Nader Shah
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robot Adding: [[da:Nadir Shah]], [[hi:नादिर शाह]]
:''This article is about the Persian shah. For the 20th century king of Afghanistan, see [[Mohammed Nadir Shah]].''
{{Infobox_Monarch
| name = Nader Shah
| title = King of Persia
| image = [[Image:Full Potrait of Nadir Shah.jpg|200px|Nader Shah’s portrait from the collection of the [[Smithsonian Institution]]]]
| reign = [[1736]]–[[1747]]
| coronation =
| predecessor = [[Abbas III]]
| successor = [[Adil Shah]]
| consort =
| issue =
| royal house =
| royal anthem =
| father =
| mother =
| date of birth = [[August 6]], [[1698]]
| place of birth =
| date of death = [[June 19]], [[1747]]
| place of death =
| place of burial=
|}}
'''Nāder Shāh Afshār''' ({{PerB|نادر شاه افشار}}; also known as ''Nāder Qoli Beg'' - ''' نادر قلی بیگ''' or ''Tahmāsp Qoli Khān'' - '''تهماسپ قلی خان''') (November, 1688 <ref name="NAÚDER SHAH"> [http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/ot_grp10/ot_nadershah_20060329.html NAÚDER SHAH 1736-47] Encyclopedia Iranica, by Ernest Tucker March 29, 2006</ref> or [[August 6]], [[1698]]<ref>Nader's exact date of birth is unknown but August 6 is the "likeliest" according to Axworthy p.17 (and note) and ''The Cambridge History of Iran'' (Vol. 7 p.3); other biographers favour 1688.</ref> – [[June 19]], [[1747]]) ruled as [[Shah of Iran]] (1736–47) and was the founder of the [[Afsharid dynasty]]. Because of his [[military history|military]] genius, some historians have described him as the ''[[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]] of Persia''<ref>Axworthy p.xvii</ref> or the ''Second [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]]''.<ref>[http://www.xs4all.nl/~kvenjb/madmonarchs/nadir/nadir_bio.htm Biography of Nadir Shah Afshar "The Persian Napoleon" (1688-1747)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Nader Shah was a member of the [[Turkmens|Turkmen]] [[Afshar tribe]] of northern [[Persia]],<ref>Michael Axworthy's biography of Nader, ''The Sword of Persia'' (I.B. Tauris, 2006), p.17-19: "His father was of lowly but respectable status, a herdsman of the Afshar tribe ... The Qereqlu Afshars to whom Nader's father belonged were a semi-nomadic Turcoman tribe settled in Khorasan in north-eastern Persia ... The tribes of Khorasan were for the most part ethnically distinct from the Persian-speaking population, speaking Turkic or Kurdish languages. Nader's mother tongue was a dialect of the language group spoken by the Turkic tribes of Iran and Central Asia, and he would have quickly learned Persian, the language of high culture and the cities as he grew older. But the Turkic language was always his preferred everyday speech, unless he was dealing with someone who knew only Persian."</ref> which had supplied military power to the [[Safavid dynasty|Safavid state]] since the time of [[Shah Ismail I]].<ref>Stephen Erdely and Valentin A. Riasanovski. ''The Uralic and Altaic Series'', Routledge, 1997, ISBN 0700703802, p. 102</ref> Nader rose to power during a period of anarchy in Persia after a rebellion by [[Afghans]] had overthrown the weak [[Husayn (Safavid)|Shah Soltan Hossein]], and both the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] and the [[Russian Empire|Russians]] had seized Persian territory for themselves. Nader reunited the Persian realm and removed the invaders. He became so powerful that he decided to depose the last members of the [[Safavid dynasty]], which had ruled Persia for over 200 years, and become shah himself in 1736. His campaigns created a great Iranian Empire that briefly encompassed what is now [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Pakistan]], parts of the [[Caucasus]] region, and parts of [[Central Asia]], but his military spending had a ruinous effect on the Persian economy.<ref name="NAÚDER SHAH"> [http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/ot_grp10/ot_nadershah_20060329.html NAÚDER SHAH 1736-47] Encyclopedia Iranica, by Ernest Tucker March 29, 2006</ref> Nader idolized [[Genghis Khan]] and [[Timur]], the previous conquerors from Central Asia. Nader imitated their military prowess and—especially later in his reign—their cruelty. Nader Shah's victories briefly made him the [[Middle East]]'s most powerful sovereign, but his empire quickly disintegrated after he was assassinated in 1747. Nader Shah has been described as "the last great Asian military conqueror".<ref>''Cambridge History of Iran'' Vol.7, p.59</ref> He is credited for restoring Iranian power as an eminence between the Ottomans and the Mughals.<ref>Vali Nasr, "The Shia Revival: How Conflicts within Islam Will Shape the Future" (New York 2006)</ref>
==Early life==
[[Image:Nadir Shah.jpg|thumb|200px|right|A portrait of Nader Shah from a biography by Jonas Hanway]]
