Nepenthes 262345 225587375 2008-07-14T13:00:31Z Llamadog903 824787 /* Species */ {{For|the drug of forgetfulness mentioned in Greek mythology|Nepenthe}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Nepenthes'' | image = Nepenthes edwardsiana entire ASR 052007 tambu.jpg | image_width = 200px | image_caption = Upper pitcher of ''[[Nepenthes edwardsiana]]'' | regnum = [[Plant]]ae | divisio = [[Magnoliophyta]] | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]] | ordo = [[Caryophyllales]] | familia = '''Nepenthaceae''' | familia_authority = [[Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier|Dumort.]] (1829) | genus = '''''Nepenthes''''' | genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] (1753) | diversity_link = List_of_Nepenthes_species | diversity = ~120 species | subdivision_ranks = [[Species]] | subdivision = See [[Nepenthes#Species|below]] or [[List of Nepenthes species|separate list]]. | range_map = Nepenthes distribution.svg | range_map_width = 200px | range_map_caption = Global distribution of ''Nepenthes''. | synonyms = *''Anurosperma'' <small>Hallier (1921)</small> *''Bandura'' <small>Adans. (1763)</small> *''Phyllamphora'' <small>Lour. (1790)</small> }} The '''''Nepenthes''''' ({{pronEng|nəˈpɛnθiːz}}, from [[Greek language|Greek]]: ''ne'' = not, ''penthos'' = grief, sorrow; named after the ancient drug [[Nepenthe]]), popularly known as '''Tropical [[pitcher plant|Pitcher Plant]]s''' or '''Monkey Cups''', are a [[genus]] of [[carnivorous plants]] in the [[monotypic]] family '''Nepenthaceae''' that comprises roughly 120 species, numerous [[List of Nepenthes natural hybrids|natural]] and many cultivated hybrids. They are [[vine]]-forming plants of the [[Old World]] [[tropics]], ranging from South [[China]], [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]] and the [[Philippines]]; westward to [[Madagascar]] (2 species) and the [[Seychelles]] (1); southward to [[Australia]] (3) and [[New Caledonia]] (1); and northward to [[India]] (1) and [[Sri Lanka]] (1). The greatest diversity occurs on [[Borneo]] and [[Sumatra]] with many [[Endemism|endemic]] species. Many are plants of hot humid lowland areas, but the majority are tropical montane plants, receiving warm days but cool to cold humid nights year round. A few are considered tropical alpine with cool days and nights near freezing. The name 'Monkey Cups' refers to the fact that [[monkeys]] have been observed drinking rainwater from these plants. ==Etymology== The name ''Nepenthes'' was first published in 1737 in [[Carolus Linnaeus]]'s ''[[Hortus Cliffortianus]]''.<ref>Linnaeus, C. 1737. ''Nepenthes''. ''Hortus Cliffortianus''. Amsterdam.</ref> It references a passage in [[Homer]]'s ''[[Odyssey]]'', in which the potion "Nepenthes pharmakon" is given to [[Helen]] by an [[Egypt]]ian queen. "[[Nepenthe]]" literally means "without grief" (''ne'' = not, ''penthos'' = grief) and, in [[Greek mythology]], is a drug that quells all sorrows with forgetfulness. Linnaeus explained: <blockquote>If this is not Helen's ''Nepenthes'', it certainly will be for all botanists. What botanist would not be filled with admiration if, after a long journey, he should find this wonderful plant. In his astonishment past ills would be forgotten when beholding this admirable work of the Creator! [translated from Latin by H. J. Veitch]<ref>Veitch, H.J. 1897. ''Nepenthes''. ''Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society'' '''21'''(2): 226–262.</ref></blockquote> The plant Linnaeus described was ''[[Nepenthes distillatoria]]'', a species from [[Sri Lanka]].<ref name=P&L>Phillipps, A. & A. Lamb 1996. ''Pitcher-Plants of Borneo''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.</ref> ''Nepenthes'' was formally published as a [[genus|generic]] name in 1753 in Linnaeus's famous ''[[Species Plantarum]]'', which established [[botanical nomenclature]] as it exists today. ''N. distillatoria'' is the [[type species]] of the genus.<ref>Linnaeus, C. 1753. ''Nepenthes''. ''Species Plantarum'' 2: 955.</ref> [[Image:Nepenthes Species Plantarum.jpg|thumb|left|400px|''Nepenthes'' from Carolus Linnaeus's ''Species Plantarum'' of 1753.]]<br clear="all"> ==Botanical history== [[Image:Utricaria vegetabilis zeylanensium.jpg|thumb|right|Plukenet's drawing of ''N.&nbsp;distillatoria'' from his<br>''Almagestum Botanicum'' of 1696.]] The earliest known record of ''Nepenthes'' dates back to the 17th century. In 1658, French colonial governor [[Etienne de Flacourt]] published a description of a pitcher plant in his seminal work ''Histoire de la Grande Isle de Madagascar''. It reads:<ref>de Flacourt, E. 1658. ''Histoire de la Grande Isle de Madagascar''.</ref> <blockquote>It is a plant growing about 3 feet high which carries at the end of its leaves, which are 7 inches long, a hollow flower or fruit resembling a small vase, with its own lid, a wonderful sight. There are red ones and yellow ones, the yellow being the biggest. The inhabitants of this country are reluctant to pick the flowers, saying that if somebody does pick them in passing, it will not fail to rain that day. As to that, I and all the other Frenchmen did pick them, but it did not rain. After rain these flowers are full of water, each one containing a good half-glass. [translated from French in ''Pitcher-Plants of Borneo'']<ref name=P&L /></blockquote> Flacourt called the plant ''Anramitaco'', presumably after a local name. More than a century later, this species was formally described as ''[[Nepenthes madagascariensis|N. madagascariensis]]''.<ref name=Poiret>Poiret, J.L.M. 1797. ''Népente''. In: J.B. Lamarck ''Encyclopédie Méthodique Botanique'' Vol. 4.</ref> The second species to be described was ''[[Nepenthes distillatoria|N. distillatoria]]'', the [[Sri Lanka]]n [[endemism|endemic]]. In 1677, Bartholinus made brief mention of it under the name ''Miranda herba'', Latin for "marvellous herb".<ref>Bartholinus 1677. ''Miranda herba''. ''Acta Medica et Philosophica Hafniensa'' 3: 38.</ref> Three years later, Dutch merchant [[Jacob Breyne]] referred to this species as ''Bandura zingalensium'', after a local name for the plant.