Naples 55880 225889972 2008-07-15T21:47:58Z RussBot 279219 Robot-assisted fix [[WP:DPL|links to disambiguation page]] Royalist {{dablink|For other uses, see [[Naples (disambiguation)|Naples]] and [[Napoli (disambiguation)|Napoli]].}} {{coor title dms|40|50|00|N|14|15|00|E|type:city(970000)_region:IT-NA}} {{Infobox Settlement |official_name = Naples |established_title = Founded |established_date = 600 BC<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9108751/Naples|publisher=Britannica.com|title=Naples|date=[[8 January]] [[2008]]}}</ref> |nickname = |motto = |website = http://www.comune.napoli.it |image_skyline = ViewofNaplesBay.jpg |image_flag = Flag of Naples.svg |image_seal = Napoli-Stemma.png |seal_size = 85px |image_map = NaplesPosition.PNG |map_caption = Location of the city of Naples (red dot) within Italy. |mapsize = 215px |subdivision_type = [[Regions of Italy|Region]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Italy|Province]] |subdivision_name = [[Campania]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Province of Naples]] |leader_title = [[Mayor]] |leader_name = [[Rosa Russo Jervolino]] |area_magnitude = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_total_km2 = 117 |population_footnotes = |population_as_of = January 2007 |population_total = 975,139 ([[Largest 100 Cities of Italy by Population|3<sup>rd</sup>]]) |population_urban = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |population_metro = 3082756 |population_density_km2 = 8334.5 |population_density_sq_mi = |timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]] |utc_offset = +1 |timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] |utc_offset_DST = +2 |latd=40 |latm=50 |lats= |latNS=N |longd=14 |longm=15 |longs= |longEW=E |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = |postal_code_type = Postal codes |postal_code = 80100 |area_code = 081 |blank_name = Patron saints |blank_info = [[Januarius|Saint Januarius]] |footnotes = }} '''Naples''' ({{lang-it|'''Napoli'''}}, [[Neapolitan language|Neapolitan]]: '''''Nàpule''''') is a historic [[city]] in [[southern Italy|southern]] [[Italy]], the [[capital]] of the [[Campania]] region and the [[province of Naples]]. The city is noted for its rich history, [[art]], [[culture]] and [[gastronomy]], playing an important role throughout much of its existence; it is over 2,500 years old. Naples is located halfway between two volcanic areas, the volcano [[Mount Vesuvius]] and the [[Campi Flegrei|Phlegraean Fields]], sitting on the coast by the [[Gulf of Naples]]. Founded by the [[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greeks]] as ''[[Neapolis]]'', meaning ''New City'', it held an important role in ''[[Magna Graecia]]'' and then as part of the [[Roman Republic]] in the central province of the [[Roman Empire|Empire]]. Naples was the capital city of a kingdom which bore its name from 1282 until 1816 in the form of the [[Kingdom of Naples]], then in union with [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicily]] it was the capital of the [[Two Sicilies]] until the [[Italian unification]]. In the modern day, the historic centre of the city is listed by [[UNESCO]] as a [[World Heritage Site]]. The [[Largest European metropolitan areas|metropolitan area]] of Naples is the second most populated in [[Italy]] and one of the largest in all of [[Europe]] with around 3.8 million people. In the central area, the city itself has a population of around 1 million people, the inhabitants are known as ''Neapolitans'' or poetically ''[[partenope]]i''. The language spoken by its inhabitants, the [[Neapolitan language]] is spoken with similar variations throughout most of [[Southern Italy]]. The city is synonymous with [[pizza]], due to the food originating in it. A strong part of Neapolitan culture which has had wide reaching effects is [[music of Naples|music]], including the invention of the [[romantic guitar]] and the [[mandolin]] as well as strong contributions to [[opera]] and [[Canzone Napoletana|folk standards]]. There are popular characters and figures who have come to symbolise Naples; these include the [[patron saint]] of the city [[Januarius]], [[Pulcinella]], and the [[Sirens]] from the epic Greek poem the ''[[Odyssey]]''. ==History== {{main|History of Naples}} ===Greek birth, Roman acquisition=== {{main|Magna Graecia|Ancient Rome}} [[Image:Odysseus-Sirens.jpg|left|thumb|195px|right|Scene featuring [[Parthenope]], a [[siren]] and [[Greek mythology|mythological]] founder of Naples.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://chabadnapoli.com/travel.aspx|publisher=Chadab Napoli|title=Center of Naples, Italy|date=[[24 June]] 2007}}</ref>]] The history of the city can be traced back to the [[7th century BC]] when inhabitants of the nearby Greek colony [[Cumae]] founded a city called ''[[Parthenope]]''; Cumae itself had been founded by people from [[Euboea]], [[Greece]].<ref name="greeknaples">{{cite news|url=http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/Greek_Naples.html|publisher=Faculty.ed.umuc.edu|title=Greek Naples|date=[[8 January]] [[2008]]}}</ref> The exact reasons for doing so are not known for certain, but the Cumaeans built ''[[Neapolis]]'' (meaning New City) next to the old Parthenope. Around this time they had held off invasion attempts from the [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscans]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.archeona.arti.beniculturali.it/sanc_en/napoli.html|publisher=Archeona.arti.beniculturali.it|title=Napoli (Neapolis)|date=[[8 January]] [[2008]]}}</ref> The new city grew thanks to the influence of powerful Greek [[city-state]] [[Syracuse, Sicily|Siracusa]] and at some point the new and old cities on the [[Gulf of Naples]] merged together to become one.<ref name="greeknaples">{{cite news|url=http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/Greek_Naples.html|publisher=Faculty.ed.umuc.edu|title=Greek Naples|date=[[8 January]] [[2008]]}}</ref> The city became an ally of the [[Roman Republic]] against [[Carthage]]; the strong walls surrounding Neapolis stopped invader [[Hannibal]] from entering.<ref name="rome">{{cite news|url=http://naples.rome-in-italy.com/history_naples_1.html|publisher=Naples.Rome-in-Italy.com|title=Antic Naples|date=[[8 January]] [[2008]]}}</ref> During the [[Samnite Wars]], the city, now a bustling centre of trade, was [[Capture of Neapolis|captured]] by the [[Samnium|Samnites]]; however, the Romans soon took it from them and made Neapolis a [[Roman colony]].<ref name="rome">{{cite news|url=http://naples.rome-in-italy.com/history_naples_1.html|publisher=Naples.Rome-in-Italy.com|title=Antic Naples|date=[[8 January]] [[2008]]}}</ref> The city was greatly respected by the Romans as a place of [[Hellenistic civilization|Hellenistic culture]]: the people maintained their [[Greek language]] and customs; elegant [[villas]], [[aqueduct]]s, [[Thermae|public baths]], an [[odeon]], a [[theatre]] and the [[Dioscures|Temple of Dioscures]] were built, and many powerful emperors chose to holiday in the city including [[Claudius]] and [[Tiberius]].<ref name="rome">{{cite news|url=http://naples.rome-in-italy.com/history_naples_1.html|publisher=Naples.Rome-in-Italy.com|title=Antic Naples|date=[[8 January]] [[2008]]}}</ref> It was during this period that [[Christianity]] came to Naples; [[apostles]] [[Saint Peter|St. Peter]] and [[Saint Paul|St. Paul]] are said to have preached in the city. Also, [[Januarius|St. Januarius]], who would become Naples' [[patron saint]], was martyred there.<ref name="catholi">{{ws|"[[s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Naples|Naples]]" in the 1913 ''Catholic Encyclopedia''}}.</ref> ===Duchy of Naples=== {{main|Byzantine Empire|Duchy of Naples|List of Dukes of Naples}} [[Image:Mons Lactarius.jpg|thumb|right|180px|[[Battle of Mons Lactarius|Gothic War]] on [[Vesuvius]].]] Following the decline of the [[Western Roman Empire]], Naples was captured by the [[Ostrogoths]], a [[East Germanic tribes|Germanic people]], and incorporated into the [[Ostrogothic Kingdom]].<ref name="ostrogoths">{{cite book | last = Wolfram | first = Herwig| title =The Roman Empire and Its Germanic Peoples| publisher = University of California Press | url =http://books.google.com/books?id=F33naMdrcs8C&pg=PA238&dq=mons+lactarius+naples&sig=1a6noOFIVNfvO_3vVYIKYPUWGTo | isbn = 978-0520085114}}</ref> However, [[Belisarius]] of the [[Byzantine Empire]] (also known as the Eastern Roman Empire) took the city back in 536, after famously entering the city via the [[aqueduct]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://historymedren.about.com/od/bentries/a/11_belisarius.htm|publisher=About.com|title=Belisarius - Famous Byzantine General|date=[[8 January]] [[2008]]}}</ref> The [[Gothic War (535–552)|Gothic Wars]] waged on, and [[Totila]] briefly took the city for the Ostrogoths in 543, before, finally, the [[Battle of Mons Lactarius]] on the slopes of [[Vesuvius]] decided Byzantine rule.<ref name="ostrogoths">{{cite book | last = Wolfram | first = Herwig| title =The Roman Empire and Its Germanic Peoples| publisher = University of California Press | url =http://books.google.com/books?id=F33naMdrcs8C&pg=PA238&dq=mons+lactarius+naples&sig=1a6noOFIVNfvO_3vVYIKYPUWGTo | isbn = 978-0520085114}}</ref> Naples was expected to keep in contact with the [[Exarchate of Ravenna]], which was the centre of Byzantine power on the [[Italian peninsula]].<ref name="byz">{{cite book | last = Kleinhenz | first = Christopher | title =Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia| publisher = Routledge| url =http://books.google.com/books?id=2SBRqpIVtEUC&pg=PA755&lpg=PA755&dq=duchy+of+naples&source=web&ots=KbjJ93K_lo&sig=J2agMnJJ_Kxn_RJS-tTjKCaJQ6A | isbn = 978-0415221269}}</ref> After the [[exarchate]] fell a [[Duchy of Naples]] was created; though Naples continued with its [[Greco-Roman]] culture, it eventually switched allegiance under Duke [[Stephen II of Naples|Stephen II]] to [[Rome]] rather than [[Constantinople]], putting it under [[papal]] [[suzerainty]] by 763.