Nader Shah was born in Dastgerd<ref>Axworthy p.18</ref> into the Qereqlu clan of the [[Afshar tribe|Afshar]]s, a semi-nomadic tribe in [[Khorasan]], a province in the north-east of the Persian Empire.<ref name="NAÚDER SHAH"> [http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/ot_grp10/ot_nadershah_20060329.html NAÚDER SHAH 1736–47] Encyclopedia Iranica, by Ernest Tucker March 29, 2006</ref> His father, a poor [[peasant]], died while Nader was still a child. According to legends, Nader and his mother were carried off as [[Slavery|slaves]] by marauding [[Uzbek people|Uzbek]] or Turkmen [[tribesmen]], but Nader managed to escape. He joined a band of brigands while still a boy and eventually became their leader. Under the patronage of Afshar [[chieftains]], he rose through the ranks to become a powerful military figure. Nader married the two daughters of Baba Ali Beg, a local chief.<ref name="NAÚDER SHAH"> [http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/ot_grp10/ot_nadershah_20060329.html NAÚDER SHAH 1736-47] Encyclopedia Iranica, by Ernest Tucker March 29, 2006</ref>
==The fall of the Safavid dynasty==
Nader grew up during the final years of the [[Safavid]] dynasty which had ruled Persia since 1502. At its peak, under such figures as [[Abbas the Great]], Safavid Persia had been a powerful empire, but by the early 18th century the state was in serious decline and the reigning shah, [[Husayn (Safavid)|Soltan Hossein]], was a weak ruler. When Soltan Hussein attempted to quell a rebellion by [[Ghilzai|Ghilzai Afghans]] in [[Kandahar]], the governor he sent was killed. Under their leader [[Mir Mahmud Hotaki|Mahmud]], the rebellious Afghans moved westwards against the shah himself and in 1722 they defeated a vastly superior force at the Battle of Golnabad and then besieged the capital, [[Isfahan]]. After the shah failed to escape to rally a relief force elsewhere, the city was starved into submission and Soltan Hussein abdicated, handing power to Mahmud. In Khorasan, Nader at first submitted to the local Afghan governor of [[Mashhad]], Malek Mahmud, but then rebelled and built up his own small army. Soltan Hossein’s son had declared himself [[Tahmasp II of Persia|Shah Tahmasp II]], but found little support and fled to the [[Qajar|Qajar tribe]], who offered to back him. Meanwhile, Persia's imperial rivals, the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] and the [[Russian Empire|Russians]], took advantage of the chaos in the country to seize territory for themselves.<ref>This section: Axworthy pp.17-56</ref>
==Defeat of the Afghans==
[[Image:Nadershahtomb.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Tomb of Nader Shah, a tourist attraction in [[Mashhad]]]]
Tahmasp and the Qajar leader Fath Ali Khan (the ancestor of [[Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar]]) contacted Nader and asked him to join their cause and drive the Afghans out of Khorasan. He agreed and thus became a figure of national importance. When Nader discovered that Fath Ali Khan was in treacherous correspondence with Malek Mahmud and revealed this to the shah, Tahmasp executed him and made Nader the chief of his army instead. Nader subsequently took on the title Tahmasp Qoli (Servant of Tahmasp). In late 1726, Nader recaptured [[Mashhad]].<ref>Axworthy pp.57-74</ref>
Nader chose not to march directly on Isfahan. First, in May 1729, he defeated the [[Durrani|Abdali]] Afghans near [[Herat]]. Many of the Abdali Afghans subsequently joined his army. The new Ghilzai Afghan shah, [[Ashraf Khan|Ashraf]], decided to move against Nader but in September 1729, Nader defeated him at the [[Battle of Damghan]] and again, decisively, in November at Murchakhor. Ashraf fled and Nader finally entered Isfahan, handing it over to Tahmasp in December. The citizens' rejoicing was cut short when Nader plundered them to pay his army. Tahmasp made Nader governor over many eastern provinces, including his native Khorasan, and married him to his sister. Nader pursued and defeated Ashraf, who was murdered by his own followers.<ref>Axworthy pp.75-116</ref> In 1738 Nader Shah besieged and destroyed [[Kandahar]]. This was the ultimate defeat of any remaining Afghan forces. Nader Shah built a new city near [[Kandahar]], which he named Naderabad.<ref name="NAÚDER SHAH"> [http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/ot_grp10/ot_nadershah_20060329.html NAÚDER SHAH 1736-47] Encyclopedia Iranica, by Ernest Tucker March 29, 2006</ref>
==Ottoman campaign==
In the spring of 1730, Nader attacked the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] and regained most of the territory lost during the recent chaos. At the same time, the Abdali Afghans rebelled and besieged Mashhad, forcing Nader to suspend his campaign and save his brother, Ebrahim. It took Nader fourteen months to defeat the Abdali Afghans.
