Namibia
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{{Infobox Country
|native_name = Republic of Namibia
|common_name = Namibia
|image_flag = Flag of Namibia.svg
|image_coat =Coat_of_arms_of_Namibia.svg
|image_map = LocationNamibia.svg
|national_motto = "Unity, Liberty, Justice"
|national_anthem = ''[[Namibia, Land of the Brave]]''
|official_languages = [[English Language|English]]<sup>1</sup>
|regional_languages = [[German language|German]], [[Afrikaans]], [[Oshiwambo]]
|demonym = Namibian
|capital = [[Windhoek]]
|latd=22 |latm=33 |latNS=S |longd=17 |longm=15 |longEW=E
|largest_city = Windhoek
|government_type = [[Republic]]
|leader_title1 = [[President of Namibia|President]]
|leader_title2 = [[Prime minister of Namibia|Prime minister]]
|leader_name1 = [[Hifikepunye Pohamba]]
|leader_name2 = [[Nahas Angula]]
|area_rank = 34th
|area_magnitude = 1 E11
|area_km2 = 825,418
|area_sq_mi = 318,696 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
|percent_water = negligible
|population_estimate =1,820,916<sup>2</sup>
|population_estimate_rank = 144th
|population_estimate_year = July 2005
|population_census = 1,820,916
|population_census_year = 2002
|population_density_km2 = 2.5
|population_density_sq_mi = 6.5 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
|population_density_rank = 225th
|GDP_PPP = $15.14 billion <!--IMF-->
|GDP_PPP_rank = 123rd
|GDP_PPP_year = 2005
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $7,478
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 77th
|sovereignty_type = [[Independence]]
|sovereignty_note = from [[South Africa]]
|established_event1 = Date
|established_date1 = [[March 21]] [[1990]]
|HDI = {{increase}} 0.650
|HDI_rank = 125th
|HDI_year = 2007
|HDI_category = <font color="#ffcc00">medium</font>
|currency = [[Namibian dollar]]
|currency_code = NAD
|country_code =
|time_zone = [[West Africa Time|WAT]]
|utc_offset = +1
|time_zone_DST = [[West Africa Summer Time|WAST]]
|utc_offset_DST = +2
|cctld = [[.na]]
|calling_code = 264
|Gini = 70.7 [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/wa.html]
|Gini_rank = 1st
|Gini_year = 2003
|Gini_category = <font color="#800000">high</font>
|footnotes = <sup>1</sup> [[German language|German]] and [[Afrikaans]] were official languages until independence in [[1990]]. The majority of the population speaks Afrikaans as a [[second language]], while [[Oshiwambo]] is the [[first language]] of approximately half the population. German is spoken by 32% of the European community whereas English is only spoken by 7%.<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/wa.html#People Namibia]<cite>CIA World Fact Book</cite>.</ref> Estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected.
}}
'''Namibia''', officially the '''Republic of Namibia''', is a country in [[southern Africa]] on the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] coast. It shares borders with [[Angola]] and [[Zambia]] to the north, [[Botswana]] to the east, and [[South Africa]] to the south. It gained independence from South Africa in [[1990]] and its capital city is [[Windhoek]] ({{lang-de|Windhuk}}). Namibia is a member state of the [[United Nations]] (UN), the [[Southern African Development Community]] (SADC), the [[African Union]] (AU), and the [[Commonwealth of Nations]]. It is named after the [[Namib Desert]].
==History==
{{main|History of Namibia}}
The dry lands of Namibia were inhabited since early times by [[Bushmen]], [[Damara (people)|Damara]], [[Namaqua]], and since about the 14th century AD, by immigrating [[Bantu]] who came with the [[Bantu expansion]]. The region was not extensively explored by [[Europe]]ans until the [[19th century]]. Namibia became a [[Germany|German]] colony and was known as [[German South-West Africa|German South-West Africa]] (''Deutsch-Südwestafrika''<ref>{{cite web|title=German South West Africa|publisher=''Encyclopædia Britannica''|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9036573/German-South-West-Africa|accessdate=2008-04-15}}</ref>) — apart from [[Walvis Bay]], which was under [[United Kingdom|British]] control. [[South Africa]] [[South West Africa|occupied the colony]] during [[World War I]] and administered it as a [[League of Nations]] [[mandate territory]] until after [[World War II]], when it unilaterally annexed the territory, without international recognition.