<ref name="byz">{{cite book | last = Kleinhenz | first = Christopher | title =Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia| publisher = Routledge| url =http://books.google.com/books?id=2SBRqpIVtEUC&pg=PA755&lpg=PA755&dq=duchy+of+naples&source=web&ots=KbjJ93K_lo&sig=J2agMnJJ_Kxn_RJS-tTjKCaJQ6A | isbn = 978-0415939294}}</ref> [[Image:Kaiser Heinrich II. läßt Fürst Pandulf IV. von Capua gefangensetzen.jpg|thumb|left|120px|[[Pandulf IV of Capua|Pandulf IV]] <small>(right)</small>.]] The years between 818 and 832 were a particularly confusing period in regard to Naples' relation with the [[Byzantine Emperor]], with feuding between local pretenders to the ducal throne.<ref name="duchy">{{cite book | last = McKitterick | first = Rosamond |authorlink = Rosamond McKitterick| title =The New Cambridge Medieval History| publisher = Cambridge University Press| url =http://books.google.com/books?id=2SBRqpIVtEUC&pg=PA755&lpg=PA755&dq=duchy+of+naples&source=web&ots=KbjJ93K_lo&sig=J2agMnJJ_Kxn_RJS-tTjKCaJQ6A | isbn = 978-0521853606}}</ref> [[Theoctistus of Naples|Theoctistus]] was appointed without imperial approval; this was later revoked and [[List of Dukes of Naples|Theodore II]] took his place. However, the general populance chased him from the city and instead elected [[Stephen III of Naples|Stephen III]], a man who minted coins with his own initials not that of the Byzantine Emperor. Naples gained complete independence by 840.<ref name="duchy">{{cite book | last = McKitterick | first = Rosamond |authorlink = Rosamond McKitterick| title =The New Cambridge Medieval History| publisher = Cambridge University Press| url =http://books.google.com/books?id=2SBRqpIVtEUC&pg=PA755&lpg=PA755&dq=duchy+of+naples&source=web&ots=KbjJ93K_lo&sig=J2agMnJJ_Kxn_RJS-tTjKCaJQ6A | isbn = 978-0521853606}}</ref> The duchy was under direct control of [[Lombards]] for a brief period, after the capture by [[Pandulf IV of Capua|Pandulf IV]] of the [[Principality of Capua]], long term rival of Naples; however this only lasted three years before the culturally Greco-Roman influenced dukes were reinstated.<ref name="duchy">{{cite book | last = McKitterick | first = Rosamond |authorlink = Rosamond McKitterick| title =The New Cambridge Medieval History| publisher = Cambridge University Press| url =http://books.google.com/books?id=2SBRqpIVtEUC&pg=PA755&lpg=PA755&dq=duchy+of+naples&source=web&ots=KbjJ93K_lo&sig=J2agMnJJ_Kxn_RJS-tTjKCaJQ6A | isbn = 978-0521853606}}</ref> By the [[11th century]], like many territories in the area, Naples hired [[Normans|Norman]] merecenaries, the Christian [[Kinship|descendants]] of the [[Vikings]], to battle their rivals; Duke [[Sergius IV of Naples|Sergius IV]] hired [[Rainulf Drengot]] to battle Capua for him.<ref>{{cite book | last = Bradbury | first = Jim | authorlink = Jim Bradbury| title =The Routledge Companion to Medieval Warfare| publisher = Routledge| url =http://books.google.com/books?id=1C54r8GgrUIC&pg=PA75&lpg=PA75&dq=Sergius+IV+hired+Rainulf+Drengot&source=web&ots=i-J7gh9jGv&sig=i0XA6sqxRqXRWrn7sSLLdUPznGo | isbn = 978-0415221269}}</ref> By 1137, the Normans had grown hugely in influence, controlling previous independent principalities and duchies such as [[Principality of Capua|Capua]], [[Principality of Benevento|Benevento]], [[Principality of Salerno|Salerno]], [[Duchy of Amalfi|Amalfi]], [[Duchy of Sorrento|Sorrento]] and [[Duchy of Gaeta|Gaeta]]; it was in this year that Naples, the last independent duchy in the southern part of the peninsula, came under Norman control. The last ruling duke of the duchy [[Sergius VII of Naples|Sergius VII]] was forced to surrender to [[Roger II of Sicily|Roger II]], who had proclaimed himself [[King of Sicily]] seven years earlier; this saw Naples joining the [[Kingdom of Sicily]], where [[Palermo]] was the capital.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-542840/Kingdom-of-Sicily|publisher=Britannica.com|title=Kingdom of Sicily, or Trinacria|date=[[8 January]] [[2008]]}}</ref> ===The Kingdom=== ====Norman to Angevin==== {{main|Kingdom of Sicily|Kingdom of Naples|List of monarchs of Naples}} [[Image:Napoli Maschio Angioino.jpg|thumb|200px|Early kings ruled from [[Castel Nuovo]].]] After a period as a Norman kingdom, the [[Kingdom of Sicily]] was passed on to the [[House of Hohenstaufen|Hohenstaufens]] who were a highly powerful Germanic [[royal house]] of [[Swabia]]n origins.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/swabian.html|publisher=Faculty.ed.umuc.edu|title=Swabian Naples|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref> The [[University of Naples Federico II]] was founded by [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]] in the city, the oldest state university in the world, making Naples the intellectual centre of the kingdom.<ref name="oldestuni">{{cite news|url=http://www.scholarshipnet.info/postgraduate/italy-phd-scholarships-in-various-fields-at-university-of-naples-federico-ii/|publisher=ScholarshipNet.info|title=Italy: PhD Scholarships in Various Fields at University of Naples-Federico II|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref> Conflict between the Hohenstaufen house and the [[Papacy]], led in 1266 to [[Pope Innocent IV]] crowning [[Capetian House of Anjou|Angevin Dynasty]] duke [[Charles I of Naples|Charles I]] as the king of the kingdom:<ref name="dieli">{{cite news|url=http://www.dieli.net/SicilyPage/History/SicilianHist.html|publisher=Dieli.net|title=Sicilian History|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref> Charles officially moved the capital from Palermo to Naples where he resided at the ''[[Castel Nuovo]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.planetware.com/naples/castel-nuovo-i-cm-ncn.htm|publisher=PlanetWare.com|title=Naples - Castel Nuovo|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref> During this period much [[Gothic architecture]] sprang up around Naples, including the [[Naples Cathedral]], which is the main church of the city.<ref>{{cite book | last = Bruzelius | first = Caroline| title ="ad modum franciae": Charles of Anjou and Gothic Architecture in the Kingdom of Sicily | publisher = The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians| url =http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0037-9808(199112)50%3A4%3C402%3A%22MFCOA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-G}}</ref> In 1281, with the advent of the [[Sicilian Vespers]], the kingdom split in half. The Angevin [[Kingdom of Naples]] included the southern part of the Italian peninsula, while the island of [[Sicily]] became the [[Crown of Aragon|Aragonese]] [[Kingdom of Sicily]].<ref name="dieli">{{cite news|url=http://www.dieli.net/SicilyPage/History/SicilianHist.html|publisher=Dieli.net|title=Sicilian History|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref> The wars continued until the [[peace of Caltabellotta]] in 1302, which saw [[Frederick III of Sicily|Frederick III]] recognised as king of the Isle of Sicily, while [[Charles II of Naples|Charles II]] was recognised as the king of Naples by [[Pope Boniface VIII]].<ref name="dieli">{{cite news|url=http://www.dieli.net/SicilyPage/History/SicilianHist.html|publisher=Dieli.net|title=Sicilian History|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref> Despite the split, Naples grew in importance, attracting [[Republic of Pisa|Pisan]] and [[Republic of Genoa|Genoese]] merchants,<ref>{{cite book | last = Constable| first = Olivia Remie | title =Housing the Stranger in the Mediterranean World: Lodging, Trade, and Travel| publisher = Humana Press| url =http://books.google.com/books?id=y9H7mfxqs7UC&pg=PA209&lpg=PA209&dq=%22genoese+merchants%22+naples&source=web&ots=Bx7dcQgxoz&sig=C6KlY6JRfpvkQv3kbqYWU-yW6&nbsp;DM | isbn = 1588291715}}</ref> [[Tuscan]] bankers, and with them some of the most championed [[Italian Renaissance|Renaissance]] artists of the time, such as [[Giovanni Boccaccio|Boccaccio]], [[Petrarch]] and [[Giotto di Bondone|Giotto]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.naples-city.info/napoli/angioinoeng.htm|publisher=Naples-City.info|title=Angioino Castle, Naples|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref> [[Alfonso V of Aragon|Alfonso I]] conquered Naples after his victory against the last [[Capetian House of Anjou|Angevin]] king, [[René I of Naples|René]], Naples was unified for a brief period with Sicily again.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/spain/aragonexp.html|publisher=Zum.de|title= Aragonese Overseas Expansion, 1282-1479|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref> ====Aragonese to Bourbon==== {{main|Kingdom of Naples|Parthenopaean Republic|Two Sicilies|List of monarchs of the Two Sicilies}} [[Image:Masaniello.jpg|thumb|145px|Revolutionary [[Masaniello]].]] Sicily and Naples were separated in 1458 but remained as dependencies of [[Crown of Aragon|Aragon]] under [[Ferdinand I of Naples|Ferrante]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=HGLTkBTylpyyN6nRHvHhh1ChNGN38XWmr4&nbsp;Hzhn5HLhnkkhWHHhXn!602093125?docId=5000263626|publisher=Questia.com|title=Ferrante of Naples: the statecraft of a Renaissance prince|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref> The new dynasty enhanced Naples' commerce by establishing relations with the [[Iberian peninsula]]. Naples also became a centre of the Renaissance, with artists such as [[Francesco Laurana|Laurana]], [[Antonello da Messina|da Messina]], [[Jacopo Sannazzaro|Sannazzaro]] and [[Poliziano]] arriving in the city.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://naples.rome-in-italy.com/history_naples_2.html|publisher=Naples.Rome-in-Italy.com|title=Naples Middle-Ages|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref> During 1501 Naples became under direct rule from [[Ancien Régime in France|France]] at the time of [[Louis XII of France|Louis XII]], as Neapolitan king [[Frederick IV of Naples|Frederick]] was taken as a prisoner to France; this lasted only four years.<ref name="spanishnaples">{{cite news|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-27691/Italy|publisher=Britannica.com|title=Spanish acquisition of Naples|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref> [[Spain]] won Naples at the [[Battle of Garigliano (1503)|Battle of Garigliano]] and, as a result, Naples became under direct rule as part of the [[Spanish Empire]] throughout the entire [[Habsburg Spain]] period.