Relations between Nader and the Shah had declined as the latter grew jealous of his general's military successes. While Nader was absent in the east, Tahmasp tried to assert himself by launching a foolhardy campaign to recapture [[Yerevan]]. He ended up losing all of Nader’s recent gains to the Ottomans, and signed a treaty ceding [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] and [[Armenia]] in exchange for [[Tabriz]]. Nader saw that the moment had come to ease Tahmasp from power. He denounced the treaty, seeking popular support for a war against the Ottomans. In Isfahan, Nader got Tahmasp drunk then showed him to the courtiers asking if a man in such a state was fit to rule. In 1732 he forced Tahmasp to abdicate in favor of the Shah’s baby son, Abbas III, to whom Nader became regent.
Nader decided he could win back the territory in Armenia and Georgia by seizing Ottoman [[Baghdad]] and then offering it in exchange for the lost provinces, but his plan went badly amiss when his army was routed by the Ottoman general [[Topal Osman Pasha]] near the city in 1733. Nader decided he needed to regain the initiative as soon as possible to save his position because revolts were already breaking out in Persia. He faced Topal again with a larger force and defeated and killed him. He then besieged Baghdad, as well as [[Ganja (city)|Ganja]] in the northern provinces, earning a Russian alliance against the Ottomans. Nader scored a great victory over a superior Ottoman force at Baghavard and by the summer of 1735, Persian Armenia and Georgia were his again. In March 1735, he signed a treaty with the [[Russian Empire|Russians]] in Ganja by which the latter agreed to withdraw all of their troops from Persian territory.<ref name="The History of Iran"> Elton L. Daniel, "The History of Iran" (Greenwood Press 2000) p.94</ref>
== Nader becomes shah ==
In January 1736, Nader held a ''[[Kurultai|qoroltai]]'' (a grand meeting in the tradition of [[Genghis Khan]] and [[Timur]]) on the [[Mughan plain|Moghan Plain]] in [[Azerbaijan]]. The leading figures in Persian political and religious life attended. Nader suggested he should be proclaimed the new shah in place of the young Abbas III. Everyone agreed, many—if not most—enthusiastically, the rest fearing Nader’s anger if they showed support for the deposed Safavids. Nader was crowned Shah of Iran on March 8, 1736, a date his [[astrology|astrologers]] had chosen as being especially propitious.<ref>This section: Axworthy pp.137-174</ref>
== Religious policy ==
Nader also proposed religious reforms. The Safavids had introduced [[Shi'a|Shi'a Islam]] as the state religion of Persia. Nader believed this had intensified the conflict with the Ottoman Empire which was [[Sunni]]. His own army was also a mixture of Sunni and Shi'a Muslims. He wanted Persia to adopt a form of religion that would be more acceptable to Sunnis and suggested Persia should adopt a form of Shi'ism he called "Ja'fari" in honour of the sixth Shi'a [[imam]] [[Ja'far al-Sadiq]]. He banned certain Shi'a practices which were particularly offensive to Sunnis, such as the cursing of the first three caliphs. Nader hoped that "Ja'farism" would be accepted as a fifth school (''[[mazhab]]'') of Sunni Islam and that the Ottomans would allow its adherents to go on the [[hajj]], or pilgrimage, to [[Mecca]], which was within their territory. In the subsequent peace negotiations, the Ottomans refused to acknowledge Ja'farism as a fifth ''mazhab'' but they did allow Persian pilgrims to go on the ''hajj''. Nader was interested in gaining rights for Persians to go on the ''hajj'' in part because of revenues from the pilgrimage trade.<ref name="NAÚDER SHAH"> [http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/ot_grp10/ot_nadershah_20060329.html NAÚDER SHAH 1736-47] Encyclopedia Iranica, by Ernest Tucker March 29, 2006</ref> Nader's other primary aim in his religious reforms was to weaken the Safavids further since Shi'a Islam had always been a major element in support for the dynasty. He had the chief [[mullah]] of Persia strangled after he was heard expressing support for the Safavids. Among his reforms was the introduction of what came to be known as the ''kolah-e Naderi''. This was a hat with four peaks which symbolised the first four [[caliphs]].<ref>This section: Axworthy pp.137-174</ref><ref name="NAÚDER SHAH"> [http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/ot_grp10/ot_nadershah_20060329.html NAÚDER SHAH 1736-47] Encyclopedia Iranica, by Ernest Tucker March 29, 2006</ref>
