dee Dee Sharp]] and "[[Bristol Stomp|The Bristol Stomp]]" by [[The Dovells]] <ref>Unterberger, pgs. 69 - 70</ref>. Philadelphia's famous 1950s performers included [[Danny & the Juniors]], a [[doo wop]] group. They were among the first of Philadelphia's doo wop musicians to gain national success. Doo wop was a style of [[a cappella]] vocal music associated with many cities of the urban East Coast, especially Philadelphia, New York, New Jersey and Baltimore ==== Philly soul ==== {{main|Philadelphia soul}} In the 1960s, Philadelphia soul began to develop its own sound, drawing from the [[girl group]] sound with "strong pop melodies and brassy, upbeat production (without as much use of) interactive harmonies"<ref name="unter70">Unterberger, pg. 70</ref>, while other performers, like the funky [[Howard Tate]] adoped a more [[Southern soul]]-style sound. Major girl group-oriented acts included [[Brenda & the Tabulations]], with their string-dominated doo wop hit "Dry Your Eyes", [[Barbara Mason]]'s sultry vocals on "Yes, I'm Ready" and [[Claudine Clark]]'s "raucous" sound. The most influential of these performers, however, was [[Patti LaBelle]], who became a major pop singer in the 1970s <ref>Unterberger, pg. 70 <small>Unterberger calls Clark "raucous", and refers to "Dry Your Eyes" as "indicative of Philly soul's future directions with its string arrangement"</ref>. R&B and soul-oriented indie labels in the 1960s included Phil-LA and Arctic Records, where the songwriting and producing team of [[Kenny Gamble]] and [[Leon Huff]] began their careers. Gamble and Huff were architects of the [[Philadelphia soul|Philadelphia sound]] in soul music, beginning with their 1967 hit for [[The Soul Survivors]]' "Expressway to Your Heart". Their signature sound was sentimental and romantic, and began to develop with [[The Intruders]], a long-running pop act. [[Jerry Butler (singer)|Jerry Butler]] became an increasingly important performer later in the decade, as Gamble and Huff experimented with a lush, orchestral sound produced by large ensembles of strings, bells and horns. The effect was a "funky" style, "more removed from earlier soul's R&B and blues roots", and "reminiscent of [[Motown Sound|Motown]] in its attention to detail and hooks, but was much more lightweight". Though Gamble and Huff were the most renowned producers of the Philly soul scene, the area also produced [[Thom Bell]], who worked with [[The Delfonics]], [[The Stylistics]] and [[The Spinners]] on a more doo wop-influenced style <ref name="unter70"/>. In the early 1970s, Philly soul broke through with its most popular recordings of the era. Gamble and Huff's [[Philadelphia International]] label started the trend after signing a distribution agreement with [[CBS]]. [[The O'Jays]] became the first major act under this arrangement, and became known for a grittier lyrical feel, established on the hit "Back Stabbers", which had a socially conscious focus on inner-city life. The O'Jays were followed by the more romantic [[Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes]], which produced the future solo vocalist [[Teddy Pendergrass]] <ref>Unterberger, pgs. 71 - 72</ref>. By the middle of the 1970s, Philadelphia soul had declined greatly in popularity. Audiences began to move toward disco, where Philadelphia's only major output was the local veteran Patti LaBelle. The city remained an important musical landmark, however, and left behind an influence on such varied groups as the [[Four Tops]] and local [[blue-eyed soul]] duo [[Hall and Oates]]. By the end of the 1980s, Philadelphia had little in the way of popular acts, with all the major studios and labels closing down or declining in production <ref>Unterberger, pg. 74 <small>Unterberger refers to the Four Tops' "Are You Man Enough" as verging ''on plagiarism in (its) wholesale appropriation of the Philadelphia blueprint''</ref>. == Recent music scene == In the late 