Native American reservation 784889 224810671 2008-07-10T14:53:02Z Coolcaesar 95921 Making it clear where this term comes from {{POV|date=March 2008}} [[Image:Bia-map-indian-reservations-usa.png|thumb|300px|BIA map of reservations in the United States.]] [[Image:Indian reservations.gif|thumb|300px|[[Tribal sovereignty]]: Map of the United States, with non-reservation land highlighted.]] {{segregation}} A '''Native American reservation''' (also known as '''Indian reservation''') is an area of [[land (economics)|land]] managed by a [[Native Americans of the United States|Native American]] [[tribe]] under the [[United States Department of the Interior| United States Department of the Interior's]] [[Bureau of Indian Affairs]]. Because the land is [[Federal jurisdiction|federal]] [[United States territory|territory]] and Native Americans have limited national [[Tribal sovereignty|sovereignty]], laws on tribal lands vary from the surrounding area. These laws can permit legal [[Native American gambling enterprises|casinos]] on reservations, which attract [[tourism|tourists]]. There are about 310 [[List of Native American reservations in the United States|Native American reservations in the United States]], meaning not all of the country's 550-plus [[List of Native American Tribal Entities|recognized tribes]] have a reservation — some tribes have more than one reservation, others have none. In addition, because of past land sales and allotments, discussed below, some reservations are severely fragmented. Each piece of [[tribal]], [[Trust company|trust]], and privately held land is a separate [[enclave]]. This random mixing of private and public real estate can create significant administrative difficulties. The collective geographical area of all reservations is 55.7 million acres (225,410 km²), representing 2.3% of the area of the United States (2,379,400,204 acres; 9,629,091 km²). There are twelve Native American reservations that are larger than the state of [[Rhode Island]] (776,960 acres; 3,144 km²) and nine reservations larger than [[Delaware]] (1,316,480 acres; 5,327 km²). Reservations are unevenly distributed throughout the country with some states having none. The tribal council, not the local or federal government, has jurisdiction over reservations. Different reservations have different systems of government, which may or may not replicate the forms of government found outside the reservation. Some Native American reservations were laid out by the federal government, others were outlined by the states. At the present time, a slight majority of Native Americans and [[Alaska Natives]] live somewhere other than the reservations, often in big western cities such as [[Phoenix, Arizona]] and [[Los Angeles, California]]. ==History== ===Reservation beginnings=== {{seealso|Indian removal}} The term "reservation" arose from the tendency of Americans to draft treaties in which tribes gave away most of their land to the newcomers (often in exchange for grossly inadequate [[consideration]]) but "reserved" part of it for themselves. In 1851, the [[United States Congress]] passed the [[Indian Appropriations Act]] which authorized the creation of Native American reservations in modern day [[Oklahoma]]. Relations between settlers and natives had grown increasingly worse as the settlers encroached on territory and natural resources in the West. Grant pursued a stated "Peace Policy" as a possible solution to the conflict. The policy included a reorganization of the Native American Service, with the goal of relocating various tribes from their ancestral homes to parcels of lands established specifically for their inhabitation. The policy called for the replacement of government officials by religious men, nominated by churches, to oversee the Native American agencies on reservations in order to teach [[Christianity]] to the native tribes. The [[Society of Friends|Quakers]] were especially active in this policy on reservations. The "civilization" policy was aimed at eventually preparing the tribes for citizenship. In many cases, the lands granted to tribes were not ideal for, and in some cases resistant to agricultural cultivation, leaving many tribes who accepted the policy in a state bordering on starvation. Reservation treaties sometimes included stipend agreements, in which the federal government would grant a certain amount of goods to a tribe annually. The implementation of the policy was erratic, however, and in many cases the stipend goods were not delivered. ===Controversy=== The policy was controversial from the start. Reservations were generally established by [[Executive order (United States)|executive order]]. In many cases, white settlers objected to the size of land parcels, which were subsequently reduced. A report submitted to Congress in 1868 found widespread corruption among the federal Native American agencies and generally poor conditions among the relocated tribes. Many tribes ignored the relocation orders at first and were forced onto their new limited land parcels. In many cases, the policy required the continuing support of the [[United States Army]] in the West to restrict the movements of various tribes. The pursuit of tribes in order to force them back onto reservations led to a number of Native American Wars. The most well known conflict was the [[Sioux War]] on