<ref>Breyne, J. 1680. ''Bandura zingalensium'' etc. ''Prodromus Fasciculi Rariorum Plantarum'' 1: 18.</ref> ''Bandura'' subsequently became the most commonly used name for the tropical pitcher plants, until Linnaeus coined ''Nepenthes'' in 1737.<ref name=P&L /> ''N. distillatoria'' was again described in 1683, this time by Swedish physician H. N. Grimm.<ref>Grimm, H.N. 1683. ''Planta mirabilis distillatoria''. In: Miscellanea curiosa sive Ephemeridum. ''Med. Phys. Germ. Acad. Nat. Cur. Decuriae'' 2, ann. prim. p. 363, f. 27.</ref> Grimm called it ''Planta mirabilis distillatoria'' or the "miraculous distilling plant", and was the first to clearly illustrate a tropical pitcher plant.<ref name=P&L /> Three years later, in 1686, English naturalist [[John Ray]] quoted Grimm as saying:<ref>Ray, J. 1686. ''Bandura cingalensium'' etc. ''Historia Plantarum'' 1: 721–722.</ref> <blockquote>The root draws up moisture from the earth which with the help of the sun's rays rises up into the plant itself and then flows down through the stems and nerves of the leaves into the natural utensil to be stored there until used for human needs. [translated from Latin in ''Pitcher-Plants of Borneo'']<ref name=P&L /></blockquote> One of the earliest illustrations of ''Nepenthes'' appears in Leonard Plukenet's ''Almagestum Botanicum'' of 1696.<ref>Plukenet, L. 1696. ''Utricaria vegetabilis zeylanensium''. In: ''Almagestum Botanicum''.</ref> The plant, called ''Utricaria vegetabilis zeylanensium'', is undoubtedly ''N. distillatoria''.<ref name =P&L /> [[Image:Cantharifera.jpg|thumb|left|''Cantharifera'' as illustrated in Rumphius's ''Herbarium Amboinensis'', Volume 5, published in 1747, although probably drawn in the late 17th century. The vine on the right is not a ''Nepenthes'', but a species of ''[[Flagellaria]]''.]] It was around the same time that German botanist [[Georg Eberhard Rumphius]] discovered two new ''Nepenthes'' species in the [[Malay Archipelago]]. Rumphius illustrated the first one, now considered synonymous with ''[[Nepenthes mirabilis|N. mirabilis]]'', and gave it the name ''Cantharifera'', meaning "tankard-bearer". The second, referred to as ''Cantharifera alba'', is thought to have been ''[[Nepenthes maxima|N. maxima]]''. Rumphius described the plants in his most famous work, the six-volume ''Herbarium Amboinense'', a catalogue of the [[flora]] of [[Ambon Island]]. However, it would not be published until many years after his death.<ref>Rumphius, G.E. 1741–1750. ''Cantharifera''. In: ''Herbarium Amboinense'' 5, lib. 7, cap. 61, p. 121, t. 59, t. 2.</ref> After going blind in 1670, when the manuscript was only partially complete, Rumphius continued work on ''Herbarium Amboinensis'' with the help of clerks and artists. In 1687, with the project nearing completion, at least half of the illustrations were lost in a fire. Persevering, Rumphius and his helpers first completed the book in 1690. However, two years later, the ship carrying the manuscript to the Netherlands was attacked and sunk by the French, forcing them to start over from a copy that had fortunately been retained by Governor-General Johannes Camphuijs. The ''Herbarium Amboinensis'' finally arrived in the Netherlands in 1696. Even then, the first volume did not appear until 1741, thirty-nine years after Rumphius's death. By this time, Linnaeus's name ''Nepenthes'' had become established.<ref name=P&L /> [[Image:Bandura zeylanica.jpg|thumb|right|Illustration of ''Bandura zeylanica'' (''N. distillatoria'') from Burmann's ''Thesaurus Zeylanicus'' of 1737.]] ''N. distillatoria'' was again illustrated in Johannes Burmann's ''Thesaurus Zeylanicus'' of 1737. The drawing depicts the end of a flowering stem with pitchers. Burmann refers to the plant as ''Bandura zeylanica''.<ref>Burmann, J. 1737. ''Thesaurus Zeylanicus''. Amsterdam.</ref> The next mention of tropical pitcher plants was made in 1790, when Portuguese priest [[João de Loureiro]] described ''Phyllamphora mirabilis'', or the "marvellous urn-shaped leaf", from [[Vietnam]]. Despite living in the country for around 35 years, it seems unlikely that Loureiro observed living plants of this species, as he states that the lid is a moving part, [[rapid plant movement|actively opening and closing]]. In his most celebrated work, ''Flora Cochinchinensis'', he writes:<ref>de Loureiro, J. 1790. ''Flora Cochinchinensis'' 2: 606–607.</ref> <blockquote>[...] (the) leaf-tip ends in a long hanging tendril, twisted spirally in the middle, from which hangs a sort of vase, oblong, pot-bellied, with a smooth lip with a projecting margin and a lid affixed to one side, which of its own nature freely opens and closes in order to receive the dew and store it. A marvellous work of the Lord! [translated from French in ''Pitcher-Plants of Borneo'']<ref name=P&L /></blockquote> ''Phyllamphora mirabilis'' was eventually transferred to the genus ''Nepenthes'' by [[George Claridge Druce]] in 1916.<ref>Druce, G. 1916. ''Nepenthes mirabilis''. In: ''Botanical Exchange Club of the British Isles Report'' '''4''': 637.</ref> As such, ''P. mirabilis'' is the [[basionym]] of this most cosmopolitan of tropical pitcher plant species.<ref>Clarke, C.M. 1997. ''Nepenthes of Borneo''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.</ref> Loureiro's description of a moving lid was repeated by [[Jean Louis Marie Poiret]] in 1797. Poiret described two of the four ''Nepenthes'' species known at the time: ''N. madagascariensis'' and ''N. distillatoria''. He gave the former its current name and called the latter ''Nepente de l'Inde'', or simply "''Nepenthes'' of India", although this species is absent from the mainland. In [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck]]'s ''Encyclopédie Méthodique Botanique'', he included the following account:<ref name=Poiret /> <blockquote>This urn is hollow, as I have just said, usually full of soft, clear water, and then closed. It opens during the day and more than half the liquid disappears, but this loss is repaired during the night, and the next day the urn is full again and closed by its lid. This is its sustenance, and enough for more than one day because it is always about half-full at the approach of night. [translated from French in ''Pitcher-Plants of Borneo'']<ref name=P&L /></blockquote> [[Image:Veitch Nepenthes house.jpg|thumb|right|The ''Nepenthes'' house of the [[Veitch Nurseries]] as illustrated in ''[[The Gardeners' Chronicle]]'', 1872.]] With the discovery of new species, interest in ''Nepenthes'' grew throughout the 19th century, culminating in what has been called the "Golden Age of ''Nepenthes''" in the 1880s.