20th and early 21st century, Philadelphia's local music scene produced a number of respected performers from a variety of fields, including jazz, R&B, rock, hip hop and dancehall. The city's most historically important contribution to popular music since the 1980s was a major part in the early evolution of [[East Coast hip hop]], a style based out of New York City. In more recent years, the city's large Jamaican population has caused the spread of dancehall and reggae clubs to dominate a large part of Philadelphia's nightlife. [[Grindcore]], [[industrial music]] and [[hardcore punk]] are also a part of Philadelphia's modern music scene, built around labels like [[Relapse Records| Relapse]], [[Dancing Ferret]] and [[Chord/Too Damn Hype]], respectively <ref>[http://www.gophila.com/C/X/385_/Things_to_Do/211/Philadelphia_CultureFiles/210/Music/19/Rock/59.html Rock]</ref>. === Electronic music === Philadelphia has a diverse [[DJ]] scene of electronic dance music, based in an area sometimes called ''Vinyl Row'' on Fourth Street. Most major events and parties are advertised in this area, and in a column by Sean O'Neal called ''DJ Nights'' in the ''Philadelphia City Paper''. DJ clubs include Fluid, Shampoo and Transit, while the city's most prominent DJs include [[Rob Paine]], [[Willyum]], [[Roland Riso]], [[Sat-One]] and [[Robbie Tronco]] <ref>[http://www.gophila.com/C/X/385_/Things_to_Do/211/Philadelphia_CultureFiles/210/Music/19/Dance_Club/53.html Dance Club]</ref>. Philadelphia's electronic music scene includes DJs who play [[house music|house]], [[techno music|techno]] and other styles, but the city is particularly known for the [[techstep]] style of [[drum and bass]], and is home to perhaps the country's most popular DJ of that style, [[Dieselboy]]. The most important drum and bass nightclub in Philadelphia is [[Club Skyline]], and local performers include [[Joe Lesesne]], [[Karl K]] and [[MC Dub 2]] <ref>[http://citypaper.net/articles/101797/music.jungle.shtml ''City Paper'']</ref>. === R&B and hip hop === The first major pop hip hop acts from Philadelphia were [[Will Smith]] and [[DJ Jazzy Jeff]]; the city also produced a number of other noted performers, like [[Tuff Crew]], Three Times Dope, Cool C, Cash Money & Marvelous, Dj Mizz, [[Lisa Lopes]] of [[TLC (music)|TLC]], and [[New Jack Swing]] group [[Boyz II Men]]. Local recorded hip hop began in the early 1980s, with [[Lady B]] and [[Eddie B]]. It was [[Schoolly D]], however, who first put Philadelphia on the hip hop map and made Philadelphia "the spawning ground for a whole new direction in rap music". Often considered the first [[hardcore rap]]per and [[gangsta rap]]per, Schoolly D rose to local fame with the single "Gangster Boogie", which got airplay as far north as New York. He rapped about the life of a "[[gangsta]]", about living in the [[ghetto]] and dealing with [[poverty]] and [[crime]], but he is most famous for performing the theme song for the [[Adult Swim]] program [[Aqua Teen Hunger Force]]. Up and coming rapper [[Pretty Ugly]] is also from Philly. Despite the fact that Philadelphia is one of the birth places of hardcore rap, the upbeat and party-driven Will Smith became the most visible of the early stars. However, the local scene remains vibrant, with regular performances across the city, including at [[Temple University]]'s African Student Union. Some performers have achieved considerable national acclaim since Smith, however, especially [[The Roots]], [[Cassidy (rapper)|Cassidy]], [[Beanie Sigel]], [[Freeway (rapper)|Freeway]], [[Peedi Crakk]], [[State Property (Group)|State Property]], and [[Eve (rapper)|Eve]] <ref>[http://citypaper.net/articles/020196/article010.shtml ''City Paper'']; Philadelphia's lowly reputation is confirmed by [http://www.daveyd.com/eastwest2.html Davey D's Hip Hop Corner]</ref>; the city has also produced the well-known [[alternative hip hop]] duo [[Jedi Mind