Names of Korea
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/* Sobriquets for Korea */ This should be linked at least once
{{Refimprove|date=January 2007}}
There are various '''names of Korea''' in use today, derived from ancient kingdoms and dynasties. The modern English name '''[[Korea]]''' is an [[exonym]] derived from the [[Goryeo]] period and is used by both [[North Korea]] and [[South Korea]] in international contexts. In the [[Korean language]], the two Koreas use different terms to refer to the nominally unified nation: '''[[Joseon (disambiguation)|Chosŏn]]''' ([[wiktionary:조선|조선]]) in North Korea and '''Hanguk''' ([[wiktionary:한국|한국]]) in South Korea.
==History==
{{See also|History of Korea}}
The earliest records of Korean history are written in [[Chinese character]]s, despite the languages being unrelated. Even after the invention of [[hangul]], Koreans generally recorded native Korean names with [[hanja]], by [[translation]] of meaning, [[transliteration]] of sound, or even combinations of the two. Furthermore, the pronunciations of the same character are somewhat different in Chinese and Korean, and have changed over time.
For all these reasons, in addition to the sparse and sometimes contradictory written records, it is often difficult to determine the original meanings or pronunciations of ancient names.
===Ancient history===
====Joseon====
Until about 2000 years ago, northern Korea and southern [[Manchuria]] were controlled by [[Gojoseon]]. In [[China|Chinese]] records, it was written as {{lang|zh-Hant|朝鮮}}, which is pronounced in modern Korean as ''[[Joseon]]'' ({{lang|ko-Hang|조선}}). ''Go'' ({{lang|mul-Hant|古}}), meaning "ancient," distinguishes it from the later [[Joseon Dynasty]].
The [[Chinese characters]] phonetically transcribed a native Korean name, thought to have been then pronounced something like "Jyusin." Some speculate that it also corresponds to Chinese references to {{lang|zh-Hant|肅愼}} ({{lang|ko-Hang|숙신}}, [[suksin]]), {{lang|zh-Hant|稷愼}} ({{lang|ko-Hang|직신}}, jiksin) and {{lang|zh-Hant|息愼}} ({{lang|ko-Hang|식신}}, siksin){{Fact|date=June 2007}}, although these latter names probably describe the ancestors of the [[Jurchen]].
Other scholars believe {{lang|zh-Hant|朝鮮}} was a ''translation'' of the native Korean ''[[Asadal]]'' ({{lang|ko-Hang|아사달}}), the capital of Gojoseon: ''asa'' being a hypothetical [[Altaic languages|Altaic]] root word for "morning," and ''dal'' meaning "mountain," a common ending for Goguryeo place names.<ref>[http://urimal.cs.pusan.ac.kr/urimal_new/read/common/sisa/sisa.asp?page_num=1&ID=1054&search_str=§ion=4&select= [땅이름] 태백산과 아사달 / 허재영] {{ko icon}}</ref>
The character {{lang|mul-Hant|朝}} means both "dynasty" (read as ''cháo'' in Chinese) and "morning" (read as ''zhāo'' in Chinese), while {{lang|mul-Hant|鮮}} may translate to "fresh" or "savory," often used to describe rarity. In modern Mandarin Chinese, {{lang|zh-Hant|朝鮮}} is read as ''Cháoxiǎn''. The first character is read as ''cháo'', as when it is used to mean "dynasty" rather than "morning," and the second character is read as ''xiǎn'' with a falling-rising contour tone,{{dubious|Tone of 鮮 in 朝鮮 “Korea”}} which is a special reading of this character that is used only when pronouncing the name of Cháoxiǎn (Joseon). This may suggest a phonetic transcription, although it is unknown how the characters were pronounced at the time of recording.
====Han====
Around the time of Gojoseon's fall, various chiefdoms in southern Korea grouped into confederacies, collectively called the [[Samhan]] ({{lang|ko-Hang|삼한}}, "Three ''Han''"). ''Han'' is a native Korean root for "leader" or "great," as in ''[[maripgan]]'' ("king," archaic), ''hanabi'' ("grandfather," archaic), and ''Hanbat'' ("Great Field," archaic name for [[Daejon]]). It may be related to the [[Mongolic languages|Mongol]]/[[Turkic languages|Turkic]] title ''[[Khan (title)|Khan]]''.