In 1966, the [[South-West Africa People's Organisation]] (SWAPO) military wing, [[People's Liberation Army of Namibia]], a [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]] group launched a [[Namibian War of Independence|war of independence]], but it was not until 1988 that South Africa agreed to end its administration of Namibia, in accordance with a [[United Nations]] peace plan for the entire region. Independence came in 1990, and [[Walvis Bay]] was ceded to Namibia in 1994 upon the end of [[Apartheid in South Africa]].
== Regions and constituencies ==
{{main|Regions of Namibia|Constituencies of Namibia}}
Namibia is divided into 13 [[regions]] and subdivided into 102 constituencies.
{{Regions of Namibia Labelled Map|float=left}}
==Geography==
[[Image:NamibiaDetailFinal.jpg|thumb|left|300px|A detailed map of Namibia, based on radar images from [[The Map Library]].]]
[[Image:Sossusvlei oPEYRE.jpg|thumb|220px|right|[[Dune]] in Namibia.]]
[[Image:SAC Namibia-desert-1.jpg|thumb|220px|right|[[Namib Desert]].]]
[[Image:SAC Namibia-petroglyph.jpg|thumb|right|220px|[[Petroglyph]]s near [[Twyfelfontein]].]]
[[Image:SAC Namibia-cactus.jpg|thumb|right|Fish River Canyon.|220px]]
[[Image:SAC Namibia-bushveld.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Quivertree forest.]]
[[Image:Roter Kamm crater x2.jpg|thumb|right|220px|[[Roter Kamm]] crater, in the Namib Desert ([[Landsat]] image)]]
{{main|Geography of Namibia|Towns in Namibia}}
At {{convert|825.418|km2|sqmi|1|lk=on|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Rank Order - Area|publisher=CIA World Fact Book|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html|accessdate=2008-04-12}}</ref>, Namibia is the world's thirty-fourth largest country (after [[Venezuela]]). After [[Mongolia]], Namibia is the least densely populated country in the world ({{convert|2.5|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi|1}}).
The Namibian landscape consists generally of five geographical areas, each with characteristic abiotic conditions and vegetation with some variation within and overlap between them: the Central Plateau, the [[Namib Desert]], the [[Escarpment]], the [[Bushveld]], and the [[Kalahari Desert]]. Although the climate is generally extremely dry, there are a few exceptions. The cold, north-flowing [[Benguela current]] accounts for some of the low precipitation.
The Central Plateau runs from north to south, bordered by the [[Skeleton Coast]] to the north west, the [[Namib Desert]] and its coastal plains to the south west, the [[Orange River]] to the south, and the [[Kalahari Desert]] to the east. The Central Plateau is home to the highest point in Namibia at [[Königstein, Namibia|Königstein]] elevation {{convert|2606|m|ft|0|lk=on|sp=us}}.<ref name="elevation">[http://landsat.usgs.gov/gallery/detail/367/ landsat.usgs.gov]</ref> Within the wide, flat Central Plateau is the majority of Namibia’s population and economic activity. [[Windhoek]], the nation’s capital, is located here, as well as most of the arable land. Although arable land accounts for only 1% of Namibia, nearly half of the population is employed in agriculture.<ref name="World Almanac 2004">World Almanac. 2004.</ref>
The abiotic conditions here are similar to those found along the Escarpment, described below; however the topographic complexity is reduced. Summer temperatures in the area can reach 40°C during the summer, and in the winter, frosts are common.
The [[Namib Desert]] is a broad expanse of hyper-arid gravel plains and dunes that stretches along the entire coastline, which varies in width between 100 to many hundreds of kilometres. Areas within the Namib include the [[Skeleton Coast]] and the [[Kaokoveld]] in the north and the extensive Namib Sand Sea along the central coast.<ref name="Spriggs, A. 2001.(AT1315)">Spriggs, A. 2001.(AT1315)</ref> The sands that make up the sand sea are a consequence of erosional processes that take place within the [[Orange River]] valley and areas further to the south. As sand-laden waters drop their suspended loads into the [[Atlantic]], onshore currents deposit them along the shore. The prevailing south west winds then pick up and redeposit the sand in the form of massive dunes in the widespread sand sea. In areas where the supply of sand is reduced because of the inability of the sand to cross riverbeds, the winds also scour the land to form large gravel plains. In many areas within the [[Namib Desert]], there is little vegetation with the exception of lichens found in the gravel plains, and in dry river beds where plants can access subterranean water.