<ref name=P&L /> However, the popularity of the plants dwindled in the early 20th century, before all but disappearing by [[World War II]]. This is evidenced by the fact that no new species were described between 1940 and 1966. The revival of global interest in the cultivation and study of ''Nepenthes'' is credited to [[Japan]]ese botanist [[Shigeo Kurata]], whose work in the 1960s and 1970s did much to bring attention to these plants.<ref name=Sarawak>Clarke, C.M. & C.C. Lee 2004. ''Pitcher Plants of Sarawak''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.</ref> ==Morphology and function== The plants usually consist of a shallow root system and a prostrate or climbing stem, often several metres long, and usually 1 cm or less in diameter, although this may be thicker in a few species (''e.g.'' ''N. bicalcarata''). From the stems arise leaf-like expanded [[Petiole (botany)|petiole]]s, similar to certain ''[[Citrus]]'' spp., ending in a [[tendril]], which in some species aid in climbing, and at the end of which forms the pitcher, considered the true leaf. The pitcher starts as a small bud and gradually expands to form a globe- or tube-shaped trap. [[Image:Nepenthes pitcher morphology upper.svg|thumb|270px|left|Basic structure of an upper pitcher]] The trap contains a fluid of the plant's own production, which may be watery or [[syrup]]y and is used to drown the prey. Research has shown that this fluid contains [[viscoelastic]] [[biopolymers]] that may be crucial to the retention of insects within the traps of many species. The trapping efficiency of this fluid remains high, even when significantly diluted by water, as inevitably happens in wet conditions.<ref name=viscoelastic_pitcher_fluid>Gaume, L. & Y. Forterre 2007. A Viscoelastic Deadly Fluid in Carnivorous Pitcher Plants. ''PLoS ONE'' '''2'''(11): e1185. {{DOI|10.1371/journal.pone.0001185}}</ref> The lower part of the trap contains glands which absorb nutrients from captured prey. Along the upper inside part of the trap is a slick waxy coating which makes the escape of its prey nearly impossible. Surrounding the entrance to the trap is a structure called the [[peristome]] (the "lip") which is slippery and often quite colorful, attracting prey but offering an unsure footing. Above the peristome is a lid (the [[Operculum (Botany)|operculum]]): in many species this keeps [[rain]] from diluting the fluid within the pitcher, the underside of which may contain [[nectar]] glands which attract prey. ''Nepenthes'' usually produce two types of pitchers. Appearing near the base of the plant are the large lower traps, which typically sit on the ground, while the upper pitchers may be smaller, colored differently, and have different features than the lower pitchers. These upper pitchers usually form as the plant reaches maturity and the plant grows taller. To keep the plant steady, the upper pitchers form a loop in the tendril, allowing it to wrap around nearby support. In some species (''e.g. [[Nepenthes rafflesiana|N. rafflesiana]]'') different prey may be attracted by different types of pitchers. Prey usually consists of [[insects]], but the largest species (''[[Nepenthes rajah|N. rajah]]'', ''[[Nepenthes rafflesiana|N. rafflesiana]]'', ''etc''.) may occasionally catch small [[vertebrate]]s, such as rats and lizards.<ref>Phillipps, A. 1988. A Second Record of Rats as Prey in ''Nepenthes rajah''. ''Carnivorous Plant Newsletter'' '''17'''(2): 55.</ref><ref>Moran, J.A. 1991. The role and mechanism of ''Nepenthes rafflesiana'' pitchers as insect traps in Brunei. Ph.D. thesis, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland.</ref> [[Flower]]s occur in [[raceme]]s or more rarely in [[panicle]]s with [[male]] and [[female]] flowers on separate plants. [[Seed]] is produced in a four-sided capsule which may contain 10-60 or more seeds, consisting of a central [[ovary (plants)|ovary]] and two wings, one on either side. Seeds are [[wind]] distributed. == Cultivation == [[Image:2005-12-18 N rajah 034.jpg|thumb|Cultivated ''[[Nepenthes rajah]]'' and other species]] ''Nepenthes'' may be cultivated in greenhouses. Easier species include ''[[Nepenthes alata|N. alata]]'', ''[[Nepenthes ventricosa|N. ventricosa]]'', ''[[Nepenthes khasiana|N. khasiana]]'', and ''[[Nepenthes sanguinea|N. sanguinea]]''. These four species are highlanders (''N. alata'' has both lowland and highland forms), some easy lowlander species are ''[[Nepenthes rafflesiana|N. rafflesiana]]'', ''[[Nepenthes bicalcarata|N.bicalcarata]]'', ''[[Nepenthes mirabilis|N.mirabilis]]'', and ''[[Nepenthes hirsuta|N.hirsuta]]''. "Highlander" forms are those species that grow in habitats that are generally higher up in elevation, and thus exposed to cooler evening temperatures. "Lowlander" forms are those species that grow nearer to sealevel. Both forms respond best to rainwater (but tap water works as long as you flush it out with rainwater every month or if you have soft water), bright light (not full sun), a well drained medium, good air circulation and a relatively high humidity, although easier species such as ''[[Nepenthes alata|N. alata]]'' can adapt to lower humidity environments. Highland species must have night-time cooling to thrive in the long-term. Chemical fertilisers are best used at low strength. Occasional feeding with frozen (thawed before use) [[cricket (insect)|cricket]]s may be beneficial. Terrarium culture of smaller plants like ''[[Nepenthes bellii|N. bellii]]'', ''[[Nepenthes x trichocarpa|N. × trichocarpa]]'' and ''[[Nepenthes ampullaria|N. ampullaria]]'' is possible, but most plants will get too large over time. Plants can be propagated by seed, cuttings, and tissue culture. Seeds may be sown on damp chopped ''[[Sphagnum]]'' [[moss]], or on sterile plant tissue culture media once they have been properly disinfected. The seeds generally become inviable soon after harvesting, so seed are not usually the preferred method of propagation. A 50:50 mixture of orchid medium with moss or [[perlite]] is suitable for germination and culture. Seed may take two months to germinate, and two years or more to yield mature plants. Cuttings may be rooted in damp ''Sphagnum'' moss in a plastic bag or tank with high humidity and moderate light. They can begin to root in 1-2 months and start to form pitchers in about six months. [[Tissue culture]] is now used commercially and helps reduce collection of wild plants, as well as making many rare species available to hobbyists at reasonable prices. ''Nepenthes'' are considered threatened or endangered plants and are listed in [[CITES]] appendices 1 &amp; 2. ==Species== {{main|List of Nepenthes species}} More than 100 species of ''Nepenthes'' are currently recognised as valid. This number is fast increasing, with one to two new species being described each year.<ref name=Sarawak /> {{hidden begin |title = Click [show] to view a list of all known ''Nepenthes'' species |titlestyle = background:lightgreen; }} {| class="sortable wikitable" ! Species !! Authority !! Date !! Image !! Distribution !! Altitudinal distribution !! IUCN conservation status |- | ''[[Nepenthes adnata]]'' || [[Rusjdi Tamin|Tamin]] & [[Mitsuru Hotta|M.Hotta]] ''ex'' [[Jan Schlauer|Schlauer]] || 1994 || [[Image:Nepenthesadnata2.jpg|80px]] || [[Sumatra]] || 600–1100 m || Data Deficient |- | ''[[Nepenthes adrianii]]'' || [[Batoro]], [[Wartono]], [[Matthew Jebb|Jebb]] ''et al.'' || 2006 || [[Image:Nepenthes adrianii.jpg|80px]] || [[Java]] || >950 m || |- | ''[[Nepenthes alata]]'' || [[Francisco Manuel Blanco|Blanco]] || 1837 || [[Image:Nepenthes alata ASR 062007 mt ambucao luzon.jpg|80px]] || [[Philippines]] || 800–2400 m || [[Least Concern]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes albomarginata]]'' || [[Thomas Lobb|Lobb]] ''ex'' [[John Lindley|Lindl.]] || 1849 || [[Image:Nep alb265.jpg|80px]] || [[Borneo]], [[Peninsular Malaysia]], [[Sumatra]] || 0–1100 m || [[Conservation Dependent]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes ampullaria]]'' || [[William Jack (botanist)|Jack]] || 1835 || [[Image:Nep amp 295.jpg|80px]] || [[Borneo]], [[Maluku Islands]], [[New Guinea]], [[Peninsular Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[Sumatra]], [[Thailand]] || 0–2100 m || [[Least Concern]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes anamensis]]'' || [[Macfarl.]] || 1908 || || [[Cambodia]], [[Laos]], [[Thailand]], [[Vietnam]] || ~1500 m || Data Deficient |- | ''[[Nepenthes angasanensis]]'' || [[Ricky Maulder|Maulder]], [[Dale Schubert|D.Schub.]], [[Bruce Salmon|B.R.Salmon]] & [[Brian Quinn (botanist)|B.Quinn]] || 1999 || || [[Sumatra]] || 2200–2800 m || [[Conservation Dependent]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes argentii]]'' || [[Matthew Jebb|Jebb]] & [[Martin Cheek|Cheek]] || 1997 || [[Image:Nepenthes argentii ASR 062007 mt guitingguiting sibuyan.jpg|80px]] || [[Philippines]] || ~1400 m || [[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes aristolochioides]]'' || [[Matthew Jebb|Jebb]] & [[Martin Cheek|Cheek]] || 1997 || [[Image:Nepenthes aristolochioides5.jpg|80px]] || [[Sumatra]] || 2000–2500 m || [[Critically endangered species|Critically Endangered]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes beccariana]]'' || [[Macfarl.]] || 1908 || [[Image:Nepenthes beccariana1.jpg|80px]] || [[Nias]], [[Sumatra]]? || ? || |- | ''[[Nepenthes bellii]]'' || [[Katsuhiko Kondo|K.Kondo]] || 1969 || || [[Philippines]] || 250–800 m || [[Endangered species|Endangered]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes benstonei]]'' || [[Charles Clarke (botanist)|C.Clarke]] || 1999 || [[Image:Nbenstonei.jpg|80px]] || [[Peninsular Malaysia]] || 450–600 m || |- | ''[[Nepenthes bicalcarata]]'' || [[Joseph Dalton Hooker|Hook.f.]] || 1873 || [[Image:Nepenthesbicalcarata1.jpg|80px]] || [[Borneo]] || 0–?950 m || [[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes bongso]]'' || [[Pieter Willem Korthals|Korth.]] || 1839 || || [[Sumatra]] || 1000–2700 m || [[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes boschiana]]'' || [[Pieter Willem Korthals|Korth.]] || 1839 || || [[Borneo]] || 900–1880 m || [[Endangered species|Endangered]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes burbidgeae]]'' || [[Joseph Dalton Hooker|Hook.f.]] ''ex'' [[Frederick Burbidge|Burb.]] || 1882 || [[Image:Pig Hill Kinabalu N. burbidgeae.jpg|80px]] || [[Borneo]] || 1200–2250 m || [[Endangered species|Endangered]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes burkei]]'' || Hort.[[Veitch]] ''ex'' [[Maxwell T. Masters|Mast.]] || 1889 || [[Image:Nepenthes burkei ASR 062007 mt halcon mindoro.jpg|80px]] || [[Philippines]] || 1300–1600 m || |- | ''[[Nepenthes campanulata]]'' || [[Shigeo Kurata|Sh.Kurata]] || 1973 || [[Image:Nepenthes campanulata.jpg|80px]] || [[Borneo]] || 300–500 m || Data Deficient |- | ''[[Nepenthes carunculata]]'' || [[B. H. Danser|Danser]] || 1928 || || [[Sumatra]] || 1700–2330 m || |- | ''[[Nepenthes chaniana]]'' || [[Charles Clarke (botanist)|C.Clarke]], [[Ch'ien Lee|Chi C.Lee]] & [[Stewart McPherson (geographer)|S.McPherson]] || 2006 || [[Image:Nepentheschaniana.jpg|80px]] || [[Borneo]] || 1500–1800 || |- | ''[[Nepenthes clipeata]]'' || [[B. H. Danser|Danser]] || 1928 || || [[Borneo]] || 600–800 m || [[Critically endangered species|Critically Endangered]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes copelandii]]'' || [[Elmer Drew Merrill|Merr.]] ''ex'' [[John Muirhead Macfarlane|Macfarl.]] || 1908 || || [[Philippines]] || ? || |- | ''[[Nepenthes danseri]]'' || [[Matthew Jebb|Jebb]] & [[Martin Cheek|Cheek]] || 1997 || || [[Halmahera]], [[Waigeo