''Han'' was transliterated in Chinese records as 韓 (한, han), 幹 (간, gan), 刊 (간, gan), 干 (간, gan), or 漢 (한, han), but is unrelated to the Chinese people and states also called ''Han'' (with a different tone.) (See: [[Transliteration into Chinese characters]]).
====Goryeo====
Around the beginning of the [[Common Era]], remnants of the fallen Gojoseon were re-united and expanded by the kingdom of [[Goguryeo]], one of the [[Three Kingdoms of Korea]]. It, too, was a native Korean word, probably pronounced something like "Guri", transcribed with various Chinese characters: 高句麗/高勾麗/高駒麗 (고구려, Goguryeo), 高麗 (고려, Goryeo), 高離 (고리, Gori), or 句麗 (구려, Guryeo). In 高駒麗, the character 高 ("high") is an adjective, rather than a part of the transliteration. The character 麗 is sometimes pronounced ''ri''.
The source native name is thought to be either ''Guru'' (구루, walled city) or ''Gauri'' (가우리, "center"; c.f. Middle Korean ''ga{{Polytonic|β}}{{IPA|ɔ}}nd{{IPA|ɔ}}y'' and Standard Modern Korean ''gaunde'' 가운데).
The theory that Goguryeo referenced the founder's surname has been largely discredited (the royal surname changed from ''Hae'' to ''Go'' long after the state's founding).
===Revival of the names===
In the south, the Samhan resolved into the kingdoms of [[Baekje]] and [[Silla]], constituting, with Goguryeo, the [[Three Kingdoms of Korea]]. In 668, Silla unified the three kingdoms, and reigned as [[Unified Silla]] until 935.
The succeeding dynasty called itself [[Goryeo]] ({{lang|ko-Hang|고려}}, {{lang|ko-Hant|高麗}}), in reference to Goguryeo. Through the [[Silk Road]] trade routes, [[Islam in Korea#Early history|Muslim merchants]] brought knowledge about Silla and Goryeo to [[India]] and the [[Middle East]]. Goryeo was transliterated into [[Italian language|Italian]] as "Cauli," the name [[Marco Polo]] used when mentioning the country in his ''Travels,'' derived from the [[Mandarin Chinese]] form ''Gāolí''. From "Cauli" eventually came the [[English language|English]] names "Corea" and the now standard "Korea" (see [[#English usage|English usage]] below).<ref name="UDN">[http://udn.com/news/WORLD/WOR3/4413444.shtml Korea原名Corea? 美國改的名.] ''[[United Daily News]]'' website. [[5 July]] 2008. Retrieved [[5 July]] 2008. {{zh icon}}</ref>
In 1392, a new dynasty established by a military coup revived the name [[Joseon Dynasty|Joseon]] ({{lang|ko-Hang|조선}}, {{lang|ko-Hant|朝鮮}}). The Chinese characters were often translated into English as "morning calm," and Korea's English nickname became '''"The Land''' '''of the Morning Calm";''' however, this interpretation is not often used in the Korean language, and is more familiar to Koreans as a back-translation from English. This nickname was coined by [[Rabindranath Tagore]] in his poem "Land of Morning Calm" during his visit to Korea.
In 1897, the nation was renamed to ''Daehan Jeguk'' ({{lang|ko-Hang|대한제국}}, {{lang|ko-Hant|大韓帝國}}, literally, "Great Han Empire", known in English as [[Korean Empire]]). ''Han'' was selected in reference to the ''Samhan'', meaning the [[Three Kingdoms of Korea]], although ''Samhan'' can also refer to the earlier [[Samhan]].<ref>[http://historia.tistory.com/2221 <히스토리아> » 한토막 역사 5화. 대한제국이 <광무>를 연호로 정한 이유는?<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{ko icon}}</ref>
===20th century===
When Korea came under [[Korea under Japanese rule|Japanese rule]] in 1910, the name reverted to ''Joseon'' (officially, the Japanese pronunciation ''Chōsen''). During this period, many different groups outside of Korea fought for independence, the most notable being the '''Daehan Minguk Imsi Jeongbu''' ({{lang|ko-Hang|대한민국 임시정부}}, {{lang|ko-Hant|大韓民國臨時政府}}), literally the "Provisional government of the Great Han people's nation", known in English as the [[Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea]] ({{lang|mul-Hant|民國}} = {{lang|mul-Hant|民}} ‘people’ + {{lang|mul-Hant|國}} state/nation’ = ‘republic’ in East Asian languages).