[[Image:SAC Namibia-escarpment2.jpg|thumb|Namibian Escarpment.]]
The Great [[Escarpment]] swiftly rises to over {{convert|2000|m|ft|0|sp=us}}. Average temperatures and temperature ranges increase as you move further inland from the cold [[Atlantic]] waters, while the lingering coastal fogs slowly diminish. Although the area is rocky with poorly developed soils, it is nonetheless significantly more productive than the [[Namib Desert]]. As summer winds are forced over the [[Escarpment]], moisture is extracted as precipitation.<ref name="Spriggs, A. 2001.(AT1316)">Spriggs, A. 2001.(AT1316)</ref> The water, along with rapidly changing topography, is responsible for the creation of microhabitats which offer a wide range of organisms, many of them endemic. Vegetation along the [[Escarpment]] varies in both form and density, with community structure ranging from dense woodlands to more shrubby areas with scattered trees. A number of [[Acacia]] species are found here, as well as grasses and other shrubby vegetation.
The [[Bushveld]] is found in north eastern Namibia along the [[Angola]]n border and in the [[Caprivi Strip]] which is the vestige of a narrow corridor demarcated for the [[German Empire]] to access the [[Zambezi River]]. The area receives a significantly greater amount of precipitation than the rest of the county, averaging around 400 millimetres per year. Temperatures are also cooler and more moderate, with approximate seasonal variations of between {{convert|10|°C|°F|sigfig=2}} and {{convert|30|°C|°F|sigfig=2}}. The area is generally flat and the soils sandy, limiting their ability to retain water.<ref name="Cowling, S. 2001">Cowling, S. 2001.</ref> Located adjacent to the [[Bushveld]] in north-central Namibia is one of nature’s most spectacular features: the [[Etosha Pan]]. For most of the year it is a dry, saline wasteland, but during the wet season, it forms a shallow lake covering more than 6000 square kilometres. The area is ecologically important and vital to the huge numbers of birds and animals from the surrounding [[savannah]] that gather in the region as summer drought forces them to the scattered waterholes that ring the pan.
The [[Kalahari Desert]] is perhaps Namibia’s best known geographical feature. Shared with [[South Africa]] and [[Botswana]], it has a variety of localized environments ranging from hyper-arid sandy desert, to areas that seem to defy the common definition of desert. One of these areas, known as the [[Succulent Karoo]], is home to over 5,000 species of plants, nearly half of them endemic; fully one third of the world’s succulents are found in the Karoo.
[[Image:SAC Namibia-sunset.jpg|thumb|left|Namibian [[sunset]].]]
The reason behind this high productivity and endemism may be the relatively stable nature of precipitation<ref name="Spriggs, A. 2001.(AT0709)">Spriggs, A. 2001.(AT0709)</ref>The Karoo apparently does not experience drought on a regular basis, so even though the area is technically desert, regular winter rains provide enough moisture to support the region’s interesting plant community. Another feature of the [[Kalahari]], indeed many parts of Namibia, are Inselbergs, isolated mountains that create microclimates and habitat for organisms not adapted to life in the surrounding desert matrix.
Besides the capital city Windhoek in the centre of the country, other important towns are the ports of [[Walvis Bay]] and [[Swakopmund]], as well as [[Oshakati]] and [[Grootfontein]].