<ref name="spanishnaples">{{cite news|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-27691/Italy|publisher=Britannica.com|title=Spanish acquisition of Naples|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref> The Spanish sent [[viceroy]]s [[List of viceroys of Naples|to Naples]] to directly deal with local issues: the most important of which was [[Pedro Álvarez de Toledo]], who was responsible for considerable social, economic and urban progress in the city; he also supported the [[Spanish Inquisition|Inquisition]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/toledo.html|publisher=Faculty.ed.umuc.edu|title=Don Pedro de Toledo|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref> [[Image:Napoli Palazzo reale - cappella 1040772-3.JPG|thumb|left|163px|Bourbon [[Royal Palace (Naples)|Royal Palace]], inside.]] During this period Naples became Europe's second largest city after only [[Paris]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.fodors.com/world/europe/italy/naples%20&%3B%20pompeii/feature_30006.html|publisher=Fodors.com|title=Naples Through the Ages|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref> It was a cultural powerhouse during the [[Baroque]] era as home to artists including [[Caravaggio]], [[Salvator Rosa|Rosa]] and [[Gian Lorenzo Bernini|Bernini]], philosophers such as [[Bernardino Telesio|Telesio]], [[Giordano Bruno|Bruno]], [[Tommaso Campanella|Campanella]] and [[Giambattista Vico|Vico]], and writers such as [[Gian Battista Marino|Battista Marino]]. A revolution led by local [[fisherman]] [[Masaniello]] saw the creation of a brief independent [[Neapolitan Republic (1647)|Neapolitan Republic]], though this last only a few months before Spanish rule was regained.<ref name="spanishnaples">{{cite news|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-27691/Italy|publisher=Britannica.com|title=Spanish acquisition of Naples|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref> Finally, by 1714, the Spanish ceased to rule Naples as a result of the [[War of the Spanish Succession]]; it was the [[Austria]]n [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles VI]] who ruled from [[Vienna]], similarly with viceroys.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bartleby.com/65/ch/Charles6HRE.html|publisher=Bartleby.com|title=Charles VI, Holy Roman emperor|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref> However, the [[War of the Polish Succession]] saw the Spanish regain Sicily and Naples as part of a [[personal union]], which in the [[Treaty of Vienna]] were recognised as independent under a cadet branch of the Spanish [[House of Bourbon|Bourbons]] in 1738 under [[Charles III of Spain|Charles VII]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.realcasadiborbone.it/uk/archiviostorico/cs_04.htm|publisher=RealCasaDiBorbone.it|title= Charles of Bourbon - the restorer of the Kingdom of Naples|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref> [[Image:Ferdinand i twosicilies.jpg|thumb|140px|[[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies|Ferdinand]], Bourbon king.]] During the time of [[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies|Ferdinand IV]], the [[French Revolution]] made its way to Naples: [[Horatio Nelson]], an ally of the Bourbons, even arrived in the city in 1798 to warn against it. However, Ferdinand was forced to retreat and fled to [[Palermo]], where he was protected by a [[Royal Navy|British fleet]].<ref name="parth">{{cite news|url=http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/Parthenopean_Republic.html|publisher=Faculty.ed.umuc.edu|title=The Parthenopean Republic|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref> Naples' lower classes the ''[[lazzaroni]]'' were strongly [[pious]] and [[Monarchism|Royalist]], favouring the Bourbons; in the mêlée that followed, they fought the Neapolitan pro-[[Republic of Italy|Republican]] aristocracy, causing a [[civil war]].<ref name="parth">{{cite news|url=http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/Parthenopean_Republic.html|publisher=Faculty.ed.umuc.edu|title=The Parthenopean Republic|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref> The Republicans conquered [[Castel Sant'Elmo]] and proclaimed a [[Parthenopaean Republic]], secured by the [[French Army]].<ref name="parth">{{cite news|url=http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/Parthenopean_Republic.html|publisher=Faculty.ed.umuc.edu|title=The Parthenopean Republic|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref> A [[counter-revolution]]ary religious army of ''lazzaroni'' under [[Fabrizio Ruffo]] was raised; they had great success and the French surrendered the Neapolitan castles and were allowed to sail back to [[Toulon]].<ref name="parth">{{cite news|url=http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/Parthenopean_Republic.html|publisher=Faculty.ed.umuc.edu|title=The Parthenopean Republic|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref> Ferdinand IV was restored as king; however, after only seven years [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]] conquered the kingdom and instated [[House of Bonaparte|Bonapartist]] kings including his brother [[Joseph Bonaparte]].<ref name="bonap">{{cite news|url=http://www.onwar.com/aced/data/november/neapolitan1815.htm|publisher=Onwar.com|title=Austria Naples - Neapolitan War 1815|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref> With the help of the [[Austrian Empire]] and allies, the Bonapartists were defeated in the [[Neapolitan War]] and Bourbon Ferdinand IV once again regained the throne and the kingdom.<ref name="bonap">{{cite news|url=http://www.onwar.com/aced/data/november/neapolitan1815.htm|publisher=Onwar.com|title=Austria Naples - Neapolitan War 1815|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref> The [[Congress of Vienna]] in 1815 saw the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily combined to form the [[Two Sicilies]],<ref name="bonap">{{cite news|url=http://www.onwar.com/aced/data/november/neapolitan1815.htm|publisher=Onwar.com|title=Austria Naples - Neapolitan War 1815|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref> with Naples as the capital city. Naples became the first city on the Italian peninsula to have a [[railway]] in 1839,<ref name="railway">{{cite news|url=http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=HFrVrf1TjfQLz1blXyCDqSvFywZQx4Xvx2hbqJH3pFdT6mQhPSs2!2097620639?docId=5001632992|publisher=Questia.com|title= La dolce vita? Italy by rail, 1839-1914|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref> there were many factories throughout the kingdom making it a highly important trade centre.<ref name="bourb">{{cite news|url=http://www.neoborbonici.it/portal/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=227&Itemid=137|publisher=NeoBorbonici.it|title=Why Neo-Bourbons|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref> ===Italian unification=== After the [[Expedition of the Thousand]] led by [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]], culminating in the controversial [[Siege of Gaeta (1860)|Siege of Gaeta]], Naples became part of the [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Kingdom of Italy]] in 1861 as part of the [[Italian unification]], ending Bourbon rule. The kingdom of the [[Two Sicilies]] had been wealthy and 80 million [[ducats]] were taken from the banks as a contribution to the new Italian [[treasury]], while other former states in the Italian unification were forced to pay far less.<ref name="bourb">{{cite news|url=http://www.neoborbonici.it/portal/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=227&Itemid=137|publisher=NeoBorbonici.it|title=Why Neo-Bourbons|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref> The ecomony of the area formerly known as Two Sicilies collapsed, leading to an unprecedented [[Italian diaspora|wave of emigration]],<ref name="modern">{{cite news|url=http://www.oah.org/pubs/magazine/migrations/townsend.html|publisher=OAH.org|title=Italians around the World: Teaching Italian Migration from a Transnational Perspective|date=[[7 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> with estimates claiming at least 4 million of those who left from 1876&ndash;1913 were from Naples or near Naples.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0197-9183(199923)33%3A3%3C640%3ASNAMI1%3E2.0.CO%3B2-9|publisher=Enrico Moretti|title=Social Networks and Migrations: Italy 1876-1913 |date=[[7 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> Naples was the [[Bombing of Naples in World War II|most bombed]] Italian city of [[World War II]].<ref name="wii">{{cite news|url=http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/Naples%20bombing.htm|publisher=Faculty.ed.umuc.edu|title=Bombing of Naples|date=[[7 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> Though Neapolitans did not rebel under [[Italian fascism]], Naples was the first Italian city to rise up against [[Nazi Germany|German]] military occupation; the people rose up and freed their own city completely by [[October 1]], [[1943]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://naples.rome-in-italy.com/history_naples_5.html|publisher=Naples.Rome-in-Italy.com|title=Contemporary Time|date=[[7 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> The symbol of the rebirth of Naples was the rebuilding of [[Santa Chiara (Naples)|Santa Chiara]] which had been destroyed in a [[United States Air Force]] raid.<ref name="wii">{{cite news|url=http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/Naples%20bombing.htm|publisher=Faculty.ed.umuc.edu|title=Bombing of Naples|date=[[7 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> Special funding from the Italian government's [[Cassa per il Mezzogiorno|Fund for the South]] from 1950 to 1984 helped the economy to improve somewhat, including the rejuvenation of the [[Piazza del Plebiscito]] and other city landmarks.