Korea became independent with the Japanese surrender to the [[Allies]] in [[World War II]] ([[1945]]). The country was then [[Division of Korea|divided]] into the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]-occupied North and [[United States|American]]-occupied South.
In [[1948]], the South adopted the provisional government's name of '''Daehan Minguk''' ({{lang|ko-Hang|대한민국}}, {{lang|ko-Hant|大韓民國}}; see above), known in English as the [[Republic of Korea]]. Meanwhile, the North became the '''Chosŏn Minjujuŭi Inmin Konghwaguk''' ({{lang|ko-Hang|조선 민주주의 인민공화국}}, {{lang|ko-Hant|朝鮮民主主義人民共和國}}) literally the "Joseon Democratic People's Republic", known in English as the [[Democratic People's Republic of Korea]].
==Current usage==
===East Asia===
====Korea====
Today, South Koreans use ''Hanguk'' to refer to just South Korea or Korea as a whole, ''Namhan'' ({{lang|ko-Hang-KR|남한}}, {{lang|ko-Hant-KR|南韓}}; "South Han") for South Korea, and ''Bukhan'' ({{lang|ko-Hang-KR|북한}}, {{lang|ko-Hant-KR|北韓}}; "North Han") for North Korea. South Korea less formally refers to North Korea as ''Ibuk'' ({{lang|ko-Hang-KR|이북}}, {{lang|ko-Hant-KR|以北}}; "The North").
North Koreans use ''Chosŏn'', ''Namjosŏn'' ({{lang|ko-Hang-KP|남조선}}, {{lang|ko-Hant-KP|南朝鮮}}; "South Chosŏn"), and ''Bukchosŏn'' ({{lang|ko-Hang-KP|북조선}}, {{lang|ko-Hant-KP|北朝鮮}}; "North Chosŏn") respectively.
In the tourist regions in North Korea and the official meetings between South Korea and North Korea, ''Namcheuk'' ({{lang|ko-Hang-KR|남측}}, {{lang|ko-Hant-KR|南側}}) and ''Bukcheuk'' ({{lang|ko-Hang-KR|북측}}, {{lang|ko-Hant-KR|北側}}) are used instead of ''Namhan'' and ''Bukhan''.
The [[Korean language]] is called ''Hangugeo'' ({{lang|ko-Hang-KR|한국어}}, {{lang|ko-Hant-KR|韓國語}}) or ''Hangukmal'' ({{lang|ko-Hang-KR|한국말}}) in the South and ''Chosŏnmal'' ({{lang|ko-Hang-KP|조선말}}) or ''Chosŏnŏ'' ({{lang|ko-Hang-KP|조선어}}, {{lang|ko-Hant-KP|朝鮮語}}) in the North. The Korean script is called [[hangul]] ({{lang|ko-Hang-KR|한글}}) in South Korea and ''Chosŏn'gŭl'' ({{lang|ko-Hang-KP|조선글}}) in North Korea. The [[Korean Peninsula]] is called ''Hanbando'' ({{lang|ko-Hang-KR|한반도}}, {{lang|ko-Hant-KR|韓半島}}) in the South and ''Chosŏn Pando'' ({{lang|ko-Hang-KP|조선반도}}, {{lang|ko-Hant-KP|朝鮮半島}}) in the North.
====Chinese-speaking areas====
In [[Chinese language|Chinese]]-speaking areas such as [[mainland China]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Macau]], [[Singapore]], and [[Taiwan]], the Korean Peninsula is usually called ''Cháoxiǎn Bàndǎo'' ({{zh-st|s=朝鲜半岛|t=朝鮮半島}}), but it is also less often called ''Hán Bàndǎo'' in [[Hanyu Pinyin]] ({{zh-st|s=韩半岛|t=韓半島}}).
Until recently, the [[People's Republic of China]] tended to use the historic Korean name ''Cháoxiǎn'' ({{lang|zh-Hans-CN|朝鲜}} "Joseon"), by referring to South Korea as ''Nán Cháoxiǎn'' ({{lang|zh-Hans-CN|南朝鲜}} "South Joseon"). Since establishing diplomatic relationship with South Korea 1992, China has used the names that each of the two sides prefer, by referring to North Korea as ''Cháoxiǎn'' and to South Korea as ''Hánguó'' ({{lang|zh-Hans-CN|韩国}} "Hanguk"). The Korean language can be referred to as either ''Cháoxiǎnyǔ'' ({{lang|zh-Hans-CN|朝鲜语}}) or ''Hánguóyǔ'' ({{lang|zh-Hans-CN|韩国语}}), although many people argue that the former is more correct, as China itself has a sizeable minority of [[Ethnic Koreans in China|ethnic Koreans]] ({{lang|zh-Hans-CN|朝鲜族}} ''Cháoxiǎnzú'') who use the historic name.