==Invasion of India==
[[Image:Peacock Throne.jpg|thumbnail|right| The [[Peacock Throne]]]]
In 1738, Nader Shah conquered [[Kandahar]], the last outpost of the Ghilzai Afghans. His thoughts now turned to [[Moghul Empire|Mughal India]] to the south. This once powerful Muslim state was falling apart as the nobles became increasingly disobedient and the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] [[Maratha]]s made inroads on its territory from the south-west. Its ruler [[Mohammed Shah]] was powerless to reverse this disintegration. Nader used the pretext of his Afghan enemies taking refuge in India to cross the border and capture [[Kabul]], [[Ghazni]] and [[Lahore]]. He then advanced deeper into [[India]] crossing the river [[Indus River|Indus]] before the end of year. He defeated the Mughal army at the huge [[Battle of Karnal]] in February, 1739. After this victory, Nader captured Mohammad Shah and entered with him into [[Delhi]]. When a rumour broke out that Nader had been assassinated, some of the Indians attacked and killed Persian troops. Nader reacted by ordering his soldiers to massacre the population and plunder the city. During the course of one day (March 22) 20,000 to 30,000 Indians were killed by the Persian troops, forcing Mohammad Shah to beg for mercy.<ref>Axworthy p.8</ref> In response, Nader Shah agreed to withdraw, but Mohammad Shah paid the consequence in handing over the keys of his royal treasury, and losing even the [[Takht e Taus|Peacock Throne]] to the Persian emperor. The [[Peacock Throne]] thereafter served as a symbol of Persian imperial might. Among a trove of other fabulous jewels, Nader also gained the [[Koh-i-Noor]] and [[Darya-ye Noor]] [[diamond]]s ([[Koh-i-Noor]] means "Mountain of Light" in Persian, [[Darya-ye Noor]] means "Sea of Light"). The Persian troops left Delhi at the beginning of May 1739. Nader's soldiers also took with them thousands of [[elephant]]s, [[horse]]s and [[camel]]s, loaded with the booty they had collected. The plunder seized from India was so rich that Nader stopped [[taxation]] in Iran for a period of three years following his return.<ref>This section: Axworthy pp.1-16, 175-210</ref>
==After India==
[[Image:Nader Shah Jewels 3 - edited.png|200px|thumb|Nader Shah's dagger with a small portion of his jewelry. Now part of the [[Iranian Crown Jewels]].]]
The Indian campaign was the zenith of Nader's career. Afterwards he became increasingly despotic as his health declined markedly. Nader had left his son Reza Qoli Mirza to rule Persia in his absence. Reza had behaved highhandedly and somewhat cruelly but he had kept the peace in Persia. Having heard rumours that his father had died, he had made preparations for assuming the crown. These included the murder of the former shah Tahmasp and his family, including the nine-year old Abbas III. On hearing the news, Reza’s wife, who was Tahmasp’s sister, committed suicide. Nader was not impressed with his son’s waywardness and reprimanded him, but he took him on his expedition to conquer territory in [[Transoxiana]]. After the Persians had forced the Uzbek khanate of [[Bokhara]] to submit, Nader wanted Reza to marry the khan’s elder daughter because she was a descendant of his hero Genghis Khan, but Reza flatly refused and Nader married the girl himself. Nader also conquered [[Khwarezm]] on this expedition into Central Asia.