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.fcpp.org/images/publications/FB049ItalianEqualizationMarch07draft.pdf|publisher=Frontier Center for Public Policy|title=North and South: The Tragedy of Equalization in Italy|date=[[7 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> Naples still has some issues, however: high [[unemployment]] and [[landfill]] [[waste management|management]] [[2008 Naples garbage crisis|problems]], the latter of which has been attributed to the [[Camorra]] by the media, a loose confederation of [[organised crime]] networks.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/6727215.stm|publisher=BBC.co.uk|title=Naples at the mercy of the mob|date=[[7 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> Recently, the [[Italian Government]] under [[Silvio Berlusconi]] has held senior meetings in Naples to demonstrate that they intend to tackle these problems once and for all.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601085&sid=acV5uzL85glM&refer=europe|publisher=Bloomberg.com|title=Berlusconi Takes Cabinet to Naples, Plans Tax Cuts, Crime Bill |date=[[7 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> ==Architecture, features and city layouts== :''See also, [[:Category:Buildings and structures in Naples|Buildings and structures in Naples]]'' The most prominent forms of architecture in Naples are from the [[Medieval architecture|Medieval]], [[Renaissance architecture|Renaissance]] and [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]] periods.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.inaples.it/eng/pianta_stratificata.htm|publisher=INaples.it|title= historical centre |date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref> The historic centre of Naples is typically the most fruitful for architecture and is in fact listed by [[UNESCO]] as a [[World Heritage Site]].<ref name="unesco">{{cite news|url=http://whc.unesco.org/archive/repcom95.htm#726|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|title=Historic Centre of Naples|date=[[8 January]] [[2008]]}}</ref> A striking feature of Naples is the fact that it has 448 historical churches, making it one of the most [[Roman Catholic|Catholic]] cities in the world.<ref name="churches">{{cite news|url=http://www.red-travel.com/uk/ferrari-tour-italy/places/naples-english-guided-visit.htm|publisher=Red Travel|title=Naples|date=[[8 January]] [[2008]]}}</ref> ===Main piazza, palaces and castles=== :''See also, [[:Category:Palaces in Naples|Palaces in Naples]]'' [[Image:Napoli piazza plebiscito.JPG|thumb|right|180px|[[Piazza del Plebiscito]].]] The central and main open [[Town square|city square]] or ''[[piazza]]'' of the city is the [[Piazza del Plebiscito]]. It was started by Bonapartist king [[Joachim Murat]] and finished by Bourbon king [[Ferdinand IV of Naples|Ferdinand IV]]. It is bounded on the east by the [[Royal Palace (Naples)|Royal Palace]] and on the west by the church of [[San Francesco di Paola (Naples)|San Francesco di Paola]] with the colonnades extending to both sides. Nearby is the [[Teatro di San Carlo]], which is the oldest and largest [[opera house]] on the Italian peninsula.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/europe/italy/southandsicily/721025/Naples-View-across-the-Piazza-del-Plebiscito.html|publisher=Telegraph.co.uk|title= Naples: View across the Piazza del Plebiscito|date=[[8 January]] [[2008]]}}</ref> Directly across from San Carlo is [[Galleria Umberto]], a [[shopping centre]] and active centre of Neapolitan social life in general. [[Image:Castelo do Ovo.jpg|thumb|left|180px|[[Castel dell'Ovo]].]] Naples is famous for its historic castles: the ancient [[Castel Nuovo]] is one of the most notable architectural representatives on the city, also known as ''Maschio [[Capetian House of Anjou|Angioino]]''; it was built during the time of [[Charles I of Naples|Charles I]], the first ever [[king of Naples]]. Castel Nuovo has hosted some historical religious events: for example, in 1294, [[Pope Celestine V]] resigned as pope in a hall of the castle, and following this [[Pope Boniface VIII]] was elected pope here by the cardinal [[collegium]], and immediately moved to Rome. The castle which Nuovo replaced in importance was the Norman founded [[Castel dell'Ovo]]. Its name means ''Egg Castle'' and it is built on the tiny [[islet]] Megarides, where the [[Cumae]]an colonists founded the city. The third most noted castle is [[Sant'Elmo]] which was completed in 1329 and is built in the shape of a [[star]]. During the uprising of [[Masaniello]], the Spanish took refuge in Sant'Elmo to escape revolutionaries. ===Museums=== [[Image:Napoli-capodimonte-royalpalace.jpg|thumb|right|190px|[[Museo di Capodimonte|Palazzo Capodimonte]].]] Naples hosts a wealth of historical museums and some of the most important in the country. The [[Naples National Archaeological Museum]] is one of the main museums, considered one of the most important for [[Artifact (archaeology)|artifacts]] of the [[Roman Empire]] in the world.<ref name="bestnap">{{cite news|url=http://www.best.unina.it/ac07/napoli.htm|publisher=Best.unina.it|title=Napoli|date=[[8 January]] [[2008]]}}</ref> It also hosts many of the ruins unearthed at [[Pompeii]] and [[Herculaneum]], as well as some artifacts from the [[Magna Grecia|Greek]] and [[Italian Renaissance|Renaissance]] periods.<ref name="bestnap">{{cite news|url=http://www.best.unina.it/ac07/napoli.htm|publisher=Best.unina.it|title=Napoli|date=[[8 January]] [[2008]]}}</ref> [[Image:CaravaggioFlagellation.jpg|thumb|left|130px|''[[The Flagellation of Christ (Caravaggio)|The Flagellation of Christ]]'' by [[Caravaggio]].]] Previously a Bourbon palace, now a museum and [[art gallery]], the [[Museo di Capodimonte]] is probably the most important in Naples. The art [[List of works in the Galleria Nazionale di Capodimonte|gallery features]] paintings from the [[13th century|13th]] to the [[18th century]] including major works by [[Simone Martini]], [[Raphael]], [[Titian]], [[Caravaggio]], [[El Greco]] and many others, including Neapolitan School painters [[Jusepe de Ribera]] and [[Luca Giordano]]. The royal apartments are furnished with antique [[18th century]] furniture and a collection of [[porcelain]] and [[majolica]] from the various royal residences: the famous [[Capodimonte porcelain|Capodimonte Porcelain Factory]] was just adjacent to the palace. The [[Certosa di San Martino]] was formerly a [[monastery]] complex but is now a museum and remains one of the most visible landmarks of Naples. Displayed within the museum are Spanish and Bourbon-era artifacts, as well as displays of the [[nativity scene]], considered to be among the finest in the world. [[Pietrarsa railway museum]] is located in the city: Naples has a proud railway history and the museum features, amongst many other things, the Bayard, the first [[locomotive]] in the Italian peninsula.<ref name="railway">{{cite news|url=http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=HFrVrf1TjfQLz1blXyCDqSvFywZQx4Xvx2hbqJH3pFdT6mQhPSs2!2097620639?docId=5001632992|publisher=Questia.com|title= La dolce vita? Italy by rail, 1839-1914|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref> Other museums include the [[Villa Pignatelli]] and [[Palazzo Como]], and one of Italy's national libaries (the [[Biblioteca Nazionale Vittorio Emanuele III]]) is also located in the city. ===Churches, religious buildings and structures=== :''See also, [[:Category:Churches in Naples|Churches in Naples]] and [[Archdiocese of Naples]]'' [[Image:St. Januarius - Bust.jpg|thumb|140px|Bust of [[Januarius|Saint Januarius]].]] Hosting the [[Archdiocese of Naples]], the [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic faith]] is highly important to the people of Naples and there are hundreds of churches in the city.<ref name="churches">{{cite news|url=http://www.red-travel.com/uk/ferrari-tour-italy/places/naples-english-guided-visit.htm|publisher=Red Travel|title=Naples|date=[[8 January]] [[2008]]}}</ref> The [[Naples Cathedral|Cathedral of Naples]] is the most important place of worship in the city, each year on [[September 19]] it hosts the ''Miracle of [[Januarius|Saint Januarius]]'', the city's [[patron saint]].<ref name="gennaro">{{cite news|url=http://www.splendoroftruth.com/curtjester/archives/008358.php|publisher=SplendorofTruth.com|title=Saint Gennaro|date=[[8 January]] [[2008]]}}</ref> In the miracle which thousands of Neapolitans flock to witness, the dried blood of Januarius is said to turn to liquid when brought close to [[relics]] said to be of his body: this is one of the most important traditions for Neapolitans.<ref name="gennaro">{{cite news|url=http://www.splendoroftruth.com/curtjester/archives/008358.php|publisher=SplendorofTruth.com|title=Saint Gennaro|date=[[8 January]] [[2008]]}}</ref> Below is a selective list of some of the most noted churches, chapels, monastary complexes and religious structures in Naples; <div style="font-size:97%"> {| |width="10"|&nbsp; |valign="top"| *[[Santa Chiara (Naples)|Santa Chiara]] *[[San Domenico Maggiore]] *[[Gesù Nuovo]] *[[Sansevero Chapel]] *[[San Lorenzo Maggiore (Naples)|San Lorenzo Maggiore]] *[[Santa Maria Donna Regina Vecchia]] *[[Santa Maria Donna Regina Nuova]] *[[Santa Maria del Carmine (Naples)|Santa Maria del Carmine]] *[[Girolamini]] |width="30"|&nbsp; |valign="top"| *[[San Ferdinando (Naples)|San Ferdinando]] *[[San Francesco di Paola (Naples)|San Francesco di Paola]] *[[San Giovanni a Carbonara]] *[[San Gregorio Armeno]] *[[Sant'Anna dei Lombardi]] *[[Sant'Eligio Maggiore]] *[[Santa Caterina a Chiaia]] *[[Santa Maria La Nova]] *[[Santa Restituta]] |width="30"|&nbsp; |valign="top"| *[[Spires of Naples]] *[[San Pietro Martire (Naples)|San Pietro Martire]] *[[San Pietro a Maiella]] *[[San Gennaro extra Moenia]] *[[Hermitage of Camaldoli]] *[[Santissima Annunziata]] *[[Santa Caterina a Formiello]] *[[Archbishops Palace (Naples)|Archbishops Palace]] *[[Madre del Buon Consiglio]] |} </div> ===Others=== [[Image:Veduta dal Parco Virgiliano.jpg|thumb|left|190px|[[Nisida]] view from [[Parco Virgiliano]].]] There are various other interesting features of note around Naples. [[Naples underground geothermal zone|Underneath Naples]] there is a series of caves and structures created by centuries of mining, which is in part of an underground [[Geothermal (geology)|geothermal]] zone. The general public are able to go on tours of the underground and there is even a museum. Aside from the main ''[[piazza]]'' there are two more in the form of [[Piazza Dante (Naples)|Piazza Dante]] and [[Piazza dei Martiri (Naples)|Piazza dei Martiri]]. The latter is somewhat controversial: it originally just had a memorial to [[martyr]]s but in 1866, after the [[Italian unification]], four lions were added, representing the four rebellions against the Bourbons.