[[Taiwan]], on the other hand, uses the South Korean names, referring to North Korean as ''Běihán'' ({{lang|zh-Hant-TW|北韓}} "North Han") and South Korean as ''Nánhán'' ({{lang|zh-Hant-TW|南韓}} "South Han"). The [[Republic of China]] previously maintained diplomatic relations wit South Korea, but has never had relations with North Korea. As a result, in the past, ''Hánguó'' ({{lang|zh-Hant-TW|韓國}}) had been used to refer to the whole Korea, and Taiwanese textbooks treated Korea as a unified nation (as it did [[China]]). The [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China]] under the [[Democratic Progressive Party]] Government now considers North and South Koreas two separate countries. However, general usage in Taiwan still refer to North Korean as ''Běihán'' ({{lang|zh-Hant-TW|北韓}} "North Han[guk]") and South Korean as ''Nánhán'' ({{lang|zh-Hant-TW|南韓}} "South Han[guk]") while use of ''Cháoxiǎn'' ({{lang|zh-Hant-TW|朝鮮}}) is generally limited to ancient Korea. The Korean language is usually referred to as ''Hánguóyǔ'' ({{lang|zh-Hant-TW|韓國語}}) or ''Hányǔ'' ({{lang|zh-Hant-TW|韓語}}).
Similarly, general usage in [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]] have traditionally referred to North Korea as ''Bak Hon'' ({{lang|zh-Hant|北韓}} "North Han") and South Korea as ''Nam Hon'' ({{lang|zh-Hant|南韓}} "South Han"). Under influence from official usage, which is itself influenced by official usage by the [[People's Republic of China]] government, the mainland practice of naming the two Koreas differently has become more common.
In the Chinese language used in [[Singapore]], North Korea is usually called ''Cháoxiǎn'' ({{lang|zh-Hans-SG|朝鲜}} "Chosŏn") with ''Běi Cháoxiǎn'' ({{lang|zh-Hans-SG|北朝鲜}} "North Chosŏn") and ''Běihán'' ({{lang|zh-Hans-SG|北韩}} "North Han") less often used, while South Korea is usually called ''Hánguó'' ({{lang|zh-Hans-SG|韩国}} "Hanguk") with ''Nánhán'' ({{lang|zh-Hans-SG|南韩}} "South Han[guk]") and ''Nán Cháoxiǎn'' ({{lang|zh-Hans-SG|南朝鲜}} "South Chosŏn") less often used.
====Japan====
In [[Japan]], the names preferred by each of the two sides is used, so that North Korea is called ''Kita-Chōsen'' ({{lang|ja-Hani|北朝鮮}}; "North Chosŏn") and South Korea ''Kankoku'' ({{lang|ja-Hani|韓国}} "Hanguk"). For Korea in general, ''Chōsen'' ({{lang|ja-Hani|朝鮮}}; "Joseon") is mostly used.<ref>Japanese Wikipedia, for instance, has the articles of [[:ja:朝鮮語]] (Korean Language), [[:ja:朝鮮半島]] (Korean Peninsula), and [[:ja:朝鮮民族]] (Koreans), while [[:ja:韓国語]], [[:ja:韓半島]], and [[:ja:韓民族]] are all redirected.</ref> Some South Koreans, however, think the word is either (or both) reminiscent of Japanese occupation, or pro-North. Consequently, there is a trend to use the transcription of English ''Korea'' ({{lang|ja-Kana|コリア}}, ''Koria'') and ''Korean'' ({{lang|ja-Kana|コリアン}}, ''Korian'') in print media in order to avoid making an implied political statement.