Nader now decided to punish [[Daghestan]] for the death of his brother Ebrahim Qoli on a campaign a few years earlier. In 1741, while Nader was passing through the forest of [[Mazanderan]] on his way to fight the Daghestanis, an assassin took a shot at him but Nader was only lightly wounded. He began to suspect his son was behind the attempt and confined him to [[Tehran]]. Nader’s increasing ill health made his temper ever worse. Perhaps it was his illness that made Nader lose the initiative in his war against the [[Lezgins|Lezgin]] tribes of Daghestan. Frustratingly for him, they resorted to guerrilla warfare and the Persians could make little headway against them. Nader accused his son of being behind the assassination attempt in Mazanderan. Reza angrily protested his innocence, but Nader had him blinded as punishment, although he immediately regretted it. Soon afterwards, Nader started executing the nobles who had witnessed his son's blinding. In his last years, Nader became increasingly [[paranoia|paranoid]], ordering the assassination of large numbers of suspected enemies.
With the wealth he gained from India, Nader started to build a Persian [[navy]]. With lumber from [[Mazandaran]], he built ships in [[Bushehr]]. He also purchased thirty ships in India.<ref name="NAÚDER SHAH"> [http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/ot_grp10/ot_nadershah_20060329.html NAÚDER SHAH 1736-47] Encyclopedia Iranica, by Ernest Tucker March 29, 2006</ref> He recaptured the island of [[Bahrain]] from the Arabs. In 1743 he conquered [[Oman]] and its main capital the city of [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]]. In 1743 Nader started another war against the [[Ottoman Empire]]. Despite having a huge army at his disposal, in this campaign Nader showed little of his former military brilliance. It ended in 1746 with the signing of a peace treaty, in which the Ottomans agreed to let Nader occupy [[Najaf]].<ref>This section: Axworthy pp.175-274</ref>
== Domestic policies ==
Nader changed the Iranian coinage system. He minted silver coins, called ''Naderi,'' that were equal to the Mughal rupee.<ref name="NAÚDER SHAH"> [http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/ot_grp10/ot_nadershah_20060329.html NAÚDER SHAH 1736-47] Encyclopedia Iranica, by Ernest Tucker March 29, 2006</ref> Nader discontinued the policy of paying soldiers based on land tenure.<ref name="NAÚDER SHAH"> [http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/ot_grp10/ot_nadershah_20060329.html NAÚDER SHAH 1736-47] Encyclopedia Iranica, by Ernest Tucker March 29, 2006</ref> Like the late Safavids he resettled tribes. Nader Shah transformed the ''Shahsevan'', a nomadic group living around Azerbaijan whose name literally means "shah lover", into a tribal confederacy which defended Iran against the Ottomans and Russians.<ref>Floor, Willem.
Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 119, No. 3. (Jul. - Sep., 1999), pp. 543. Book review of Richard Tapper's ''Frontier Nomads of Iran: A Political and Social History of the Shahsevan.''</ref><ref>Daniel, Elton L. ''The History of Iran.'' Greenwood Publishing Group: 2000. p. 90.</ref> In addition, he increased the number of soldiers under his command and reduced the number of soldiers under tribal and provincial control.<ref name="NAÚDER SHAH"> [http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/ot_grp10/ot_nadershah_20060329.html NAÚDER SHAH 1736-47] Encyclopedia Iranica, by Ernest Tucker March 29, 2006</ref> His reforms may have strengthened the country, but they did little to improve Iran's suffering economy.<ref name="NAÚDER SHAH"> [http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/ot_grp10/ot_nadershah_20060329.html NAÚDER SHAH 1736-47] Encyclopedia Iranica, by Ernest Tucker March 29, 2006</ref>
==Death and legacy==
[[Image:Naderafshartomb.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Nader Shah's tomb was designed by [[Hooshang Seyhoon]].]]