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.inaples.it/ita/dettaglio.asp?idp=92&cod=65|publisher=INaples.it|title=Piazza Dei Martiri|date=[[8 January]] [[2008]]}}</ref> Founded in 1667 by the Spanish, the [[San Gennaro dei Poveri]] is a [[hospital]] for the poor which is still in existence today. It was a forerunner of a much more ambitious project, the gigantic [[Ospedale L'Albergo Reale dei Poveri, Naples|Bourbon Hospice for the Poor]] started by [[Charles III of the House of Bourbon|Charles III]]. This was for the destitute and ill of the city; it also provided a self-sufficient community where the poor would live and work. Today it is no longer a hospital.<ref>{{cite book | last = Ceva Grimaldi | first = Francesco | title =Della città di Napoli dal tempo della sua fondazione sino al presente (1857)| publisher = Original from Harvard University| url =http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=G9DOLMIjFb4C&pg=PA521&lpg=PA521&dq=%22Albergo+Reale+dei+Poveri%22+napoli&source=web&ots=05egFpQ6ud&sig=3RORNtFCAYFyoTlBEsLVkS-u8qA&hl=en}}</ref> Of the [[park|public parks]] in Naples, the most prominent is the [[Villa Comunale]], previously known as the Royal Garden as its building was ordered by Bourbon king [[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies|Ferdinand IV]] in the 1780s.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/blog19.htm|publisher=Faculty.ed.umuc.edu|title=Villa Comunale|date=[[8 January]] [[2008]]}}</ref> The second most important park is [[Parco Virgiliano]] which is very green and has views towards the tiny volcanic islet of [[Nisida]]; beyond that in the distance are [[Procida]] and [[Ischia]].<ref name="parkvirg">{{cite news|url=http://events.skyteam.com/sisp/index.htm?fx=event&event_id=32829|publisher=SkyTeam.com|title=Parco Virgiliano|date=[[8 January]] [[2008]]}}</ref> It was named after [[Virgil]] the classical Roman [[poet]] who is thought to be [[Virgil's tomb|entombed]] nearby.<ref name="parkvirg">{{cite news|url=http://events.skyteam.com/sisp/index.htm?fx=event&event_id=32829|publisher=SkyTeam.com|title=Parco Virgiliano|date=[[8 January]] [[2008]]}}</ref> ==Geography== In the area surrounding Naples are the islands of [[Procida]], [[Capri]] and [[Ischia]], which are reached by hydrofoils and ferries. [[Sorrento, Italy|Sorrento]] and the [[Amalfi Coast]] are situated south of Naples. The Roman ruins of [[Pompeii]], [[Herculaneum]] and [[Stabiae]], which were destroyed in the eruption of [[Vesuvius]] in 79 AD, are also nearby. Naples is also near the volcanic area known as the [[Campi Flegrei]] and the port towns of [[Pozzuoli]] and [[Baiae|Baia]], which were part of the vast Roman naval facility, [[Portus Julius]]. ===Quarters=== [[Image:Quarters of Naples.png|340px|right|Quarters of Naples]] <div style="font-size:91%"> {| |width="10"|&nbsp; |valign="top"| 1. [[Pianura]]<Br /> 2. [[Bagnoli]]<br /> 3. [[Posillipo]]<Br /> 4. [[Fuorigrotta]]<Br /> 5. [[Soccavo]]<Br /> 6. [[Chiaiano]]<Br /> 7. [[Arenella]]<Br /> 8. [[Vomero]]<Br /> 9. [[Chiaia]]<Br /> 10. [[San Ferdinando (Naples)|San Ferdinando]]<Br /> |width="30"|&nbsp; |valign="top"| 11. [[Montecalvario]]<Br /> 12. [[San Giuseppe (Naples)|San Giuseppe]]<Br /> 13. [[Avvocata]]<Br /> 14. [[Porto (Naples)|Porto]]<Br /> 15. [[Pendino]]<Br /> 16. [[San Lorenzo (Naples)|San Lorenzo]]<Br /> 17. [[Mercato (Naples)|Mercato]]<Br /> 18. [[Vicaria]]<Br /> 19. [[Stella (Naples)|Stella]]<Br /> 20. [[San Carlo all'Arena]]<Br /> |width="30"|&nbsp; |valign="top"| 21. [[Piscinola-Marianella]]<Br /> 22. [[Scampìa]]<Br /> 23. [[Miano]]<Br /> 24. [[Secondigliano]]<Br /> 25. [[S.Pietro a Patierno]]<Br /> 26. [[Poggioreale-Zona Industriale|Poggioreale]]<Br /> 27. [[Poggioreale-Zona Industriale|Zona Industriale]]<Br /> 28. [[San Giovanni a Teduccio]]<Br /> 29. [[Barra (Naples)|Barra]]<Br /> 30. [[Ponticelli]]<Br /> |width="30"|&nbsp; |valign="top"| |} </div> Shown above are the thirty quarters of Naples: these thirty neighbourhoods or "[[quartiere]]" as they are known, are further divided into ten governmental community boards.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.palapa.it/palapadnn/Quartieri/tabid/52/Default.aspx|publisher=Palapa.it|title=Quartieri|date=[[8 January]] [[2008]]}}</ref> ===Climate=== Naples enjoys a typical [[Mediterranean climate]] with mild, wet winters and warm to hot, dry summers. The mild climate and the geographical richness of the [[bay of Naples]] made it famous during Roman times, when emperors chose the city as a favourite holiday location. <!--Infobox begins-->{{Infobox Weather |metric_first= Yes |single_line= Yes |location =Naples |Jan_Hi_°C =12 |Feb_Hi_°C =12 |Mar_Hi_°C =15 |Apr_Hi_°C =17 |May_Hi_°C =22 |Jun_Hi_°C =26 |Jul_Hi_°C =29 |Aug_Hi_°C =29 |Sep_Hi_°C =26 |Oct_Hi_°C =21 |Nov_Hi_°C =16 |Dec_Hi_°C =13 |Year_Hi_°C =20 |Jan_Lo_°C =4 |Feb_Lo_°C =5 |Mar_Lo_°C =6 |Apr_Lo_°C =8 |May_Lo_°C =12 |Jun_Lo_°C =16 |Jul_Lo_°C =18 |Aug_Lo_°C =18 |Sep_Lo_°C =16 |Oct_Lo_°C =12 |Nov_Lo_°C =8 |Dec_Lo_°C =5 |Year_Lo_°C =11 |Jan_Precip_mm =90 |Feb_Precip_mm =80 |Mar_Precip_mm =70 |Apr_Precip_mm =70 |May_Precip_mm =50 |Jun_Precip_mm =30 |Jul_Precip_mm =20 |Aug_Precip_mm =30 |Sep_Precip_mm =70 |Oct_Precip_mm =130 |Nov_Precip_mm =120 |Dec_Precip_mm =110 |Year_Precip_mm =940 |source = Weatherbase<ref name=Weatherbase>{{cite news|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=098261&refer=&units=metric|publisher =WeatherBase.com|title=Naples, Italy|date=[[8 January]] [[2008]]}}</ref> |accessdate = [[19 February]] [[2008]] }} ==Society== ===Demographics=== [[Image:Panorama serale.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Panorama of the city.]] In 2007, there were 973,132 people residing in Naples (some 3 million in the greater Naples area), located in the province of Napoli, [[Campania]], of whom 47.6% were male and 52.4% were female. Minors (children ages 18 and younger) totalled 21.48 percent of the population compared to pensioners who number 17.06 percent. This compares with the Italian average of 18.06 percent (minors) and 19.94 percent (pensioners). The average age of Naples residents is 39 compared to the Italian average of 42. In the five years between 2002 and 2007, the population of Naples declined by 3.62 percent, while [[Italy]] as a whole grew by 3.56 percent.[http://demo.istat.it/bil2007/index.html] The current birth rate of Naples is 10.46 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.45 births. As of 2006, 98.04% of the population was [[Italian people|Italian]]. The largest immigrant group came from other [[European]] countries (mostly from the [[Ukraine]], and [[Albania]]): 0.76%. There are even smaller groups from [[East Asia]], [[North Africa]], and [[sub-saharan Africa]]. ===Economy=== [[Image:Centro Direzionale di Napoli.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Centro Direzionale]], business centre.]] The economy of Naples and its closest surrounding area is based largely in [[tourism]], [[commerce]], [[industry]] and [[agriculture]]; Naples also acts as a busy [[cargo terminal]]. Naples use to be a busy industrial city, though many of the factories are no longer there. It previously had an important [[steel]] industry and hosted a large [[Mobil]]-Oil [[refinery]] facility. In the modern day notable parts of its industry includes the [[Alfa Romeo]] automobile factory at nearby [[Pomigliano d'Arco]]; the word "Romeo" in the company name is a reference to Neapolitan engineer [[Nicola Romeo]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Alfa-Romeo-Company-History.html|publisher=FundingUniverse.com|title=Alfa Romeo - Company History|date=[[8 January]] [[2008]]}}</ref> The ecomony is measured on a provincial level; the [[province of Naples]] is placed 94th out of the total of 103 provinces in Italy in terms of [[gross value added]].<ref name="istituto">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnr.it/istituti/Libri.html?cds=093&id=1617|publisher=Istituto ISSM|title=Rapporto sullo stato dell'economia della Provincia di Napoli|date=[[8 January]] [[2008]]}}</ref> Statistics do not include wealth generated by the [[black market]] or untaxed [[wages]]. It is not uncommon for Neapolitan workers to move North because [[unemployment]] is at around 28%.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.intrage.it/attualita/2001/03/17/notizia1813.shtml|publisher=Intrage.it|title= Lavoro: a Napoli disoccupazione al 28%|date=[[8 January]] [[2008]]}}</ref> The business centre of Naples is the ''[[Centro Direzionale]]''. This was built only in recent times and features [[skyscraper]] technology designed by [[Kenzo Tange]]; it is an attempt to centralise and improve the business and economy of Naples, also providing jobs with its [[hotel]]s and [[shops]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.centrodirezionale.info/La-Storia.html|publisher=CentroDirezionale.info|title=La Storia|date=[[8 January]] [[2008]]}}</ref> In recent times, there has been a move away from traditional [[agriculture]]-based economy in the province to one based on [[service industries]].<ref name="istituto">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnr.it/istituti/Libri.html?cds=093&id=1617|publisher=Istituto ISSM|title=Rapporto sullo stato dell'economia della Provincia di Napoli|date=[[8 January]] [[2008]]}}</ref> In early [[2002]] there were over 249,590 enterprises operating in the province of Naples registered in the ''Chamber of Commerce Public Register''.