==Economy==
{{main|Economy of Namibia}}
Namibia’s economy consists primarily of mining and manufacturing which represent 8% of the [[Gross Domestic Product]] (GDP) respectively<ref>CIA World Factbook 2008, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/wa.html#Econ</ref>. Namibia has a 30-40% unemployment rate and recently passed a 2004 labour act to protect people from job discrimination stemming from pregnancy and HIV/AIDS status. Namibia’s economy is tied closely to [[South Africa]]’s due to their shared history.<ref name="Intelligence1">(United States Central Intelligence Agency, 2007)</ref><ref name="Department1">(United States State Department, 2007)</ref> The Central Plateau serves as a transportation corridor from the more densely populated north to [[South Africa]], the source of four-fifths of Namibia’s imports.<ref name="World Almanac 2004">World Almanac. 2004.</ref> Namibia is the fourth largest exporter of non-fuel minerals in [[Africa]] and the world's fifth largest producer of [[uranium]]. There has been significant investment in uranium mining and Namibia is set to become the largest exporter of uranium by 2015. Rich alluvial [[diamond]] deposits make Namibia a primary source for gem-quality diamonds. Namibia also produces large quantities of [[lead]], [[zinc]], [[tin]], [[silver]], and [[tungsten]]. About half of the population depends on [[agriculture]] (largely [[subsistence agriculture]]) for its livelihood, but Namibia must still import some of its food. Although per capita GDP is five times the per capita GDP of Africa's poorest countries, the majority of Namibia's people live in rural areas and exist on a subsistence way of life. Namibia has one of the [[List of countries by income equality|highest rates of income inequality]] in the world, due in part to the fact that there is an urban economy and a more rural cash-less economy. The inequality figures thus take into account people who do not actually rely on the formal economy for their survival. Agreement has been reached on the [[privatisation]] of several more enterprises in coming years, with hopes that this will stimulate much needed foreign investment. However, reinvestment of environmentally derived capital has hobbled Namibian per capita income.<ref>(Lange, 2004)</ref> One of the fastest growing areas of economic development in Namibia is the growth of [[Communal Wildlife Conservancies in Namibia|wildlife conservancies]]. These conservancies are particularly important to the rural generally unemployed population.
[[Child labour]] occurs in Namibia, and key stakeholders including government ministries endorsed the Action Programme towards the Elimination of Child Labour in January 2008.<ref>[http://www.child-labour.org.za/newsroom/news/policy-areas-and-themes/national-plans/namibia-apec Namibia endorses national child labour plan - The Namibian (Nam), 1 Feb 08 — TECL<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
''For more information on this subject, see [[Child labour in Namibia]]''
==Tourism==
[[Image:Windhoek-Skyline.jpg|thumb|left|Windhoek skyline.]]
{{main|Tourism in Namibia}}
Namibia generally attracts [[ecotourism|eco-tourists]] with the majority visiting to experience the different climates and natural geographical landscapes such as the great eastern desert and plains. There are many lodges and reserves to accommodate eco-tourists.
The most visited regions include, although are not limited to, the Sossosvlei, Etosha Park and the coastal activity areas of Swakopmund and Walvis Bay.
== Language ==
Until [[1990]],the official languages were [[German language |German]], [[Afrikaans]] and [[English language|English]].
When Namibia became independent of South Africa, the new Namibian government wanted to avoid accusations of preferential treatment for either the Afrikaans- or the German-speaking groups. Therefore, English became the sole official language of Namibia. German, Afrikaans and Oshiwambo became recognised regional languages.
German is the native language of 30,000 Germans living in Namibia. It is also spoken as a second language by a large group of the white population. A part of the black population also speak German as a second language, although it is used primarily for trading purposes.