Island]] || 0–300 m || [[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes deaniana]]'' || [[Macfarl.]] || 1908 || [[Image:Nepenthes deaniana ASR 062007 pulgar palawan.jpg|80px]] || [[Philippines]] || 1300–1500 m || Data Deficient |- | ''[[Nepenthes densiflora]]'' || [[B. H. Danser|Danser]] || 1940 || || [[Sumatra]] || 1700–3200 m || [[Conservation Dependent]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes diatas]]'' || [[Matthew Jebb|Jebb]] & [[Martin Cheek|Cheek]] || 1997 || || [[Sumatra]] || 2400–2900 m || [[Conservation Dependent]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes distillatoria]]'' || [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] || 1753 || || [[Sri Lanka]] || 0–700 m || [[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes dubia]]'' || [[B. H. Danser|Danser]] || 1928 || [[Image:Nepenthesdubia1.jpg|80px]] || [[Sumatra]] || 1800–2700 m || [[Critically endangered species|Critically Endangered]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes edwardsiana]]'' || [[Hugh Low|Low]] ''ex'' [[Joseph Dalton Hooker|Hook.f.]] || 1859 || [[Image:Nepenthes edwardsiana entire ASR 052007 tambu.jpg|80px]] || [[Borneo]] || 1500–2700 m || [[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes ephippiata]]'' || [[B. H. Danser|Danser]] || 1928 || || [[Borneo]] || 1000–1900 m || [[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes eustachya]]'' || [[Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel|Miq.]] || 1858 || [[Image:Nepeustachya5.jpg|80px]] || [[Sumatra]] || 0–1600 || [[Least Concern]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes eymae]]'' || [[Shigeo Kurata|Sh.Kurata]] || 1984 || || [[Sulawesi]] || 1500–1800 m || [[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes faizaliana]]'' || [[J. H. Adam|J.H.Adam]] & [[C. C. Wilcock|Wilcock]] || 1991 || [[Image:Pinnacles N. faizaliana 10.jpg|80px]] || [[Borneo]] || 400–1500 m || [[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes fallax]]'' || [[Günther von Mannagetta und Lërchenau Beck|Beck]] || 1895 || [[Image:Gunung Murud logging road N. stenophylla 15.jpg|80px]] || [[Borneo]] || 900–2600 m || [[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes flava]]'' || [[Andreas Wistuba|Wistuba]], [[Joachim Nerz|Nerz]] & [[Andreas Fleischmann|A.Fleischm.]] || 2007 || || [[Sumatra]] || 1800–2200 m || |- | ''[[Nepenthes fusca]]'' || [[B. H. Danser|Danser]] || 1928 || [[Image:Nepenthesfusca.jpg|80px]] || [[Borneo]] || 1200–2500 m || [[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes glabrata]]'' || [[J.R.Turnbull]] & [[A.T.Middleton]] || 1984 || [[Image:Nepglabrata5.jpg|80px]] || [[Sulawesi]] || 1600–2000 m || [[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes glandulifera]]'' || [[Chi C.Lee]] || 2004 || || [[Borneo]] || 1100–1700 m || |- | ''[[Nepenthes globosa]]'' || [[Shigeo Kurata|Sh.Kurata]] ''in sched.'' || 2006 || || [[Thailand]] || ? || |- | ''[[Nepenthes gracilis]]'' || [[Pieter Willem Korthals|Korth.]] || 1839 || [[Image:Pitcher plant2.JPG|80px]] || [[Borneo]], [[Peninsular Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[Sulawesi]], [[Sumatra]], [[Thailand]] || 0–1100 m || [[Least Concern]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes gracillima]]'' || [[Henry Nicholas Ridley|Ridl.]] || 1908 || || [[Peninsular Malaysia]] || 1300–2100 m || [[Endangered species|Endangered]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes gymnamphora]]'' || [[Caspar Georg Carl Reinwardt|Reinw.]] ''ex'' [[Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck|Nees]] || 1824 || || [[Java]] (at least) || 600–2800 m || [[Least Concern]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes hamata]]'' || [[J.R.Turnbull]] & [[A.T.Middleton]] || 1984 || [[Image:Nepenthes hamataPitcher.jpg | 80 px]] || [[Sulawesi]] || 1400–2500 m || [[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes hirsuta]]'' || [[Joseph Dalton Hooker|Hook.f.]] || 1873 || [[Image:Nep hir274.jpg|80px]] || [[Borneo]] || 200–1000 m || [[Conservation Dependent]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes hispida]]'' || [[Günther von Mannagetta und Lërchenau Beck|Beck]] || 1895 || [[Image:Lambir Hills N. hispida 3.jpg|80px]] || [[Borneo]] || 100–800 m || [[Conservation Dependent]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes hurrelliana]]'' || [[Martin Cheek|Cheek]] & [[Anthony Lamb|A.L.Lamb]] || 2003 || [[Image:Murud N. hurreliana.jpg|80px]] || [[Borneo]] || >1300 m || |- | ''[[Nepenthes inermis]]'' || [[B. H. Danser|Danser]] || 1928 || [[Image:Nepenthes inermis3.jpg|80px]] || [[Sumatra]] || 1500–2600 m || [[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes insignis]]'' || [[B. H. Danser|Danser]] || 1928 || [[Image:N. insignis3.jpg|80px]] || [[New Guinea]] || 80–800 m || [[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes izumiae]]'' || [[Troy Davis (botanist)|Troy Davis]], [[C.Clarke]] & [[Rusjdi Tamin|Tamin]] || 2003 || [[Image:Nepenthesizumiae.jpg|80px]] || [[Sumatra]] || >1800 m || |- | ''[[Nepenthes jacquelineae]]'' || [[C.Clarke]], [[Troy Davis (botanist)|Troy Davis]] & [[Rusjdi Tamin|Tamin]] || 2001 || [[Image:Nepjacq2.jpg|80px]] || [[Sumatra]] || 1700–2200 m || |- | ''[[Nepenthes jamban]]'' || [[Ch'ien Lee|Chi C.Lee]], [[Hernawati]] & [[Pitra Akhriadi|Akhriadi]] || 2006 || [[Image:Nepenthesjamban3.jpg|80px]] || [[Sumatra]] || ? || |- | ''[[Nepenthes junghuhnii]]'' || ''sensu'' [[John Muirhead Macfarlane|Macfarl.]] ''in sched.'' ''[[nomen nudum|nom.nud.]]'' || 1917 || || [[Sumatra]] || 227–648 m || |- | ''[[Nepenthes khasiana]]'' || [[Joseph Dalton Hooker|Hook.f.]] || 1873 || || [[India]] || ? || |- | ''[[Nepenthes klossii]]'' || [[Henry Nicholas Ridley|Ridl.]] || 1916 || [[Image:Nepenthes klossii upper pitcher.jpg|80px]] || [[New Guinea]] || 100–2000 m || [[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes lamii]]'' || [[Matthew Jebb|Jebb]] & [[Martin Cheek|Cheek]] || 1997 || [[Image:Nepentheslamiiupperpitcher2800.jpg|80px]] || [[New Guinea]] || 1460–3520 m || |- | ''[[Nepenthes lavicola]]'' || [[Andreas Wistuba|Wistuba]] & [[Heiko