<ref name="istituto">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnr.it/istituti/Libri.html?cds=093&id=1617|publisher=Istituto ISSM|title=Rapporto sullo stato dell'economia della Provincia di Napoli|date=[[8 January]] [[2008]]}}</ref> This sector employs the majority of the people, though more than half of these are small enterprises with fewer than 20 workers; 70 companies are medium-sized with more than 200 workers; and 15 have more than 500 workers.<ref name="istituto">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnr.it/istituti/Libri.html?cds=093&id=1617|publisher=Istituto ISSM|title=Rapporto sullo stato dell'economia della Provincia di Napoli|date=[[8 January]] [[2008]]}}</ref> Employment in the province of Naples in different sectors breaks down as follows:<ref name="istituto">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnr.it/istituti/Libri.html?cds=093&id=1617|publisher=Istituto ISSM|title=Rapporto sullo stato dell'economia della Provincia di Napoli|date=[[8 January]] [[2008]]}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! ! <small>[[Public services]]</small> ! <small>[[Manufacturing]]</small> ! <small>[[Commerce]]</small> ! <small>[[Construction]]</small> ! <small>[[Transportation]]</small> ! <small>[[Financial services]]</small> ! <small>[[Agriculture]]</small> ! <small>[[Hotel|Hotel trade]]</small> ! <small>Other activities</small> |- |<small>[[Percentage]]</small> |30.7% |18% |14% |9.5% |8.2% |7.4% |5.1% |3.7% |3.4% |- |} ===Education=== [[Image:Logo unina.gif|thumb|right|150px|[[University of Naples Federico II|University of Naples]] crest.]] There are many public and private institutions of [[higher education]] in Naples, as well as numerous institutes and research centres. Naples hosts what is thought to be the oldest state university in the world in the form of the [[University of Naples Federico II]], which was founded by [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]] during 1224.<ref name="oldestuni">{{cite news|url=http://www.scholarshipnet.info/postgraduate/italy-phd-scholarships-in-various-fields-at-university-of-naples-federico-ii/|publisher=ScholarshipNet.info|title=Italy: PhD Scholarships in Various Fields at University of Naples-Federico II|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref> It is by far the most important [[university]] in southern Italy, with around 100,000 students and over 3000 professors.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.international.unina.it/contenuto.php?id_group=6&id_pag=20|publisher=UNINA.it|title=University of Naples "Federico II"|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref> Part of the university is the important [[Botanical Garden of Naples]] which was opened in 1807 by [[Giuseppe Bonaparte]] (using Bourbon king Ferdinand IV's plans). Its 15 [[hectare]]s feature around 25,000 samples of vegetation, covering about 10,000 plant species.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ortobotanico.unina.it/VerInglese/pstoria/StoriaE.htm|publisher=OrtoBotanico.UNINA.it|title=Orto Botanico di Napoli|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref> People from the city are also served by the ''[[Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli]]'', the second most important university of the city, opened far more recently in 1989, which, despite its name, has strong links to the nearby [[province of Caserta]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.napoliaffari.com/napoliaffari/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=72&Itemid=255|publisher=NapoliAffari.com|title=Scuola: Le Università|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref> A unique centre of education in the city is the ''[[Naples Eastern University|Istituto Universitario Orientale]]'' which specialises in [[Eastern world|Eastern culture]], founded by [[Jesuit]] missionary Matteo Ripa in 1732 after he returned from work in the court of [[Kangxi Emperor|Kangxi]] [[Emperor of China|Emperor]] of the [[Manchu]] [[Qing Dynasty]] in [[China proper|China]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Ripa | first = Matteo| title =Memoirs of Father Ripa: During Thirteen Years Residence at the Court of Peking in the Service of the Emperor of China| publisher = New York Public Library| url =http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=ex8LAAAAYAAJ&dq=Memoirs+of+Father+Ripa&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=rVFFQpa8Ek&sig=zcDxirkCkKt9DLQKRnK7n7FavpY}}</ref> There are other prominent universities in Naples too, such as the [[Parthenope University of Naples]], the private [[Suor Orsola Benincasa University of Naples|Istituto Universitario ''Suor Orsola Benincasa'']] and the Jesuit-run [[San Luigi Papal Theological Seminary of Southern Italy|Theological Seminary of Southern Italy]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pftim.it/storia.php|publisher=PFTIM.it|title=Pontificia Facoltà Teologica dell'Italia Meridionale|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.unisob.na.it/universita/facolta/formazione/index.htm|publisher=UNISOB.na.it|title=Università degli Studi Suor Orsola Benincasa - Napoli|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref> In keeping with its strong musical legacy, Naples has a place to study music in the form of the [[Music Conservatories of Naples|San Pietro a Maiella music conservatory]]. The earliest music conservatories of Naples go back to the 1500s under the [[Spain|Spanish]] rule.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sanpietroamajella.it/en/inf_cs_storia.html?ocs=1&rss=3|publisher=SanPietroaMajella.it|title=History|date=[[7 October]] 2007}}</ref> ==Culture== ===Cuisine===<!-- This section is linked from [[Pizza]] --> {{main|Neapolitan cuisine}} [[Image:Traditional pizza from Napoli.jpg|190px|thumb|right|Traditional Neapolitan [[pizza]].]] The city has a long history of producing a variety of noted [[Neapolitan cuisine|cuisines]] and [[wine]]s; it draws influence from different civilisations who have ruled the city at various times such as the [[Greeks]], [[Spain|Spanish]] and [[France|French]].<ref name="eaton">{{cite news|url=http://www.eat-online.net/italian/habits/italian_habits.htm|publisher=eat-oline.net|title=La cucina tradizionale napoletana|date=[[24 June]] 2007}}</ref> [[Neapolitan cuisine]] emerged completely as its own distinct form in the [[18th century]].<ref name="eaton">{{cite news|url=http://www.eat-online.net/italian/habits/italian_habits.htm|publisher=eat-oline.net|title=La cucina tradizionale napoletana|date=[[24 June]] 2007}}</ref> The ingredients are typically rich in taste while remaining affordable to the general populace.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.italianfoodforever.com/iff/articles.asp?id=55|publisher=ItalianFoodForever.com|title=The Foods Of Sicily - A Culinary Journey|date=[[24 June]] 2007}}</ref> [[Image:Glass of Limoncello.jpg|120px|thumb|left|Glass of ''[[limoncello]]''.]] Perhaps the most well known aspect of Neapolitan cuisine is its rich savoury dishes. Naples is traditionally held as the home of [[pizza]].<ref name="pizza">{{cite news|url=http://www.holidaycityflash.com/italy/pizza_naples.htm|publisher=HolidayCityFlash.com|title=Pizza - The Pride of Naples|date=[[8 January]] [[2008]]}}</ref> The food began as [[peasant]] cuisine but under [[Ferdinand I of Two Sicilies|Ferdinand IV]] it became more well known: famously, the [[Margherita]] was named after [[Margherita of Savoy|Queen Margherita]] after a visit to the city.<ref name="pizza">{{cite news|url=http://www.holidaycityflash.com/italy/pizza_naples.htm|publisher=HolidayCityFlash.com|title=Pizza - The Pride of Naples|date=[[8 January]] [[2008]]}}</ref> Cooked traditionally in a wood-burning [[Masonry oven|oven]], ingredients are strictly regulated by a 2004 law and must be composed of wheat [[flour]] type "00" with the addition of flour type "0" [[yeast]], natural water, peeled [[tomato]]es or fresh [[cherry tomato]]es, marine salt, and extra virgin [[olive oil]].<ref name="pizza">{{cite news|url=http://www.fornobravo.com/vera_pizza_napoletana/VPN_spec.html</ref> [[Spaghetti]] is associated with the city and is commonly eaten with the sauce [[Neapolitan ragù|ragù]]: a Neapolitan symbol is [[folklore]] figure [[Pulcinella]] eating a plate of spaghetti.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.portanapoli.com/Ita/Cucina/cucina.html|publisher=PortaNapoli.com|title=La cucina napoletana|date=[[8 January]] [[2008]]}}</ref> Others include ''[[parmigiana|parmigiana di melanzane]]'', ''spaghetti alle vongole'' and ''casatiello''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cucinet.com/campania.htm|publisher=CuciNet.com|title=Campania|date=[[8 January]] [[2008]]}}</ref> Naples also has some noted [[sweet]] cuisines, including colourful [[gelato]], similar though more [[fruit]]-based than [[ice cream]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4179/is_20020530/ai_n11781129|publisher=Topeka Capital-Journal|title=Healthy treat: Napoli's Gelato serves up an Italian dessert|date=[[8 January]] [[2008]]}}</ref> Some of the [[pastry]] dishes include: ''[[zeppole]]'', ''[[Rum baba|babà]]'', ''[[sfogliatelle]]'' and ''[[pastiera]]'', the latter of which is prepared especially for [[Easter]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.emmeti.it/Cucina/Campania/Prodotti/Campania.PRO.79.uk.html|publisher=Emmeti.it|title=Campania - Cakes and Desserts|date=[[8 January]] [[2008]]}}</ref> Another seasonal sweet is ''[[struffoli]]'', a sweet tasting [[honey]] dough decorated and eaten around [[Christmas]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://italianfood.about.com/od/tastysweettreats/r/blr0359.htm|publisher=About.com|title=Struffoli - Neapolitan Christmas Treats|date=[[8 January]] [[2008]]}}</ref> There are some beverages from Naples also: it produces [[wine]]s from the Vesuvius area such as ''[[Lacryma Christi]]'' ("tear of Christ") and ''Terzigno''. Also from Naples is ''[[limoncello]]'' the highly popular [[lemon]] [[liqueur]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art24322.asp|publisher=BellaOnline.com|title=Lacryma Christi - A Legendary Wine|date=[[8 January]] [[2008]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pizzatoday.com/behindthebar_articles.shtml?article=MjYwM3N1cGVyMjYwMHNlY3JldDI2MDc=|publisher=PizzaToday.com|title=Limoncello|date=[[8 January]] [[2008]]}}</ref> ===Music=== {{main|Music of Naples|Canzone Napoletana}} [[Image:PulcinellaGuitar.jpg|thumb|left|140px|[[Pulcinella]] with a guitar.]] Naples has played an important and vibrant role over the centuries in the general history of western [[European music]]al traditions.