== Politics ==
{{main|Politics of Namibia}}
The politics of Namibia takes place in a framework of a [[presidential system|presidential]] [[representative democracy|representative democratic]] [[republic]], whereby the [[President of Namibia]] is elected to a five year term and is both the [[head of state]] and the [[head of government]], and of a [[multi-party system]]. [[Executive power]] is exercised by the government. [[Legislative power]] is vested in both the [[government]] and the [[bicameral]] [[Parliament of Namibia|Parliament]], the [[National Assembly of Namibia|National Assembly]] and the [[National Council of Namibia|National Council]]. The [[Judiciary]] is independent of the executive and the legislature.<ref name="Intelligence1"/><ref name="Department1"/>
== Communal Wildlife Conservancies ==
{{main|Communal Wildlife Conservancies in Namibia}}
Namibia is the only country in the world to specifically address [[Wildlife conservation|conservation]] and protection of [[natural resources]] in its [[constitution]].<ref name="Stefanova">(Stefanova 2005)</ref> Article 95 states, “The State shall actively promote and maintain the welfare of the people by adopting international policies aimed at the following: maintenance of [[ecology|ecosystems]], essential ecological processes, and biological diversity of Namibia, and utilization of living natural resources on a sustainable basis for the benefit of all Namibians, both present and future.”<ref name="Stefanova"/>
In 1993, the newly formed government of Namibia received funding from the [[United States Agency for International Development]] (USAID) through its Living in a Finite Environment (LIFE) Project.<ref>(Community Based Natural Resource Management, date unknown)</ref> The Ministry of Environment and Tourism with the financial support from organizations such as USAID, [[Endangered Wildlife Trust]], [[World Wide Fund for Nature|WWF]], and Canadian Ambassador’s Fund, together form a Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) support structure. The main goal of this project is promote sustainable natural resource management by giving local communities rights to wildlife management and tourism.<ref>(UNEP et al. 2005)</ref>
Namibia is home to the African bull snake
==Sports==
The most popular sport in Namibia is [[association football]] ([[soccer]]). [[Rugby union]] and [[cricket]] are also popular. Namibia were participants in the [[1999 Rugby World Cup|1999]], [[2003 Rugby World Cup|2003]] and [[2007 Rugby World Cup|2007]] [[Rugby World Cup]]s. They also played in the [[2003 Cricket World Cup]]. [[Inline Hockey]] was first played in 1995 and has also become more and more popular in the last years. The Women's [[Inline Hockey]] National Team participated in the 2008 [[FIRS]] World Championships.
==Demographics==
[[Image:Herero women.jpg|thumb|180px|right|A group of Herero women, Windhoek, Namibia]]
[[Image:Himba women.jpg|thumb|right|180px|A group of Himba women, near Opuwo, Namibia]]
[[Image:Himba girl oPEYRE.jpg|thumb|right|180px|A Himba teenager, north of Opuwo, Namibia]]
{{main|Demographics of Namibia}}
Among the sovereign countries with the [[List of countries by population density|lowest population density]], Namibia lies in second place, after [[Mongolia]]. The majority of the Namibian population is [[Black people|Black African]] — mostly of the [[Ovambo]] ethnicity, which forms about half of the population — and concentrated in the north of the country. There are also the [[Herero]] and [[Himba]] people who speak a similar language. In addition to the [[Bantu]] majority, there are large groups of [[Khoisan]] (e.g. [[Nama language|Nama]] and [[Bushmen]]), who are descendants of the original inhabitants of Southern Africa. Khoisan differ significantly in appearance from both [[Bantu]] and [[White African]]s. Blacks of other Bantu descent are descendants of refugees from [[Angola]]. There are also two smaller groups of people with mixed racial origins, called "[[Coloureds]]" and "[[Basters]]", who together make up 6,5% (with the Coloureds outnumbering the Basters two to one). Whites of [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]], [[Dutch people|Dutch]], [[German People|German]], [[United Kingdom|British]] and [[French people|French]] ancestry make up about 6% of the population — which is the second largest proportion and number in sub-Saharan Africa, after [[South Africa]]. Most of Namibian whites and nearly all those of mixed race are [[Afrikaans]] speakers and share similar origins, culture, religion and genealogy as the white and coloured populations of neighbouring South Africa. A smaller proportion of whites (around 25,000) trace their family origins directly back to [[Germany|German]] settlers and maintain German cultural and educational institutions. Nearly all [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] are miners and settlers from their former colony of [[Angola]]{{Fact|date=February 2007}}.
Half of all Namibians speak [[Owambo|Oshiwambo]] as their first language, whereas the most widely understood languages are [[Afrikaans]] and [[German language|German]]. Among the younger generation, the most widely understood language is [[English language|English]].[[Image:NamibiaMehrsprachigkeit.jpg|thumb|left|Although its official language is English, Namibia is a multilingual country as it is illustrated on these examples in English, German, Afrikaans and Oshiwambo.]] Both [[Afrikaans]] and [[English language|English]] are used primarily as a second language reserved for public sphere communication, but small first language groups exist throughout the country. While the official language is [[English language|English]], most of the white population speaks either [[Afrikaans]] or [[German language|German]], both official languages until 1990 when Namibia became independent. [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] is spoken by blacks and whites from Angola.