Tricks]], [[Princess Superstar]] and [[Bahamadia]]. Philadelphia has also been home to a number of recent R&B and pop acts like [[Jill Scott]], [[Pink (musician)|Pink]] and [[Musiq Soulchild]]<ref name="pcvb"/>. Philadelphia has also produced many young freestyle rappers such as Meek Millz, [[Reed Dollaz]], Joey Jihad, Cyssero, Young Hot, NH, Reignman, Vodka, Steel, Eddie Morris, Kaboom, Hollowman, Voltage aka Flake, ShortStack, Pistol-P, Nixon, Ron, Franky Wit Da Grippaz Gone,[[Ripe Boyzz]], and Gillie Da Kid. === Jamaican music === Philadelphia is home to the second-largest Jamaican population of any city in the United States. Jamaican music clubs, devoted to styles like [[dancehall]], have become a major part of the Philadelphia nightclub scene in the early 2000s. Clubs like Upper Deck, Genesis, Pinnacle and Reef have been mainstays of the Philadelphia dancehall scene. Many of these clubs hold dancehall contests, though there is no single such contest that is extremely famous or semi-official in the city<ref name="weekly"/>. [[DJ]] and music promoter [[David Russell]] has done a lot to establish the Philadelphia dancehall scene. Russell, who is from [[Kingston, Jamaica]], first became a DJ in Jamaica, then moved to Philadelphia in 1994. He then created [[Jamaican Dave Productions]], which has spurred the growth of the local industry and performers like [[Peter Blacks]] and the [[Reggae Vibrations Sound System]]<ref name="weekly"/>. === Party Music === Philadelphia has also been popular to many people of the tri-state area because of their [[Party Music]]. Party music originally called [[Baltimore Club Music]] is very popular because of its hype style, also because there are many Djs that promote party music such as; Dj Dee Square A.K.A. best party music Dj Amir, Dj Freak, Dj Tameil, Dj R.L., Dj Freak Nasty,Dj E-Flizz, and many more == See also == * [[Wanamaker Organ]] * [[Curtis Organ]] ==External links== * [http://imslp.org/wiki/User:Clark_Kimberling/Historical_Notes_1 Historical Notes on Philadelphia African American composers] == References == * {{cite web|title=History|work=Academy of Music|url=http://www.academyofmusic.org/fs_history.htm |accessdate=January 24|accessyear=2006}} * {{cite web|accessdate=January 25|accessyear=2006|url=http://www.adoremus.org/0604LucyCarroll.html|work=The Adoremus Bulletin|title=Hymns, Hymnals, Composers and Choir Schools: Philadelphia's Historic Contributions to Catholic Liturgical Music}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.bach-cantatas.com/Bio/Philadelphia-Orchestra.htm|title=Philadelphia Orchestra|work=Bach Cantatas|accessdate=February 14|accessyear=2006}} * {{cite web|work=Bach Festival|title=History|url=http://www.bach-fest.org/history2.aspx|accessdate=January 24|accessyear=2006}} * {{cite book|author=Blush, Steven|title=American Hardcore: A Tribal History|publisher=Feral House|year=2001|id=ISBN 0-92291-571-7}} * {{cite book|author=Burk, Cassie, Virginia Meierhoffer and Claude Anderson Phillips|title=America's Musical Heritage|publisher=Laidlaw Brothers|year=1942}} * {{cite web|work=Chamber Orchestra of Philadelphia|title=History|accessdate=January 24|url=http://www.chamberorchestra.org/about/history.html|accessyear=2006}} * {{cite book|author=Chase, Gilbert|title=America's Music: From the Pilgrims to the Present|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=2000|id=ISBN 0-252-00454-X}} * {{cite web|url=http://citypaper.net/articles/020196/article010.shtml|work=City Paper|accessdate=February 12|accessyear=2006|title=Bad Rap?}} * {{cite web|accessdate=February 12|accessyear=2006|url=http://www.daveyd.com/eastwest2.html|work=Davey D's Hip Hop Corner|title=The East Coast Started This War, Pt. 1}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.italiansinfonia.com/usradio.htm|title=Italian Radio in the U.S.