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://pveout.area.na.cnr.it/NIG/Naples.html|publisher=AgendaOnline.it|title=Naples|date=[[8 January]] [[2008]]}}</ref> The history of Naples as a strong musical power can be traced back to the time of Spanish rule where organised [[music conservatories of Naples]] were first introduced. It was during the late [[Baroque music|Baroque period]] that [[Alessandro Scarlatti]] (father of [[Domenico Scarlatti]]) established the Neapolitan school of [[opera]]; this was in the form of [[opera seria]] which was a new development for its time.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timelineindex.com/content/select/1462/912,1,107,1462|publisher=TimelineIndex.com|title=Timeline: Opera|date=[[8 January]] [[2008]]}}</ref> Another form of opera originating in Naples is [[opera buffa]], a comic opera strongly linked to [[Giovanni Battista Pergolesi|Battista Pergolesi]] and [[Niccolò Piccinni|Piccinni]]; later [[Gioacchino Rossini|Rossini]] and [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]] would use the genre.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://classicalmusic.about.com/od/operafaq/f/ofaq9.htm|publisher=ClassicalMusic.About.com|title=What is opera buffa?|date=[[8 January]] [[2008]]}}</ref> The grandiose [[Teatro di San Carlo]] built in 1737, the oldest working theatre in Europe, was the operatic centre of the city and remains so to this day.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.whatsonwhen.com/sisp/index.htm?fx=event&event_id=33089|publisher=WhatsOnWhen.com|title=Teatro San Carlo|date=[[8 January]] [[2008]]}}</ref> [[Image:Enrico Caruso - The Theatre.jpg|thumb|right|130px|[[Enrico Caruso]], tenor.]] The earliest six-string [[guitar]] was created by a Neapolitan named Gaetano Vinaccia in 1779 (known as the [[romantic guitar]]); the Vinaccia family had also developed the [[mandolin]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.earlyromanticguitar.com|publisher=EarlyRomanticGuiar.com|title=Vinaccia 1779|date=[[8 January]] [[2008]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Tyler | first = James | title =The Guitar and Its Music: From the Renaissance to the Classical Era| publisher = Routledge| url =http://books.google.com/books?id=XQgVGIGnBrUC&dq=the+guitar+and+its+music+from+the+renaissance+to+the+classical+era&pg=PP1&ots=mS_k55uNxn&sig=syqLLjgLcqx6Cq9PJTWTH8HUz1Q&hl=en&prev=http://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=en&safe=off&client=firefox-a&channel=s&rls=org.mozilla:en-GB:official&hs=Bks&q=The+Guitar+and+Its+Music:+From+the+Renaissance+to+the+Classical+Era+&btnG=Search&sa=X&oi=print&ct=title&cad=one-book-with-thumbnail | isbn = 019816713X}}</ref> Along with the Spanish, Neapolitans became pioneers of [[classical guitar]] music with [[Ferdinando Carulli]] and [[Mauro Giuliani]] being prominent exponents.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jodrellbank.manchester.ac.uk/~agg/guitar/#giuliani|publisher=Cyclopaedia of Classical Guitar Composers|title=Cyclopaedia of Classical Guitar Composers|date=[[8 January]] [[2008]]}}</ref> Giuliani was actually from further south in the [[Kingdom of Naples]] – [[Apulia]] - but had moved to Naples; Giuliani is considered to be one of the greatest [[guitar player]]s and composers of the [[19th century]], along with his great [[Catalan]] contemporary [[Fernando Sor]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lagunaguitars.com/library.html|publisher=LagunaGuitars.com|title=The Masters of Classical Guitar|date=[[8 January]] [[2008]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.finefretted.com/html/starobin_plays_sor_and_giulian.html|publisher=FineFretted.com|title=Starobin Plays Sor and Giuliani|date=[[8 January]] [[2008]]}}</ref> Another Neapolitan musical artist who had an impact on the world stage is [[opera]] singer [[Enrico Caruso]], one of the most famous and respected [[tenor]]s of all time:<ref>{{cite news|url=http://student.britannica.com/comptons/article-9273542/Enrico-Caruso|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|title=Enrico Caruso|date=[[8 January]] [[2008]]}}</ref> he was considered a man of the people in Naples and came from a [[working class]] background.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.grandi-tenori.com/tenors/caruso.php|publisher=Grandi-Tenori.com|title=Enrico Caruso|date=[[8 January]] [[2008]]}}</ref> Perhaps the most well known part of Neapolitan music is the ''[[Canzone Napoletana]]'' style, essentially the [[traditional music]] of the city with a repertoire of hundreds of [[folklore|folk]] songs, some of which can be traced back to the 1200s.<ref name="festadipied">{{cite news|url=http://www.festadipiedigrotta.it/eng/storia/storia.htm|publisher=FestaDiPiedigrotta.it|title=History|date=[[8 January]] [[2008]]}}</ref> The songs ''[[O sole mio]]'' and ''[[Funiculì Funiculà]]'' are part of this style and are known far and wide outside of Naples. The genre became a formal insitution in [[1835]] thanks to the introduction of the annual ''Festival of [[Piedigrotta]]'' songwriting competition.<ref name="festadipied">{{cite news|url=http://www.festadipiedigrotta.it/eng/storia/storia.htm|publisher=FestaDiPiedigrotta.it|title=History|date=[[8 January]] [[2008]]}}</ref> Some of the most noted recording artists in this field includes Roberto Murolo, Sergio Bruni and [[Renato Carosone]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.naplesmylove.com/artisti_classici_napoletani.html|publisher=NaplesMyLove.com|title=Artisti classici napoletani|date=[[8 January]] [[2008]]}}</ref> There are other forms of music played in Naples which are not well known outside the area but hugely popular within it, such as ''cantautore'' (singer-songwriter) and ''sceneggiata'', which has been described as a [[musical]] [[soap opera]]; the most well known artist of this style is [[Mario Merola]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/2006/dec/07/guardianobituaries.italy|publisher=Guardian.co.uk|title=Mario Merola|date=[[8 January]] [[2008]]}}</ref> ===Sports=== [[Image:SSC Napoli - N.jpg|right|thumb|200px|SSC Napoli's badge on the pitch.]] [[Association football|Football]] is by far the most popular sport in Naples, brought to the city by the [[English people|English]] during the early 1900s,<ref name="early history">{{cite news|url=http://napoli2000.etereanetwork.com/StoriaClub_Albori.asp|publisher=Napoli2000.com|title=Storia Del Club, by Pietro Gentile and Valerio Rossano |date=[[23 June]] 2007}}</ref> it is deeply embedded in local culture: it is played by everyone from the ''scugnizzi'' ([[street children]] of Naples) to professional level. The most noted club from the city is [[S.S.C. Napoli|SSC Napoli]] who play at the ''[[Stadio San Paolo]]'' in [[Fuorigrotta]]. They play in the highly prestigious [[Serie A]] league and won it twice during the time of [[Diego Maradona]], they also won the [[UEFA Cup]].<ref name=calcionap>{{cite news|url=http://www.calcionapolinet.com/storia.asp|publisher=CalcioNapoliNet.com|title=Storia|date=[[26 June]] 2007}}</ref> The city has produced numerous professional players, the most noted of which are [[Ciro Ferrara]] and [[Fabio Cannavaro]], the latter led [[Italy national football team|Italy]] to the [[2006 FIFA World Cup|2006 World Cup]] as captain and was [[FIFA World Player of the Year|World Player of the Year]]. Some of the smaller clubs from the city include [[F.C. Sporting Neapolis|Sporting Neapolis]] and [[Internapoli Camaldoli S.S.D.|Internapoli]] who play at the ''[[Stadio Arturo Collana]]''. The city also has participants in other sports though less popular: [[Basket Napoli|Eldo Napoli]] represent the city in [[basketball]]'s variation of [[Serie A (basketball)|Serie A]] playing at [[Bagnoli]]. Partenope Rugby are the most noted [[rugby union]] side, winning the rugby version of [[Serie A (rugby union)|Serie A]] twice. Other sports played to some extent include [[water polo]], [[horse racing]] and [[sailing]]. As well as [[fencing]], [[boxing]], [[taekwondo]] and other martial arts. The "Accademia Nazionale di Scherma" (National Academy and Fence School of Naples) is the only place in Italy where the titles "Master of Sword" and "Master of [[Kendo]]" can be obtained.<ref name=fencing>{{cite news|url=http://www.accademianazionalescherma.it/|title=Fencing|date=[[12 June]] 2008}}</ref> ==Transport== Naples is well connected in regards to major [[motorway]]s, known in Italy as ''[[autostrada]]''. From Naples all the way north to [[Milan]] is the [[A1 Motorway (Italy)|A1]] known as ''autostrada del Sole'' (motorway of the sun), the longest transalpine [[Autostrade of Italy|motorway]] on the peninsula.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.onestopitaly.com/allitalydriving.html|publisher=OneStopItaly.com|title=Driving around Italy|date=[[26 June]] 2007}}</ref> There are other ''autostrada'' from Naples too, such as the [[A3 Motorway|A3]] which goes southwards down to [[Salerno]] where the motorway to [[Reggio Calabria]] begins, as well as the A16 which goes across east to [[Canosa di Puglia|Canosa]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aiscat.it/inautostrada/tratta.htm?ck=1&nome=autostrade&idl=4&aut_id=A3|publisher=AISCAT.it|title=A3|date=[[26 June]] 2007}}</ref> The latter is called the ''autostrada dei Due Mari'' (motorway of the Two Seas) because it connects the [[Tyrrhenian Sea]] to the [[Adriatic Sea]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aiscat.it/inautostrada/tratta.htm?ck=1&nome=autostrade&idl=4&aut_id=A16|publisher=AISCAT.it|title=A16 - Autostrada dei due Mari|date=[[26 June]] 2007}}</ref> [[Image:Street Naples.jpg|200px|thumb|Typically narrow road in Naples.]] Within the actual city itself there are many [[public transport]] services, including [[tram]]s, [[bus]]es, ''[[funicular]]s'' and [[trolleybus]]es.