==Religion==
[[Christianity]] is the major religion, with the [[Lutheran Church]] being the largest then followed by the Roman Catholic.
The government of Namibia puts the number of people who practice [[Islam in Namibia]] at about 70,000 or about 3% of the population of Namibia. <ref>http://www.nationmaster.com/country/wa-namibia/rel-religion</ref><ref
name=IOL>http://www.islamonline.net/English/News/2006-06/01/02.shtml</ref>The [[Namaqua]] ethnic group makes up the largest group in Namibia's
[[Muslim]] community.<ref name=IOL/>
== HIV / AIDS in Namibia ==
The [[AIDS]] epidemic is a very large problem in Namibia as the country's infection rate is one of the highest on the continent and it shares its eastern border with [[Botswana]] which has the second highest rate of over 24%. In 2001, there were an estimated 210,000 people living with HIV/AIDS, and the estimated death toll in 2003 was 16,000.<ref>(aidsinafrica.net, 2007)</ref> In north and central Namibia, [[malaria]] is also a pressing problem. The malaria problem seems to be compounded by the epidemic. Research has shown in Namibia, that the risk of contracting malaria is 14.5% greater if a person is also infected with HIV. The risk of death from malaria is also raised by approximately 50% with a concurrent [[HIV]] infection.<ref>(Korenromp, et al. 2005)</ref> Given infection rates this large as well as a looming malaria problem, it may be very difficult for the government to deal with both the medical and economic impacts of this epidemic.
== Foreign relations ==
{{main|Foreign relations of Namibia}}
Namibia follows a largely independent [[foreign policy]], with lingering affiliations with states that aided the independence struggle, including [[Libya]] and [[Cuba]].
With a small army and a fragile economy, the Namibian Government's principal foreign policy concern is developing strengthened ties within the [[Southern Africa]]n region. A dynamic member of the [[Southern African Development Community]], Namibia is a vocal advocate for greater regional integration.
Namibia became the 160th member of the [[United Nations]] on [[April 23]], [[1990]]. On its independence it became the fiftieth member of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]].
The [[Reporters Without Borders]]' Worldwide Press Freedom Index 2007<ref>[http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=24025 World Press Freedom Index 2007]<cite>Reporters Without Borders</cite></ref> ranks Namibia as 25th out of 169 countries, as compared with 56th out of 166 in 2003, and 31st out of 139 in 2002.
===International disputes===
Namibia is involved in several minor international disputes, including:
* Small residual disputes with [[Botswana]] along the [[Caprivi Strip]], including the [[Situngu]] marshlands and specifically [[Kasikili]] or Sedudu Island.
* A dormant dispute over where the boundaries of [[Botswana]], Namibia, [[Zambia]] and [[Zimbabwe]] converge.
* Disputes over [[Angolan]] rebels and [[refugee]]s residing in Namibia.
==Military==
{{main|Military of Namibia}}
The constitution of Namibia defined the role of the military as "''defending the territory and national interests.''" Namibia formed the [[National Defence Force]] (NDF), comprising former enemies in a 23-year bush war: the [[People's Liberation Army of Namibia]] (PLAN) and [[South West Africa]]n ''Territorial Force'' ([[SWATF]]). The British formulated the force integration plan and began training the NDF, which consists of five battalions and a small headquarters element. The [[United Nations Transitional Assistance Group]] (UNTAG)'s [[Kenya]]n infantry battalion remained in Namibia for three months after independence to assist in training the NDF and stabilize the north. According to the [[Namibian Defence Ministry]], enlistments of both men and women will number no more than 7,500. Defence and security account for approximately 3.7% of government spending.