In January 2003, several newspapers began to refer to North Korea by its short form exclusively, whereas the previous practice was to use the country's official name ({{lang|ja-Hani|朝鮮民主主義人民共和国}}) in an article for at least the first reference.<ref>[http://www.gally.net/leavings/00/0013.html][http://www.gally.net/leavings/00/0022.html]</ref>
The [[Korean language]] is most frequently referred to in Japan as ''Kankokugo'' ({{lang|ja-Hani|韓国語}}) or ''Chōsengo'' ({{lang|ja-Hani|朝鮮語}}). While academia mostly prefers ''Chōsengo'', ''Kankokugo'' became more and more common in non-academic fields, thanks to the economic and cultural presence of South Korea. The language is also referred to as various terms, such as "Kankokuchōsengo" ({{lang|ja-Hani|韓国朝鮮語}}), "Chōsen-Kankokugo" ({{lang|ja-Hani|朝鮮・韓国語}}), "Kankokugo (Chōsengo)" ({{lang|ja-Hani|韓国語(朝鮮語)}}), etc. Some people refer to the language as ''Koriago'' ({{lang|ja-Jpan|コリア語}}; "Korean Language"). These term is not used in ordinary Japanese, but was selected as a compromise to placate both nations in a euphemistic process called ''[[kotobagari]]''. Likewise, when [[NHK]] broadcasts a language instruction program for Korean, the language is referred to as ''hangurugo'' ({{lang|ja-Jpan|ハングル語}}; "hangul language"); although it's technically incorrect since [[hangul]] itself is a writing system, not a language.<ref>In the program, however, teachers avoid the name ''Hangurugo'', by always saying ''this language''. They would say, for instance, "In this language, ''Annyeong haseyo'' means 'Hello' ".</ref> Some argues even ''Hangurugo'' is not completely neutral, since North Korea calls the letter ''Chosŏn'gŭl'', not ''hangul''. ''Urimaru'' ({{lang|ja-Jpan|ウリマル}}), a direct [[transcription]] of ''uri mal'' ({{lang|ko-Hang-KR|우리 말}}, "our language") is sometimes used by Korean residents in Japan, as well as by [[KBS World Radio]]. This term, however, may not be suitable to ethnic Japanese whose "our language" is not necessarily Korean.
In Japan, those who moved to Japan before and after the annexation of the Korean Peninsula usually maintain their distinctive cultural heritages (such as the Baekje-towns or Goguryeo-villages). Ethnic [[Koreans in Japan|Korean residents of Japan]] have been collectively called ''Zainichi Chōsenjin'' ({{lang|ja-Hani|在日朝鮮人}} "Joseon People in Japan"), regardless of nationality. However, because of the same reason as above, the euphemism ''Zainichi Korian'' ({{lang|ja-Jpan|在日コリアン}}; "Koreans in Japan") is increasingly used now. ''Zainichi'' ({{lang|ja-Hani|在日}}; "In Japan") itself is also often used colloquially. The people with North Korean nationality are called ''Zainichi Chōsenjin'', while those with South Korean nationality, sometimes including the recent ''new comers'', are called ''Zainichi Kankokujin'' ({{lang|ja-Hani|在日韓国人}} "Hanguk People in Japan").
====Mongolia====
Mongols have their own word for Korea: Солонгос (''Solongos''). The etymology of Solongos is believed to be the [[Solon language|Solon tribe]] living in Manchuria, a tribe culturally and ethnically related to the Korean people. Solon is perhaps better remembered by the Mongols due to the beloved second wife [[Kulan|Khulan]] of [[Genghis Khan]] having Solon ancestry. North and South Korea are, accordingly, Хойд Солонгос (''Hojd Solongos'') and Өмнөд Солонгос (''Ömnöd Solongos'').
====Vietnam====
In Vietnam, people call North Korea ''{{lang|vi|Triều Tiên}}'' ("Chosŏn") and South Korea ''{{lang|vi|Hàn Quốc}}'' ("Hanguk"). Prior to unification, [[North Vietnam]] used ''{{lang|vi|Bắc Triều Tiên}}'' (Bukchosŏn) and ''{{lang|vi|Nam Triều Tiên}}'' (Namjosŏn) while [[South Vietnam]] used ''{{lang|vi|Bắc Hàn}}'' (Bukhan) and ''{{lang|vi|Nam Hàn}}'' (Namhan) for North and South Korea, respectively. After unification, the northern Vietnamese terminology persisted until the 1990s. When South Korea reestablished diplomatic relations with Vietnam in 1993, it requested that Vietnam use the name that it uses for itself, and ''{{lang|vi|Hàn Quốc}}'' gradually replaced ''{{lang|vi|Nam Triều Tiên}}'' in usage.
====Tibet====
Tibetans use the name ཁྲའོ་ཤན་ (''Khra'o shan'') for Korea, derived from the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation, ''Cháoxiǎn''.