<ref name="transportnap">{{cite news|url=http://goeurope.about.com/cs/italy/p/naples_trans.htm|publisher=GoEurope.com|title=Naples Italy Transportation Options|date=[[26 June]] 2007}}</ref> Naples also has its own [[Metropolitana di Napoli|Naples Metro]], the underground [[rapid transit]] railway system of the city which has integrated into one single service system the several railways lines of Naples and its [[List of Naples metro stations|metro stations]].<ref name="transportnap">{{cite news|url=http://goeurope.about.com/cs/italy/p/naples_trans.htm|publisher=GoEurope.com|title=Naples Italy Transportation Options|date=[[26 June]] 2007}}</ref> Suburban rail services are provided by [[Trenitalia]], [[Circumvesuviana]], [[Ferrovia Cumana]] and [[Metronapoli]]. The main general [[train station]] of the city is ''Napoli Centrale'', which is located in ''Piazza Garibaldi''; another siginificant station is the ''Napoli Campi Flegrei''. <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.raileurope.com/us/train_stations/naples.htm|publisher=RailEurope.com|title=The Naples Train Station-Napoli Centrale|date=[[26 June]] 2007}}</ref>. Naples has lots of narrow streets, so the general public commonly use compact [[hatchback]] cars and [[Scooter (motorcycle)|scooters]] are especially common.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.marriott.co.uk/city-guide/uk-city-overview.mi?cityId=42&guideType=getting_there|publisher=Marriott.co.uk|title=Naples - City Insider|date=[[26 June]] 2007}}</ref> Naples is now connected to Rome by [[high-speed railway]] with trains running at almost 300 [[kilometres per hour|km/h]], reducing journey time to under an hour; the system was introducted in 2007.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/italy/|publisher=Railway-Technology.com|title=High Speed Rail Operations, Italy|date=[[26 June]] 2007}}</ref> The port of Naples has several [[ferry]], [[hydrofoil]] and [[Catamaran#SWATH|SWATH]] [[catamarans]] services open to the general public, most of which are to places within the [[province of Naples|Neapolitan province]] such as [[Capri]], [[Ischia]] and [[Sorrento]], or the [[Province of Salerno|Salernitan province]], such as [[Salerno]], [[Positano]] and [[Amalfi]].<ref name="ferry">{{cite news|url=http://www.italyheaven.co.uk/campania/ferries.html|publisher=ItalyHeaven.co.uk|title=Ferries from Naples|date=[[26 June]] 2007}}</ref> There are however some which go to destinations further afield, such as [[Sicily]], [[Sardinia]], [[Ponza]] and the [[Aeolian Islands]].<ref name="ferry">{{cite news|url=http://www.italyheaven.co.uk/campania/ferries.html|publisher=ItalyHeaven.co.uk|title=Ferries from Naples|date=[[26 June]] 2007}}</ref> There are many [[enterprise]]s at the port, which is important for transferring [[cargo]] and is a growing centre of [[commerce]] in general. Within the scope of suburb [[Capodichino|San Pietro a Patierno]] is the [[Naples International Airport]], the most important airport in southern Italy, which serves millions of people each year with around 140 flights arriving or departing daily.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.portal.gesac.it/portal/page/portal/internet/notahomepage-eng.pdf|publisher=Gesac.it|title=Naples International Airport|date=[[26 June]] 2007}}</ref> ==International relations== {{Infobox World Heritage Site | WHS = Historic Centre of Naples | Image = [[Image:Napoli5.jpg|240px|The Bay of Naples]] | State Party = {{ITA}} | Type = Cultural | Criteria = ii, iv | ID = 726 | Region = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Europe|Europe]] | Year = 1995 | Session = 19th | Link = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/726 }} Naples is involved in [[town twinning]] (known as ''gemellaggio'' in Italian), a mutual partnership with several cities. Below are partner cities listed on the official website of the city of Naples;<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.comune.napoli.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/IT/IDPagina/5931|publisher=Comune di Napoli|title=Gemellaggi|date=[[8 January]] [[2008]]}}</ref> '''Partner cities:''' * {{flagicon|Greece}} [[Athens]] * {{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Budapest]] * {{flagicon|Romania}} [[Călăraşi]] * {{flagicon|Tunisia}} [[Gafsa]] * {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Izmir]] * {{flagicon|Serbia}} [[Kragujevac]] * {{flagicon|Palestine}} [[Nablus]] * {{flagicon|Madagascar}} [[Nosy Be]] * {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Palma de Mallorca]] * {{flagicon|Cuba}} [[Santiago de Cuba]] * {{flagicon|Cuba}} [[Santiago de Cuba Province]] * {{flagicon|Romania}} [[Sighetu Marmaţiei]] Since 1995, the historic centre of Naples has been listed as a [[World Heritage Site]] by [[UNESCO]], a programme which aims to catalogue, name, and conserve sites of outstanding [[cultural]] or [[natural]] importance to the common heritage of [[humanity]]. The deciding committee who evaluate potential candidates described Naples' centre as being "of exceptional value", and went on to say that Naples' "setting on the [[Bay of Naples]] gives it an outstanding universal value which has had a profound influence".<ref name="unesco">{{cite news|url=http://whc.unesco.org/archive/repcom95.htm#726|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|title=Historic Centre of Naples|date=[[8 January]] [[2008]]}}</ref> ==Noted Neapolitans== :''For more information, see [[:Category:People from Naples|People from Naples]]'' {{col-start}} {{col-3}} * [[Statius]] (45 &ndash; 96), poet * [[Pope Boniface V]] (died 625), pope * [[Pope Urban VI]] (1318 &ndash; 1389), pope * [[Joan I of Naples]] (1328 &ndash; 1382), queen * [[Pope Boniface IX]] (1356 &ndash; 1404), pope * [[Alfonso II of Naples]] (1448 &ndash; 1495), king * [[Jacopo Sannazaro]] (1458 &ndash; 1530), poet * [[Pirro Ligorio]] (1510 &ndash; 1583), architect * [[Giambattista Marino]] (1569 &ndash; 1625), poet * [[Salvator Rosa]] (1615 &ndash; 1673), poet, satirist, painter * [[Francesco Antonio Picchiati]] (1619 &ndash; 1694), architect * [[Masaniello]] (1622 &ndash; 1647), revolutionary * [[Luca Giordano]] (1634 &ndash; 1705), painter * [[Ludovico Sabbatini]] (1650 &ndash; 1724), religious teacher, priest * [[Giambattista Vico]] (1668 &ndash; 1744), philosopher * [[Ferdinando Sanfelice]] (1675 &ndash; 1748), painter * [[Domenico Antonio Vaccaro]] (1678 &ndash; 1745) architect, painter * [[Domenico Scarlatti]] (1685 – 1757), composer * [[Nicola Porpora]] (1686 &ndash; 1768), composer * [[Alphonsus Liguori]] (1696 &ndash; 1787), saint, writer * [[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies]] (1751 &ndash; 1825), king * [[Gaetano Filangieri]] (1752 &ndash; 1788), jurist {{col-3}} * [[Raffaele Sacco]] (1787 &ndash; 1872), poet, inventor, lyricist * [[Domenico Morelli]] (1823 &ndash; 1901), painter * [[John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton|Lord Acton]] (1834 &ndash; 1902), historian * [[Peppino Turco]] (1846 &ndash; 1907), songwriter, journalist * [[Lamont Young (Naples)|Lamont Young]] (1851 &ndash; 1929), architect * [[Vincenzo Gemito]] (1852 &ndash; 1929), sculptor * [[Ruggero Leoncavallo]] (1857 &ndash; 1919), composer * [[Salvatore Di Giacomo]] (1860 &ndash; 1934), poet * [[Ferdinando Russo]] (1866 &ndash; 1927), poet, journalist, writer * [[Victor Emmanuel III of Italy]] (1869 &ndash; 1947), king * [[Enrico Caruso]] (1873 &ndash; 1921), opera singer * [[Enrico De Nicola]] (1877 &ndash; 1959), president, jurist, journalist * [[Totò]] (1898 &ndash; 1967), actor * [[Eduardo De Filippo]] (1900 &ndash; 1984), actor, writer * [[Renato Caccioppoli]] (1904 &ndash; 1959), mathematician * [[Giorgio Napolitano]] (1925 &ndash; ), politician, president * [[Mario Merola]] (1934 &ndash; 2005), singer * [[Massimo Troisi]] (1953 &ndash; 1994), actor * [[Fabio Cannavaro]] (1973 &ndash; ), footballer * [[Massimiliano Rosolino]] (1978 &ndash; ), swimmer, olympian * [[Roberto Saviano]] (1979 &ndash; ), journalist, writer {{col-end}} ==References== {{Reflist|2}} ==See also== {{sisterlinks|Naples}} * [[Neapolitan language]] * [[Neapolitan Mastiff]] * [[Sirenuse]] ==External links== * [http://www.comune.napoli.it City Council's website] * {{wikitravel}} * [http://www.webvisionitaly.com/category.php?id=10&ref_genre=&ref_item=355 Video Tour Naples] {{Regional Capitals of Italy}} {{World Heritage Sites in Italy}} {{Province of Naples}} [[Category:Naples|Naples]] [[Category:Settlements established in the 7th century BC]] [[Category:Ancient Greek cities]] [[Category:Baroque sites of Campania]] [[Category:Cumaean colonies]] [[Category:Renaissance sites of Campania]] [[Category:World Heritage Sites in Italy]] [[Category:Cities and towns in Campania]] [[Category:Port cities in Italy]] [[Category:Major Cities in Italy]] {{Link FA|es}} {{Link FA|hu}} [[af:Napels]] [[als:Neapel]] [[ar:نابولي]] [[an:Nápols]] [[ast:Nápoles]] [[az:Neapol]] [[be-x-old:Нэапаль]] [[bs:Napulj]] [[br:Napoli]] [[bg:Неапол]] [[ca:Nàpols]] [[cs:Neapol]] [[cy:Napoli]] [[da:Napoli]] [[de:Neapel]] [[et:Napoli]] [[el:Νάπολη]] [[es:Nápoles]] [[eo:Napolo]] [[eu:Napoli]] [[fa:ناپل]] [[fr:Naples]] [[fy:Napels (stêd)]] [[ga:Napoli]] [[gl:Nápoles - Napoli]] [[ko:나폴리]] [[hy:Նեապոլ]] [[hi:नापोलि]] [[hr:Napulj]] [[io:Napoli]] [[id:Napoli]] [[ia:Napoli]] [[is:Napólí]] [[it:Napoli]] [[he:נאפולי]] [[pam:Naples]] [[ka:ნეაპოლი]] [[sw:Napoli]] [[kv:Неаполь]] [[la:Neapolis]] [[lv:Neapole]] [[lt:Neapolis]] [[lij:Nappoli]] [[hu:Nápoly]] [[nl:Napels (stad)]] [[ja:ナポリ]] [[nap:Napule]] [[no:Napoli]] [[nn:Napoli]] [[oc:Nàpols]] [[pms:Nàpoli]] [[pl:Neapol]] [[pt:Nápoles]] [[ro:Neapole]] [[rm:Napoli]] [[qu:Napoli]] [[ru:Неаполь]] [[scn:Nàpuli]] [[simple:Naples]] [[sk:Neapol]] [[sl:Neapelj]] [[sr:Напуљ]] [[sh:Napulj]] [[fi:Napoli]] [[sv:Neapel]] [[tl:Naples (lungsod)]] [[vi:Napoli]] [[tr:Napoli]] [[udm:Неаполь]] [[uk:Неаполь]] [[vec:Nàpułi]] [[vo:Napoli]] [[vls:Noapels]] [[yi:נאפאלי]] [[zh:那不勒斯]]