==See also==
{{columns
|width=250px
|col1 =
* [[Communications in Namibia]]
* [[German South-West Africa]]
* [[List of Namibia-related topics]]
* [[List of Namibians]]
* [[List of cities in Namibia]]
* [[List of national parks of Namibia]]
* [[Music of Namibia]]
|col2 =
* [[Namibia Football Association]]
* [[Namibia Breweries Limited]]
* [[Namibian cricket team]]
* [[Rugby union in Namibia]]
* [[Scouts of Namibia]]
* [[Transport in Namibia]]
* [[Wildlife of Namibia]]
}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
;General references
{{refbegin|2}}
* AIDSinAfrica.net Web Publication (2007), Retrieved May 20, 2007. From http://www.aidsinafrica.net/
* Christy, S.A. (2007) Namibian Travel Photography
* Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) Programme Details (n.d.). http://www.met.gov.na/programmes/cbnrm/cbnrmHome.htm
* Cowling, S. 2001. Succulent Karoo (AT 1322) World Wildlife Fund Website: www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/at/at1322_full.html
* Korenromp, E.L., Williams, B.G., de Vlas, S.J., Gouws, E., Gilks, C.F., Ghys, P.D., Nahlen, B.L. (2005). Malaria Attributable to the HIV-1 Epidemic, Sub-Saharan Africa. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 11, 9, 1410-1419.
* Lange, Glenn-marie. Wealth, Natural Capital, and Sustainable Development: Contrasting Examples from Botswana and Namibia. Environmental & Resource Economics; Nov 2004, Vol. 29 Issue 3, pp. 257–83, 27 p.
* [http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Fritz Fritz, Jean-Claude] . La Namibie indépendante. Les coûts d'une décolonisation retardée, Paris, L'Harmattan, 1991.
*Spriggs, A. 2001. Namib Desert (AT1315) World Wildlfe Fund Website: www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/at/at1315_full.html
*Spriggs, A. 2001. Namibian Savannah Woodlands (AT1316) World Wildlfe Fund Website: www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/at/at1316_full.html
*Spriggs, A. 2001. Namibian Savannah Woodlands (AT0709) World Wildlife Fund Website: www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/at/at0709_full.html
* [http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0805/ijee/stefanova.htm Stefanova K. 2005. Protecting Namibia’s Natural Resources. EjournalUSA.]
* UNEP, UNDP, WRI, and World Bank. 2005. Nature in Local Hands: The Case for Namibia’s Conservancies. http://www.wri.org/biodiv/pubs_content_text.cfm?cid=3842
* World Almanac. 2004. World Almanac Books. New York, NY
{{refend}}
==External links==
[[Image:Welwitschia-mirabilis-female.jpg|thumb|A [[Welwitschia mirabilis]] (female) in Namibia.]]
{{sisterlinks|Namibia}}
; Government
* [http://www.grnnet.gov.na Republic of Namibia] - Namibian Governmental Portal
* [http://www.orusovo.com/namcon/ orusovo.com] Constitution of the Republic of Namibia
; News
* [http://www.namibian.com.na The Namibian] - (in English)
* [http://www.theshebeen.org The Shebeen] - English
; Social Research
* [http://www.developmentafrica.com Debie LeBeau's development research on Namibia] - (English)
; History
* [http://www.klausdierks.com/Biographies/index.html Dr Klaus Dierks' Database of Biographies of Notable Namibian Figures in History] - (English)
; Overviews