|accessdate=February 18|accessyear=2006|work=Italiansinfonia.com}} * {{cite web|work=Global Darkness|accessdate=February 9|accessyear=2006|title=Gangster Boogie, a street hit|url=http://www.globaldarkness.com/articles/schoolly_d_gangster_boogie.htm}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.gbgm-umc.org/Tindley/catbio.htm|accessdate=February 18|accessyear=2006|title=Charles Albert Tindley|work=Global Ministries of the United Methodist Church}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.explorepahistory.com/story.php?storyId=13&chapter=3&page=1|title=Jazz in Philadelphia|work=Jazz in Pennsylvania|accessdate=February 18|accessyear=2006}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.mcchorus.org/history.htm|title=Mendelssohn Club history|work=Mendelssohn Club|accessdate=January 24|accessyear=2006}} * {{cite web|accessdate=January 24|accessyear=2006|title=Citysongs|work=New Colonist|url=http://www.newcolonist.com/cs-philly.html}} * {{cite web|title=Festival|work=Philadelphia Céilí Group|accessdate=February 15|accessyear=2006|url=http://www.philadelphiaceiligroup.org/festival.html}} * {{cite web|title=It's a Jungle Out There|url=http://citypaper.net/articles/101797/music.jungle.shtml|date=March 3|year=2006|work=City Paper}} * {{cite web|work=Philadelphia Convention and Visitors Bureau|title=The Sounds of Philadelphia|url=http://www.pcvb.org/pressroom/view_kit.asp?ID=52|accessdate=January 26|accessyear=2006}} * {{cite web|work=Philadelphia and Its Countryside|url=http://www.gophila.com/C/Things_to_Do/211/Philadelphia_CultureFiles/210/Music/19/All_Music_Presenters/45.html|accessdate=February 18|accessyear=2006|title=All Music Presenters}} * {{cite web|work=Philadelphia and Its Countryside|accessdate=February 19|accessyear=2006|url=http://www.gophila.com/C/Things_to_Do/211/Philadelphia_CultureFiles/210/Music/19/All_Venues/46.html|title=All Venues}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.gophila.com/C/X/385_/Things_to_Do/211/Philadelphia_CultureFiles/210/Music/19/Dance_Club/53.html|title=Dance Club|work=Philadelphia and Its Countryside|accessdate=February 19|accessyear=2006}} * {{cite web|title=Rock|work=Philadelphia and Its Countryside|accessdate=February 19|accessyear=2006|url=http://www.gophila.com/C/X/385_/Things_to_Do/211/Philadelphia_CultureFiles/210/Music/19/Rock/59.html}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.pgmc.org/about.htm|title=About us|work=Philadelphia Gay Men's Chorus|accessdate=January 24|accessyear=2006}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.philadelphiamusicproject.org/magazine/2004/burwasser.html|title=The String Quartet and Beyond|work=Philadelphia Music Project|accessdate=February 18|accessyear=2006}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.philorch.org/styles/poa02e/www/orchhistory.html|work=Philadelphia Orchestra|title=Orchestra History|accessdate=January 24|accessyear=2006}} * {{cite web|work=Philadelphia Virtuosi Chamber Orchestra|accessdate=January 24|accessyear=2006|title=History|url=http://www.philadelphiavirtuosi.com/historyMissionStatement.html}} * {{cite web|title=Kids in the Dancehall|work=Philadelphia Weekly|accessdate=February 18|accessyear=2006|url=http://www.philadelphiaweekly.com/view.php?id=8277}} * {{cite web|title=History and Mission Statement|accessdate=January 24|accessyear=2006|work=Philadelphia Youth Orchestra|url=http://www.pyos.org/history.htm}} * {{cite book|title=Celtic Music: A Complete Guide|author=Sawyers, June Skinner|ISBN=0306810077|publisher=Da Capo Press|year=2001}} * {{cite book|author=Unterberger, Richie|title=Music USA: The Rough Guide|id=ISBN 1-85828-421-X|location=London | publisher=Rough Guides|year=1999|pages=67 - 76}} * {{cite web|accessdate=January 25|accessyear=2006|url=http://www.dtrmusic.com/orgwana.html|title=Direct-to-Tape Recording Company|work=The Wanamaker Organ}} == Notes == {{reflist|2}} [[Category:Music of United States subdivisions|Philadelphia]] [[Category:Culture of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]]