the northern [[Great Plains]], between 1876 and 1881, which included the [[Battle of Little Bighorn]]. Other famous wars in this regard included the [[Nez Perce War]]. By the late 1870s, the policy established by Grant was regarded as a failure, primarily because it had resulted in some of the bloodiest wars between Native Americans and the United States. By 1877, President [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] began phasing out the policy, and by 1882 all religious organizations had relinquished their authority to the federal Native American agency. [[Image:New-mexico-rez.jpg|thumb|Most Native American reservations, like the Laguna Native American reservation in New Mexico (pictured 1943), are in the western United States, often in arid regions unsuitable for agriculture.]] In 1887, Congress undertook a significant change in reservation policy by the passage of the [[Dawes Act]], or General Allotment (Severalty) Act. The act ended the general policy of granting land parcels to tribes as-a-whole by granting small parcels of land to individual tribe members. In some cases, for example the [[Umatilla Indian Reservation]], after the individual parcels were granted out of reservation land, the reservation area was reduced by giving the excess land to white settlers. The individual allotment policy continued until 1934, when it was terminated by the [[Indian Reorganization Act]]. ===The Indian New Deal=== The [[Indian Reorganization Act]] of 1934, also known as the ''Howard-Wheeler Act'', was sometimes called the ''[[Indian New Deal]]''. It laid out new rights for Native Americans, reversed some of the earlier privatization of their common holdings, and encouraged [[sovereignty|self-government]] and land management by tribes. The act slowed the assignment of tribal lands to individual members, and reduced the assignment of 'extra' holdings to nonmembers. For the following twenty years, the U.S. government invested in infrastructure, health care, and education on the reservations, and over two million acres (8,000 km²) of land were returned to various tribes. The Native American Reorganization Act also provided for [[Indian termination policy|termination]] and relocation of certain tribes. This eventually resulted in the legal dismantling of 61 tribal nations. ==Life and culture== Many Native Americans who live on reservations deal with the federal government through two agencies: the [[Bureau of Indian Affairs]] and the [[Indian Health Service]]. Life qualities in some reservations are comparable to the quality of life in the [[developing world]] <ref>http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/291793/south_dakotas_pine_ridge_indian_reservation.html</ref>. [[Shannon County, South Dakota]], home of the [[Pine Ridge Indian Reservation]], is routinely described as one of the poorest counties in the nation. ==Gambling== {{main|Native American gambling enterprises}} In 1979, the Seminole tribe in [[Florida]] opened a high-stakes [[Bingo (US)|bingo]] operation on its reservation in Florida. The state attempted to close the operation down but was stopped in the courts. In the 1980s, the case of ''California v. Cabazon Band of Mission Indians'' established the right of reservations to operate other forms of gambling operations. In 1988, Congress passed the [[Indian Gaming Regulatory Act]] which recognized the right of Native American tribes to establish gambling and gaming facilities on their reservations as long as the states in which they are located have some form of legalized gambling. Today, many Native American Casinos are used as [[tourism|tourist]] attractions to draw visitors and revenue to reservations. ==See also== *Canada: [[Indian reserve]] *[[List of Native American reservations in the United States]] ==External links== *[http://www.cr.nps.gov/nagpra/DOCUMENTS/RESERV.PDF BIA full-size map of Native American Reservations in the continental United States] *[http://www.cr.nps.gov/nagpra/DOCUMENTS/ResMapIndex.htm BIA index to map of Native American Reservations in the continental United States] *[http://www.fema.gov/government/tribal/index.shtm FEMA: Federally recognized Native American reservations] *[http://library.doi.gov/internet/triballeaders7.pdf Tribal Leaders Directory] *[http://www.csmonitor.com/2004/0423/p08s01-comv.html Gambling on the reservation] April 2004 ''[[Christian Science Monitor]]'' article with links to other Monitor articles on the topic. * [http://www.infca.org/tribes/IRA.htm Wheeler-Howard Act (Indian Reorganization Act) 1934] * [http://www.theorator.com/bills108/s523.html Native American Technical Corrections Act of 2003] * [http://www.census.gov/geo/www/GARM/Ch5GARM.pdf Chapter 5: American Indian and Alaska Native Areas], U.S. Census Bureau, Geographic Areas Reference manual (PDF) {{Types of administrative country subdivision}} <s></s> [[Category:History of racial segregation in the United States]] [[Category:Native American]] [[Category:Subdivisions of the United States]] [[Category:American Indian reservations| ]] [[Category:Administrative divisions]] [[ca:Reserva índia]] [[de:Indianerreservation]] [[es:Reserva india]] [[sw:rizavu]] [[ja:インディアン居留地]] [[pl:Rezerwat Indian]] [[pt:Reserva indígena]] [[it:Riserva indigena]] [[ru:Индейская резервация]] [[fi:Intiaanireservaatti]] [[sv:Indianreservat]] [[th:เขตสงวนอินเดียนแดง]]