*[http://www.fco.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1007029394365&a=KCountryProfile&aid=1019744980095 UK Foreign Office's profile of Namibia]
* [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5472.htm United States State Department ''Background Note: Namibia'']
* [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/wa.html CIA World Factbook - ''Namibia'']
* [http://www.theshebeen.org/towns-cities/ Towns and Cities in Namibia] - English
; Tourism
*[http://www.namibiatourism.com.na/ Namibia Tourism Board] (official English Website)
*[http://www.wheretostayonline.com/ Namibia Travel Companion]
*[http://www.namibia4u.com/ Namibia Business Directory]
*[http://www.namibia-safari.net/Destinations.asp Namibia Destination Information]
*[http://www.namibia-safari.net/Namibia_Safaris_Accomodation.asp Namibia Accommodation]
*[http://www.kuisebonline.com/ Namibia Activities]
; Local Search Engine/Directory
*[http://www.namsearch.com/ NamSearch.com]
{{Countries of Africa}}
{{Former German colonies}}
{{South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone}}
{{Member states of the SADC}}
{{Member states of the African Union}}
{{Niger-Congo-speaking}}
{{Commonwealth of Nations}}
[[Category:Namibia| ]]
[[Category:African Union member states]]
[[Category:English-speaking countries and territories]]
[[Category:German-speaking countries]]
[[Category:Members of the Commonwealth of Nations]]
[[Category:WikiProject Namibia]]
[[af:Namibië]]
[[als:Namibia]]
[[am:ናሚቢያ]]
[[ang:Namibia]]
[[ar:ناميبيا]]
[[an:Namibia]]
[[frp:Namibie]]
[[ast:Namibia]]
[[az:Namibiya]]
[[bm:Namibia]]
[[bn:নামিবিয়া]]
[[zh-min-nan:Namibia]]
[[be:Намібія]]
[[be-x-old:Намібія]]
[[bs:Namibija]]
[[br:Namibia]]
[[bg:Намибия]]
[[ca:Namíbia]]
[[ceb:Namibia]]
[[cs:Namibie]]
[[cy:Namibia]]
[[da:Namibia]]
[[de:Namibia]]
[[et:Namiibia]]
[[el:Ναμίμπια]]
[[es:Namibia]]
[[eo:Namibio]]
[[eu:Namibia]]
[[fa:نامیبیا]]
[[fr:Namibie]]
[[fy:Namybje]]
[[ga:An Namaib]]
[[gv:Yn Nameeb]]
[[gd:Naimibia]]
[[gl:Namibia]]
[[ko:나미비아]]
[[hy:Նամիբիա]]
[[hi:नामीबिया]]
[[hsb:Namibija]]
[[hr:Namibija]]
[[io:Namibia]]
[[ilo:Namibia]]
[[bpy:নামিবিয়া]]
[[id:Namibia]]
[[ie:Namibia]]
[[os:Намиби]]
[[is:Namibía]]
[[it:Namibia]]
[[he:נמיביה]]
[[jv:Namibia]]
[[pam:Namibia]]
[[kn:ನಮೀಬಿಯ]]
[[ka:ნამიბია]]
[[ks:नमीबिया]]
[[kk:Намибия]]
[[kw:Namibi]]
[[sw:Namibia]]
[[kg:Namibia]]
[[ht:Namibi]]
[[ku:Namîbiya]]
[[la:Namibia]]
[[lv:Namībija]]
[[lb:Namibien]]
[[lt:Namibija]]
[[lij:Namibia]]
[[ln:Namibia]]
[[hu:Namíbia]]
[[mk:Намибија]]
[[ml:നമീബിയ]]
[[mr:नामिबिया]]
[[ms:Namibia]]
[[mn:Намиби]]
[[nah:Namibia]]
[[nl:Namibië]]
[[ja:ナミビア]]
[[no:Namibia]]
[[nn:Namibia]]
[[nov:Namibia]]
[[oc:Namibia]]
[[uz:Namibiya]]
[[ps:نېمبيا]]
[[pms:Namibia]]
[[nds:Namibia]]
[[pl:Namibia]]
[[pt:Namíbia]]
[[crh:Namibiya]]
[[ksh:Namibia]]
[[ro:Namibia]]
[[qu:Namibya]]
[[ru:Намибия]]
[[se:Namibia]]
[[sa:नमीबिया]]
[[tn:Namibia]]
[[sq:Namibia]]
[[scn:Namibbia]]
[[simple:Namibia]]
[[sk:Namíbia]]
[[sl:Namibija]]
[[sr:Намибија]]
[[sh:Namibija]]
[[fi:Namibia]]
[[sv:Namibia]]
[[tl:Namibia]]
[[ta:நமீபியா]]
[[th:ประเทศนามิเบีย]]
[[vi:Namibia]]
[[tg:Намибия]]
[[ve:Namibia]]
[[tr:Namibya]]
[[uk:Намібія]]
[[ur:نمیبیا]]
[[vec:Namibia]]
[[vo:Namibiyän]]
[[wo:Namibi]]
[[yo:Namibia]]
[[diq:Namibya]]
[[bat-smg:Namibėjė]]
[[zh:纳米比亚]]