[[Image:Afsharid Dynasty 1736 - 1802 (AD).PNG|right|200px|thumb|The territory of the Afsharid dynasty]]
Nader became crueller and crueller as a result of his illness and his desire to extort more and more tax money to pay for his military campaigns. More and more revolts broke out and Nader crushed them ruthlessly, building towers from his victims’ skulls in imitation of his hero Timur. In 1747, Nader set off for Khorasan where he intended to punish [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] [[rebel]]s. Some of his officers feared he was about to execute them and plotted against him. Nader Shah was assassinated on [[19 June]], [[1747]], at Fathabad in [[Khorasan]]. He was surprised in his sleep by Salah Bey, captain of the guards, and stabbed with a [[sword]]. Nader was able to kill two of the assassins before he died.<ref name="Afsharid Dynasty">[http://www.iranchamber.com/history/afsharids/afsharids.php History of Iran: Afsharid Dynasty (Nader Shah)<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>Axworthy pp.243-286</ref>
After his death, he was succeeded by his nephew Ali Qoli, who renamed himself [[Adil Shah]] ("righteous king"). Adil Shah was probably involved in the assassination plot.<ref name="The History of Iran"> Elton L. Daniel, "The History of Iran" (Greenwood Press 2000) p.94</ref> Adil Shah was deposed within a year. During the struggle between Adil Shah, his brother [[Ibrahim Khan]] and Nader's grandson [[Shah Rukh of Persia|Shah Rukh]] almost all provincial [[governors]] declared [[independence]], established their own states, and the entire Empire of Nader Shah fell into [[anarchy (word)|anarchy]]. Finally, [[Karim Khan]] founded the [[Zand dynasty]] and became ruler of Iran by 1760, while [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] had already proclaimed independence in the east, marking the foundation of modern [[Afghanistan]].
Nader Shah was well known to the European public of the time. In 1768, [[Christian VII of Denmark]] commissioned [[William Jones (philologist)|Sir William Jones]] to translate a [[Persian language]] biography of Nader Shah written by his Minister [[Mirza Mehdi Khan Astarabadi]] into [[French language|French]].<ref>[http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/JEE_JUN/JONES_SIR_WILLIAM_1746_1794_.html SIR WILLIAM JONES (174... - Online Information article about SIR WILLIAM JONES (174<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> It was published in 1770 as ''Histoire de Nadir Chah''. <ref>Axworthy p.330</ref> Nader's Indian campaign alerted the [[British East India Company]] to the extreme weakness of the Mughal Empire and the possibility of expanding to fill the power vacuum. Without Nader, "eventual British rule [in India] would have come later and in a different form, perhaps never at all - with important global effects".<ref>Axworthy p.xvi</ref>
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{{succession box| before=[[Abbas III]]| title=[[List of kings of Persia|King of Persia]]| years=1736–1747| after=[[Adil Shah|Adel Shah Afshar]]}}
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==References==
{{reflist}}
==Sources==
* Michael Axworthy, ''The Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from Tribal Warrior to Conquering Tyrant'' Hardcover 348 pages (26 July 2006) Publisher: [http://www.ibtauris.com/ibtauris/display.asp?K=510000000117668&cid=ibtauris&sf_01=CAUTHOR&st_01=Michael+Axworthy&sf_02=CTITLE&sf_03=KEYWORD&sf_04=VX%5FISBN%3B%3D&m=1&dc=1 I.B. Tauris] Language: English ISBN 1-85043-706-8
* ''The Cambridge History of Iran'', Volume 7 (Cambridge University Press, 1968)
== Additional Reading ==
* Lawrence Lockhart ''Nadir Shah'' (London, 1938)
* Ernest Tucker, ''Nadir Shah's Quest for Legitimacy in Post-Safavid Iran'' Hardcover 150 pages (4 October 2006) Publisher: University Press of Florida Language: English ISBN 0-8130-2964-3
==See also==
*[[Nader Shah's Sword]]
== External links ==
* [http://www.qajarpages.org/nadershah.html Nader Shah's portrait]
* [http://www.iranchamber.com/history/afsharids/afsharids.php History of Iran: Afsharid Dynasty (Nader Shah)]
* [http://www.xs4all.nl/~kvenjb/madmonarchs/nadir/nadir_bio.htm Biography of Nader Shah Afshar "The Persian Napoleon]
* [http://www.farsinet.com/mashhad/nader_shah.html Nader Shah Mausoleum and Museum]
* [http://irane-man.tripod.com/NaderShah.html Nader Shah]
* [http://www.iranian.com/main/albums/naderi-garden-1]
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[[Category:Afsharid dynasty]]
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