===Outside East Asia===
====English usage====
Both South and North Korea use the name "Korea" when referring to their countries in English.
As with other European languages, English historically had a variety of names for Korea derived from Marco Polo's rendering of ''Goryeo'', "Cauli" (see [[#Revival of the names|Revival of the names]] above).<ref name="UDN"/> These included Caule, Core, Cory, Caoli, and Corai as well as two spellings that survived into the 19th century, Corea and Korea.<ref name="UDN"/> (The modern spelling, "Korea," first appeared in late 17th century in the travel writings of the [[Dutch East India Company]]'s [[Hendrick Hamel]].<ref name="UDN"/>)
Because of the coexistence of the spellings "Corea" and "Korea" in the 19th century English publications,<ref>[http://kr.news.yahoo.com/bestclick/shellview.html?articleid=2005020606100314901&category=cu&date=20050206&rank=6]</ref> some Koreans believe Japan, around the time of the [[Korea under Japanese rule|Japanese occupation]], intentionally standardized the spelling on "Korea," so that "Japan" would appear first alphabetically.<ref name="Boston Globe">Barbara Demick. [http://www.boston.com/news/world/asia/articles/2003/09/18/breaking_the_occupation_spell/ "Breaking the occupation spell: Some Koreans see putdown in letter change in name."] ''[[Boston Globe]]''. [[18 September]] 2003. Retrieved [[5 July]] 2008.</ref> Both major English-speaking governments of the time (i.e. the [[United States]] and the [[United Kingdom]] and its [[British Empire|Empire]]) used both "Korea" and "Corea" until the early part of the Japanese occupation.<ref name="Corea">[http://kushibo.blogspot.com/2005/05/korea-versus-corea.html "Korea versus Corea"] [[14 May]] 2005. Retrieved [[5 July]] 2008.</ref><ref>[[http://photos1.blogger.com/img/244/3976/1024/_Corea_palanquin_postcard.jpg Korea from around 1913 using the spelling "Corean"]</ref> "English books and maps published through the 19th century generally spelled the country's name as Corea, as did the British government in laying the cornerstone of its embassy in Seoul in 1890 with the name "Corea." However, U.S. [[Minister (diplomacy)|minister]] and [[consul general]] to Korea, [[Horace Newton Allen]], used "Korea" in his works published on the country<ref>[[Horace Newton Allen|H.N. Allen, M.D.]] [http://books.google.com/books?id=DgeQVx0KS_sC&pg=PP11 ''Korean Tales: Being a Collection of Stories Translated from the Korean Folk Lore'']. New York: [[G. P. Putnam's Sons]], 1889.</ref> and American usage began to also see "Korea."<ref name="UDN"/>
A shift can also be seen in Korea itself where postage stamps issued in 1884 used the name "Corean Post" in English but those from 1885 and thereafter used "Korea" or "Korean Post."<ref>[http://www.pennfamily.org/KSS-USA/kss-korbase.html KSS-Korbase's Korean Stamp Issuance Schedules]</ref>
<gallery caption="Names of Korea on 19th century Korean stamps" widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="3">
Image:Korea 1884 stamp - 10 mun.jpg|1884 stamp reading "Corean Post"
Image:Korea 1885 stamp - 25 poon (bun).jpg|1885 stamp reading "Korea"
Image:Korea 1900 stamp - 2 ri.jpg|1900 stamp reading "Imperial Korean Post"
</gallery>
By the first two decades of the 20th century, "Korea" began to be seen more frequently than "Corea" - a change that coincided with Japan's consolidation of its grip over the peninsula." Most evidence of a deliberate name change orchestrated by Japanese authorities is circumstantial, including a 1912 memoir by a Japanese colonial official that complained of the Koreans' tendency "to maintain they are an independent country by insisting on using a C to write their country's name."<ref name="Boston Globe"/> However, the spelling "Corea" was occasionally used even under full Japanese colonial rule and both it and "Korea" were largely eschewed in favour of the Japanese-derived "Chosen."<ref name="Corea"/>
====Other languages====
European languages use variations of the name "Korea" for both North and South Korea. In general, [[Romance languages]] spell it "Corea" (or variations) since "c" represents the /k/ sound in most Romance orthographies. Likewise, most [[Celtic languages]] also use "c." However, [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] and [[Slavic languages]] largely use variants of "Korea" since, in many of these languages, "c" represents other sounds such as /ts/.
