Must
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2008-07-16T05:28:34Z
DocWatson42
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Cleaned up formating and other matters.
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{{two other uses||"must" meaning compulsion|:wikt:must|the condition affecting male elephants|musth}}
[[Image:Mosto.jpg|thumb|300px|Grapes being pressed to create must.]]
'''Must''' (from [[Latin]] ''vinum mustum'' or "young wine") is freshly pressed [[fruit juice]] (most commonly grape), that contains various quantities of pulp such as skins, stems, and seeds, called [[pomace]] or fruit solids, which typically comprise between seven and 23 percent of the total weight of the must. These components, and the time they are allowed to be in contact with the juice, are critical to the final character of the wine.
When the [[winemaker]] judges the time to be right, the juice is drained off the pomace which is then pressed to extract the juice retained by the matrix. [[Yeast]] is added to the juice to begin the fermentation, while the pomace is often returned to the [[vineyard]] or [[orchard]] to be used as [[fertilizer]]. A portion of selected unfermented must may be kept as [[Süssreserve]], in order to be added prior to bottling as a sweetening component.
Some winemakers create a second batch of wine from the used pomace by adding a quantity of water equivalent to the juice removed, letting the mixture sit for 24 hours, and draining off the liquid. This wine may be used as a drink for the employees of the winemaker or as a basis for [[grappa]].
Must was commonly used as a [[cooking]] ingredient in [[ancient Rome]]. It was boiled down in [[lead]] or [[bronze]] kettles into a milder concentrate called [[defrutum]] or a stronger concentrate called [[sapa]]. It was often used as a souring agent and preservative, especially in fruit dishes. Geochemist [[Jerome Nriagu]] published an article in the ''[[New England Journal of Medicine]]'' in [[1983]] hypothesizing that ''defrutum'' and ''sapa'' may have contained enough [[lead acetate]] to be of danger to those who consumed it regularly.
This term is also used by meadmakers for the unfermented honey-water mixture that becomes [[mead]]. The analogous term in beer brewing is [[wort (brewing)|wort]].
==Must in Christian liturgy==
{{main|Mustum}}
In [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] [[Mass (liturgy)|liturgy]], must may be substituted for sacramental wine, on condition that the [[ordinary]] has granted permission for the benefit of a priest or lay person who has difficulty, usually because of alcoholism, in ingesting wine; but in normal circumstances it may not be used in place of wine.<ref>Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger,[http://www.liturgyoffice.org.uk/Documents/Coeliacs/CDF.html "Gluten Allergies/Alcohol Intolerance and the Bread and Wine used at Mass"], circular letter Prot. 89/78-174 98 of [[24 July]] [[2003]], [[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]], to Presidents of [[Episcopal Conference]]s.</ref>
This teaching goes back at least to [[Pope Julius I]] (337–352), who is quoted in [[Thomas Aquinas]]'s ''[[Summa Theologica]]'' as having declared that in case of necessity, but only then, juice pressed from a grape could be used. Aquinas himself declared that it is forbidden to offer fresh must in the chalice, because this is unbecoming owing to the impurity of the must; but he added that in case of necessity it may be done.<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/summa/4074.htm#article5 ''Summa Theologica'', III, q. 74, art. 5, reply to objection 3].</ref>
== See also ==
* [[Julmust]]
== Notes ==
{{reflist}}
==References==
* Baldy, Marian W. ''The University Wine Course: A Wine Appreciation Text & Self Tutorial, 2nd Edition''. San Francisco, Calif.: The Wine Appreciation Guild, 1995. ISBN 0-932664-69-5.
* Gozzini Giacosa, Ilaria. ''A Taste of Ancient Rome''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994. ISBN 0-226-29032-8.
* Herbst, Ron, and Sharon Tyler Herbst. ''Wine Lover's Companion''. Hauppauge, N.Y.: Barron's, 1995. ISBN 0-8120-1479-0.
* Nriagu, Jerome O. "Saturnine Gout Among Roman Aristocrats: Did Lead Poisoning Contribute to the Fall of the Empire?" ''New England Journal of Medicine'' 11, no. 308 ([[17 March]] [[1983]]): 660–3.
* Whittaker, John. ''Winemaking Made Easy''. Edmonton: Lone Pine Publishing, 1993. ISBN 1-55105-030-7.
==External links==
* [http://www.usccb.org/liturgy/innews/1103.shtml Further information] from the [[United States Conference of Catholic Bishops|USCCB]]'s Committee on Divine Worship
*[http://www.liturgyoffice.org.uk/Documents/Coeliacs/Information.html Further information] from the [http://www.liturgyoffice.org.uk/ Liturgy Office] of the [[Catholic Bishops' Conference of England and Wales]]
[[Category:Christian liturgy, rites, and worship services]]
[[Category:Catholic Mass]]
[[Category:Eucharistic objects]]
[[Category:Fruit juice]]
[[Category:Oenology]]
[[cs:Vinný mošt]]
[[de:Traubenmost]]
[[el:Μούστος]]
[[es:Mosto]]
[[eo:Mosto]]
[[fr:Moût]]
[[hr:Mošt]]
[[it:Mosto]]
[[la:Mustum]]
[[nl:Most (oenologie)]]
[[pl:Moszcz]]
[[pt:Mosto]]
[[ru:Виноградное сусло]]
[[scn:Mustu]]
[[sk:Mušt]]
[[sv:Must]]