In languages using other alphabets such as [[Russian language|Russian]] ([[Cyrillic]]), variations phonetically similar to "Korea" are also used.
Outside of Europe, most languages also use variants of "Korea," often adopted to local orthographies.
Examples of major language versions using the Latin alphabet include:
*Korea — [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], [[German language|German]], [[Swahili language|Swahili]], [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Malay language|Malay]], [[Czech language|Czech]], [[Swedish language|Swedish]]
*Corea — [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Italian language|Italian]]
*Corée — [[French language|French]]
*Kore — [[Turkish language|Turkish]]
*Coreea — [[Romanian language|Romanian]]
Examples of major language versions using other alphabets include:
*Корея (''Koreja'') — [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]
*كوريا (''Kūrīyā'') — [[Arabic language|Arabic]]
*कोरिया (''Koriyā'') — [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
*كوريا (''Kōriyā'') — [[Urdu language|Urdu]], [[Persian language|Persian]]
*কোরিয়া (''Koriyā'') — [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
*เกาหลี (''Kaohlī'') — [[Thai language|Thai]]
*ကုိရီးယား (''Korìyà'') — [[Burmese language|Burmese]]
*கொரியா (''Koriyā'') — [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
*ኮርያ (''Korya'') — [[Amharic language|Amharic]]
*Κορέα (''Koréa'') — [[Greek language|Greek]]
===Koreans abroad===
Where large immigrant populations were established outside of Korea before its division, the communities tend to maintain the identity of the former Korean nation, without associating with either the North or South Korean governments.{{Fact|date=April 2007}}
Subjects of former Goryeo who moved to [[Russia]]n and [[Central Asia]] call themselves ''[[Goryeoin]]'' ({{lang|ko-Hang|고려인}}; {{lang|ko-Hant|高麗人}}; literally "person or people of Goryeo"), or ''корейцы'' in [[Russian language|Russian]]. Many Goryeoin are living in the [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]], including an estimated 106,852 in [[Russia]], 22,000 in [[Uzbekistan]], 20,000 in [[Kyrgyzstan]], 17,460 in [[Kazakhstan]], 8,669 in the [[Ukraine]], 2,000 in [[Belarus]], 350 in [[Moldova]], 250 in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], 100 in [[Azerbaijan]], and 30 in [[Armenia]].<ref>''Commonwealth of Independent States Report'', 1996.</ref>
Koreans living in the United States will refer to themselves as [[jaemi gyopo]] ({{lang|ko-Hang|재미교포}};{{lang|ko-Hant|在美僑胞}}, or "temporary residents in America"), or sometimes simply "gyopo" for short.
==Sobriquets for Korea==
In traditional Korean culture, as well as in the cultural tradition of East Asia, the land of Korea has assumed a number of [[sobriquet]]s over the centuries, including:
[[Asadal]] 阿斯達, apparently an ancient Chinese term for [[Joseon]]<br />
Baegui minjok 白衣民族, "The white-clad people"<br />
Cheonggu 靑丘, or "Blue Hills"<br />
Daedong 大東, "Great East"<br />
Dongto 東土, "Eastern Land"<br />
[[Dongyi|Dong-i]] 東夷, or "Eastern Foreigners"<br />
Geumsu gangsan 錦繡江山, "Land of Embroidered (or Splendid) Rivers and Mountains"<br />
Gunja jiguk 君子之國, "Country of Scholarly Gentlemen"<br />
[[Gyerim]] 鷄林, "Cock Forest", in reference to an early name for [[Silla]]<br />
Haedong 海東, "East of the Sea" (here being the Yellow Sea separating China from Korea)<br />
Sohwa 小華, "Lesser Flower" or "Little China"
==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
*{{fnb|2}} Taro Yayama, "Japan Should Not Participate in China's 'East Asian Community' Conspiracy – Japan Should Learn From European Union Development Environment." ''[[Sankei Shimbun]]'', [[December 24]], [[2005]]
==See also==
*[[History of Korea]]
*[[Korean romanization]]
*[[Names of China]]
*[[Names of Japan]]
[[Category:History of Korea]]
[[Category:Korean culture]]
[[Category:Country name etymology|Korea]]
[[Category:Language comparison]]
[[ru:Названия Кореи]]
[[vi:Tên gọi Triều Tiên]]
[[zh:朝鲜 (称谓)]]