Rischer|Rischer]] || 1996 || || [[Sumatra]] || 2000–2600 m || [[Critically endangered species|Critically Endangered]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes lingulata]]'' || [[Ch'ien Lee|Chi C.Lee]], [[Hernawati]] & [[Pitra Akhriadi|Akhriadi]] || 2006 || [[Image:Nepentheslingulata4.jpg|80px]] || [[Sumatra]] || ? || |- | ''[[Nepenthes longifolia]]'' || [[Joachim Nerz|Nerz]] & [[Andreas Wistuba|Wistuba]] || 1994 || [[Image:Nepenthes longifolia.jpg|80px]] || [[Sumatra]] || 300–1100 m || |- | ''[[Nepenthes lowii]]'' || [[Joseph Dalton Hooker|Hook.f.]] || 1859 || [[Image:Murud N. lowii 30.jpg|80px]] || [[Borneo]] || 1600–2600 m || [[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes macfarlanei]]'' || [[William Hemsley (botanist)|Hemsl.]] || 1905 || || [[Peninsular Malaysia]] || 1000–2150 m || [[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes macrophylla]]'' || ([[Johannes Marabini|Marabini]]) [[Matthew Jebb|Jebb]] & [[Martin Cheek|Cheek]] || 1997 || || [[Borneo]] || 2200–2400 m || [[Critically endangered species|Critically Endangered]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes macrovulgaris]]'' || [[J.R.Turnbull]] & [[A.T.Middleton]] || 1988 || || [[Borneo]] || 300–1220 m || [[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes madagascariensis]]'' || [[Jean Louis Marie Poiret|Poir.]] || 1797 || || [[Madagascar]] || ? || [[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes mantalingajanensis]]'' || [[Joachim Nerz|Nerz]] & [[Andreas Wistuba|Wistuba]] || 2007 || [[Image:Nepenthes mantalingajanensis ASR 072007 mantalingahan palawan.jpg|80px]] || [[Philippines]] || ? || |- | ''[[Nepenthes mapuluensis]]'' || [[J. H. Adam|J.H.Adam]] & [[C. C. Wilcock|Wilcock]] || 1990 || || [[Borneo]] || 700–800 m || [[Near Threatened]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes masoalensis]]'' || [[Rudolf Schmid-Höllinger|Schmid-Höllinger]] || 1977 || || [[Madagascar]] || 30–400 m || [[Endangered species|Endangered]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes maxima]]'' || [[Caspar Georg Carl Reinwardt|Reinw.]] ''ex'' [[Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck|Nees]] || 1824 || [[Image:Nepenthes maxima Sulawesi1.jpg|80px]] || [[Maluku Islands]], [[New Guinea]], [[Sulawesi]] || 40–2500 m || [[Least Concern]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes merrilliana]]'' || [[John Muirhead Macfarlane|Macfarl.]] || 1911 || || [[Philippines]] || 20–1700 m || [[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes mikei]]'' || [[Bruce Salmon|B.R.Salmon]] & [[Ricky Maulder|Maulder]] || 1995 || || [[Sumatra]] || 1100–2800 m || [[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes mindanaoensis]]'' || [[Shigeo Kurata|Sh.Kurata]] || 2001 || [[Image:Nepenthes mindanaoensis ASR 072007 legaspi mindanao.jpg|80px]] || [[Philippines]] || ? || |- | ''[[Nepenthes mira]]'' || [[Matthew Jebb|Jebb]] & [[Martin Cheek|Cheek]] || 1998 || || [[Philippines]] || 1500–2000 m || |- | ''[[Nepenthes mirabilis]]'' || ([[João de Loureiro|Lour.]]) [[George Druce|Druce]] || 1916 || [[Image:Apes abroad - Jug Plant (by-sa).jpg|80px]] || [[Australia]], [[Borneo]], [[Cambodia]], [[China]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Laos]], [[Macau]], [[Maluku Islands]], [[Federated States of Micronesia|Micronesia]], [[Myanmar]], [[New Guinea]], [[Palau]], [[Peninsular Malaysia]], [[Philippines]], [[Sulawesi]], [[Sumatra]], [[Thailand]], [[Vietnam]] || 0–1500 m || [[Least Concern]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes mollis]]'' || [[B. H. Danser|Danser]] || 1928 || || [[Borneo]] || ~1800 m || Data Deficient |- | ''[[Nepenthes muluensis]]'' || [[Mitsuru Hotta|M.Hotta]] || 1966 || [[Image:Murud N. muluensis 10.jpg|80px]] || [[Borneo]] || 1900–2400 m || [[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes murudensis]]'' || [[Culham]] ''ex'' [[Matthew Jebb|Jebb]] & [[Martin Cheek|Cheek]] || 1997 || [[Image:Murud N. murudensis 14.jpg|80px]] || [[Borneo]] || 2100–2420 m || [[Endangered species|Endangered]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes naquiyuddinii]]'' || [[J.H.Adam]] & [[Hafiza A. Hamid|Hafiza]] || 2006 || || [[Borneo]] || 1400–1424 m || |- | ''[[Nepenthes neoguineensis]]'' || [[John Muirhead Macfarlane|Macfarl.]] || 1911 || [[Image:N. neoguineensis6.jpg|80px]] || [[D'Entrecasteaux Islands]], [[New Guinea]] || 0–1400 m || [[Least Concern]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes northiana]]'' || [[Joseph Dalton Hooker|Hook.f.]] || 1881 || [[Image:N.northaiana.jpg|80px]] || [[Borneo]] || 0–500 m || [[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes ovata]]'' || [[Joachim Nerz|Nerz]] & [[Andreas Wistuba|Wistuba]] || 1994 || [[Image:Nepenthes ovata2.jpg|80px]] || [[Sumatra]] || 1700–2100 m || [[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes paniculata]]'' || [[B. H. Danser|Danser]] || 1928 || || [[New Guinea]] || ~1460 m || [[Endangered species|Endangered]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes papuana]]'' || [[B. H. Danser|Danser]] || 1928 || [[Image:Nepenthes papuana lower pitcher.jpg|80px]] || [[New Guinea]] || 250–1300 m || Data Deficient |- | ''[[Nepenthes pectinata]]'' || [[B. H. Danser|Danser]] || 1928 || [[Image:Nepenthes pectinata11.jpg|80px]] || [[Sumatra]] || 950–2750 m || [[Least Concern]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes peltata]]'' || [[Shigeo Kurata|Sh.Kurata]] || 2008 || || [[Philippines]] || ? || |- | ''[[Nepenthes pervillei]]'' || [[Carl Ludwig Blume|Blume]] || 1852 || [[Image:Nepenthes Seychelles.jpg|80px]] || [[Seychelles]] || 350–500 m || [[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes petiolata]]'' || [[B. H. Danser|Danser]] || 1928 || || [[Philippines]] || ~1500 m || |- | ''[[Nepenthes philippinensis]]'' || [[John Muirhead Macfarlane|Macfarl.]] || 1908 || [[Image:Nepenthes philippinensis ASR 072007 bacungan palawan.jpg|80px]] || [[Philippines]] || 0–500 m || |- | ''[[Nepenthes pilosa]]'' || [[B. H. Danser|Danser]] || 1928 || || [[Borneo]] || ~1600 m || [[Endangered species|Endangered]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes platychila]]'' || [[Chi C.Lee]] || 2002 || || [[Borneo]] || 900–1400 m || |- | ''[[Nepenthes rafflesiana]]'' || [[William Jack (botanist)|Jack]] || 1835 || [[Image:Nepenthes rafflesiana ant.jpg|80px]] || [[Borneo]], [[Peninsular Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[Sumatra]] || 0–1200 m || [[Least Concern]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes rajah]]'' || [[Joseph Dalton Hooker|Hook.f.]] || 1859 || [[Image:Nepenthes rajah.png|80px]] || [[Borneo]] || 1500–2650 m || [[Endangered species|Endangered]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes ramispina]]'' || [[Henry Nicholas Ridley|Ridl.]] || 1908 || || [[Peninsular Malaysia]] || 900–2000 m || [[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes reinwardtiana]]'' || [[Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel|Miq.]] || 1852 || [[Image:Nepreinwardtiana.jpg|80px]] || [[Borneo]], [[Sumatra]] || 0–2100 m || [[Least Concern]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes rhombicaulis]]'' || [[Shigeo Kurata|Sh.Kurata]] || 1973 || [[Image:Nepenthes rhombicaulis1.jpg|80px]] || [[Sumatra]] || 1700–1900 m || [[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes rigidifolia]]'' || [[Pitra Akhriadi|Akhriadi]], [[Hernawati]] & [[Rusjdi Tamin|Tamin]] || 2004 || [[Image:Nepenthes_rigidifolia.jpg|80px]] || [[Sumatra]] || 1000–1600 m || |- | ''[[Nepenthes rowanae]]'' || [[Frederick Manson Bailey|F.M.Bailey]] || 1897 || || [[Australia]] || 0–10 m || |- | ''[[Nepenthes sanguinea]]'' || [[John Lindley|Lindl.]] || 1849 || || [[Peninsular Malaysia]] || 300–1800 m || [[Conservation Dependent]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes saranganiensis]]'' || [[Shigeo Kurata|Sh.Kurata]] || 2003 || || [[Philippines]] || ? || |- | ''[[Nepenthes sharifah-hapsahii]]'' || [[J. H. Adam|J.H.Adam]] & [[Hafiza A. Hamid|Hafiza]] || 2007 || || [[Peninsular Malaysia]] || <1000 m || |- | ''[[Nepenthes sibuyanensis]]'' || [[Joachim Nerz|Nerz]] || 1998 || [[Image:Nepenthes sibuyanensis ASR 062007 guiting2 sibuyan.jpg|80px]] || [[Philippines]] || 1500–1800 m || [[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes singalana]]'' || [[Odoardo Beccari|Becc.]] || 1886 || [[Image:Nepenthes singalana2.jpg|80px]] || [[Sumatra]] || 2000–2900 m || [[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes smilesii]]'' || [[William Hemsley (botanist)|Hemsl.]] || 1895 || || [[Cambodia]], [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]] || ? || |- | ''[[Nepenthes spathulata]]'' || [[B. H. Danser|Danser]] || 1935 || [[Image:Nepspathulata2.jpg|80px]] || [[Sumatra]] || 1100–2900 m || [[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes spectabilis]]'' || [[B. H. Danser|Danser]] || 1928 || [[Image:Nepenthes spectabilis1.jpg|80px]] || [[Sumatra]] || 1400–2200 m || [[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes stenophylla]]'' || [[Maxwell T. Masters|Mast.]] || 1890 || || [[Borneo]] || ? || [[Least Concern]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes sumatrana]]'' || ([[Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel|Miq.]]) [[Günther von Mannagetta und Lërchenau Beck|Beck]] || 1895 || [[Image:Nsumatrana11.jpg|80px]] || [[Sumatra]] || 0–800 m || [[Least Concern]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes talangensis]]'' || [[Joachim Nerz|Nerz]] & [[Andreas Wistuba|Wistuba]] || 1994 || || [[Sumatra]] || 1800–2500 m || [[Endangered species|Endangered]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes tenax]]'' || [[Charles Clarke (botanist)|C.Clarke]] & [[Rod Kruger|R.Kruger]] || 2006 || || [[Australia]] || ? || |- | ''[[Nepenthes tentaculata]]'' || [[Joseph Dalton Hooker|Hook.f.]] || 1873 || [[Image:Nep tent311.jpg|80px]] || [[Borneo]], [[Sulawesi]] || 700–2550 m || [[Least Concern]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes tenuis]]'' || [[Joachim Nerz|Nerz]] & [[Andreas Wistuba|Wistuba]] || 1994 || [[Image:Nepenthes tenuis5.jpg|80px]] || [[Sumatra]] || ~1000 m || Data Deficient |- | ''[[Nepenthes thorelii]]'' || [[Paul Henri Lecomte|Lecomte]] || 1909 || || [[Cambodia]], [[Laos]]?, [[Thailand]], [[Vietnam]] || 0–200 m || Data Deficient |- | ''[[Nepenthes tobaica]]'' || [[B. H. Danser|Danser]] || 1928 || || [[Sumatra]] || 380–2750 m || [[Least Concern]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes tomoriana]]'' || [[B. H. Danser|Danser]] || 1928 || [[Image:Neptomoriana1.jpg|80px]] || [[Sulawesi]] || 0–400 m || [[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes treubiana]]'' || [[Otto Warburg (botanist)|Warb.]] || 1891 || || [[New Guinea]] || 0–500 m || [[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes truncata]]'' || [[John Muirhead Macfarlane|Macfarl.]] || 1911 || || [[Philippines]] || 230–>600 m || [[Endangered species|Endangered]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes veitchii]]'' || [[Joseph Dalton Hooker|Hook.f.]] || 1859 || [[Image:Nveitchii.jpg|80px]] || [[Borneo]] || 0–1500 m || [[Near Threatened]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes ventricosa]]'' || [[Francisco Manuel Blanco|Blanco]] || 1837 || [[Image:Nepenthes ventricosa ASR 062007 sumigar luzon.jpg|80px]] || [[Philippines]] || 1200–1500 m || [[Near Threatened]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes vieillardii]]'' || [[Joseph Dalton Hooker|Hook.f.]] || 1873 || || [[New Caledonia]] || 30–800 m || [[Least Concern]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes villosa]]'' || [[Joseph Dalton Hooker|Hook.f.]] || 1852 || [[Image:Nepenthes villosa.jpg|80px]] || [[Borneo]] || 2340–3240 m || [[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]] |- | ''[[Nepenthes vogelii]]'' || [[A. Schuiteman|Schuit.]] & [[Eduard Ferdinand de Vogel|de Vogel]] || 2002 || [[Image:Kelabit Highlands N. vogelii 28.jpg|80px]] || [[Borneo]] || 1000–1400 m || |- | ''[[Nepenthes xiphioides]]'' || [[Bruce Salmon|B.R.Salmon]] & [[Ricky Maulder|Maulder]] || 1995 || || [[Sumatra]] || 1800–1900 m || |- | ''[[Nepenthes zakriana]]'' || ([[J.H.Adam]] & [[C. C. Wilcock|Wilcock]])<br>[[J.H.Adam]] & [[Hafiza A. Hamid|Hafiza]] || 2006 || || [[Borneo]] || 1200–1500 m || |} {{hidden end}} ==Hybrids and cultivars== {{See also|List of Nepenthes natural hybrids}} [[Image:Nepenthes cincta.jpg|thumb|200px|''[[Nepenthes × cincta]]'']] [[Image:Pitcher tendril.jpg|thumb|200px|''[[Nepenthes × ventrata]]'']] [[Image:VentricosaXtrusmadensis-1.jpg|thumb|200px|The complex man-made hybrid ''N. ventricosa'' × (''N. lowii'' × ''N. macrophylla'')]] There are many [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]] ''Nepenthes'' and numerous named [[cultivar]]s. The following are named natural hybrids: *''[[Nepenthes × alisaputrana|N. × alisaputrana]]'' (''N. burbidgeae'' × ''N. rajah'') *''[[Nepenthes × bauensis|N. × bauensis]]'' (''N. gracilis'' × ''N. northiana'') *''[[Nepenthes × cantleyi|N. × cantleyi]]'' (''N. bicalcarata'' × ''N. gracilis'') *''[[Nepenthes × cincta|N. × cincta]]'' (''N. albomarginata'' × ''N. northiana'') *''[[Nepenthes × ferrugineomarginata|N. × ferrugineomarginata]]'' (''N. albomarginata'' × ''N. reinwardtiana'') *''[[Nepenthes × ghazallyana|N. × ghazallyana]]'' (''N. gracilis'' × ''N. mirabilis'') *''[[Nepenthes × harryana|N. × harryana]]'' (''N. edwardsiana'' × ''N. villosa'') *''[[Nepenthes × hookeriana|N. × hookeriana]]'' (''N. ampullaria'' × ''N. rafflesiana'') *''[[Nepenthes × kinabaluensis|N. × kinabaluensis]]'' (''N. rajah'' × ''N. villosa'') *''[[Nepenthes × kuchingensis|N. × kuchingensis]]'' (''N. ampullaria'' × ''N. mirabilis'') *''[[Nepenthes × merrilliata|N. × merrilliata]]'' (''N. alata'' × ''N. merrilliana'') *''[[Nepenthes × mirabilata|N. × mirabilata]]'' (''N. alata'' × ''N. mirabilis'') *''[[Nepenthes × pangulubauensis|N. × pangulubauensis]]'' (''N. mikei'' × ''N. pectinata'') *''[[Nepenthes × pyriformis|N. × pyriformis]]'' (''N. inermis'' × ''N. talangensis'') *''[[Nepenthes × sarawakiensis|N. × sarawakiensis]]'' (''N. muluensis'' × ''N. tentaculata'') *''[[Nepenthes × trichocarpa|N. × trichocarpa]]'' (''N. ampullaria'' × ''N. gracilis'') *''[[Nepenthes × truncalata|N. × truncalata]]'' (''N. alata'' × ''N. truncata'') *''[[Nepenthes × trusmadiensis|N. × trusmadiensis]]'' (''N. lowii'' × ''N. macrophylla'') *''[[Nepenthes × tsangoya|N. × tsangoya]]'' ((''N. alata'' × ''N. merrilliana'') &times; ''N. mirabilis'') *''[[Nepenthes × ventrata|N. × ventrata]]'' (''N. alata'' × ''N. ventricosa'') Some of the more well known artificially produced hybrids include: *''N''. 'Coccinea' ((''N. rafflesiana'' × ''N. ampullaria'') × ''N. mirabilis'') *''N''. 'Emmarene' (''N. khasiana'' × ''N. ventricosa'') *''N''. 'Gentle' (''N. fusca'' × ''N. maxima'') *''N''. 'Judith Finn' (''N. veitchii'' × ''N. spathulata'') *''N''. 'Miranda' ((''N. maxima'' × ''N. northiana'') &times; ''N. maxima'') *''N''. 'Mixta' (''N. northiana'' × ''N. maxima'') ==See also== * [[Nepenthes classification|''Nepenthes'' classification]] * [[Nepenthes infauna|''Nepenthes'' infauna]] == References == {{reflist|2}} * [http://www.omnisterra.com/botany/cp/pictures/nepenthe/dansermg/dans10.htm Danser's Monograph on ''Nepenthes''] (covers species from Malaysia, Indonesia and New Guinea, but not elsewhere) * [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/nepentha.htm Nepenthaceae] in: Watson, L., and M. J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). [http://delta-intkey.com/angio The Families of Flowering Plants]. Descriptions, Illustrations, Identification, Information Retrieval. ==Further reading== * Amagase, S., S. Nakayama & A. Tsugita 1969. Acid protease in ''Nepenthes''. II. Study on the specificity of nepenthesin. ''The Journal of Biochemistry'' '''66'''(4): 431–439. * Athauda, S.B.P., K. Matsumoto, S. Rajapakshe, M. Kuribayashi, M. Kojima, N. Kubomura-Yoshida, A. Iwamatsu, C. Shibata, H. Inoue & K. Takahashi 2004. {{PDFlink|[http://www.biochemj.org/bj/imps_x/pdf/BJ20031575.pdf Enzymatic and structural characterization of nepenthesin, a unique member of a novel subfamily of aspartic proteinases.]|1.32&nbsp;[[Mebibyte|MiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 1384764 bytes -->}} (manuscript BJ20031575) ''Biochemical Journal'' '''381'''(1): 295–306. * Beaver, R.A. 1979. Biological studies of the fauna of pitcher plants ''Nepenthes'' in west Malaysia. ''Annales de la Société Entomologique de France'' '''15''': 3–17. * Beaver, R.A. 1979. Fauna and foodwebs of pitcher plants in west Malaysia. ''Malayan Nature Journal'' '''33''': 1–10. * Beaver, R.A. 1983. The communities living in ''Nepenthes'' pitcher plants: fauna and food webs. In: J.H. Frank & L.P. Lounibos (eds.) ''Phytotelmata: Plants as Hosts for Aquatic Insect Communities''. Plexus Publishing, New Jersey. pp. 129–159. * Beaver, R.A. 1985. Geographical variation in food web structure in ''Nepenthes'' pitcher plants. ''Ecological Entomology'' '''10''': 241–248. * Beekman, E.M. 2004. A Note on the Priority of Rumphius' Observation of Decapod Crustacea Living In ''Nepenthes''. ''Crustaceana'' '''77'''(8): 1019–1021. {{DOI|10.1163/1568540042781748}} * Bohn, H.F. & W. Federle 2004. {{PDFlink|[http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/101/39/14138.pdf Insect aquaplaning: ''Nepenthes'' pitcher plants capture prey with the peristome, a fully wettable water-lubricated anisotropic surface.]}} ''[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]]'' '''101'''(39): 14138–14143. * Carlquist, S. 1981. Wood Anatomy of Nepenthaceae. 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''Journal of Anatomy and Physiology'' '''11'''(1): 124–127. ==External links== {{wikispecies}} {{Commons}} * [http://www.botany.org/Carnivorous_Plants/Nepenthes.php Botanical Society of America: ''Nepenthes'' - the Monkey Cups] * [http://www.sarracenia.com/faq/faq5400.html The Carnivorous Plant FAQ: ''Nepenthes''] {{CarnivorousPlants}} [[Category: Nepenthes| *]] [[Category:Flora of Indonesia]] [[ar:الجرة]] [[cs:Láčkovka]] [[da:Kandebærer]] [[de:Kannenpflanzen]] [[es:Nepenthes]] [[fr:Nepenthes]] [[id:Kantong semar]] [[it:Nepenthes]] [[he:כדנית]] [[lt:Ąsotenis]] [[hu:Nepenthes]] [[nl:Nepenthes]] [[ja:ウツボカズラ]] [[pl:Dzbanecznik]] [[pt:Nepenthes]] [[fi:Kannukasvit]] [[th:หม้อข้าวหม้อแกงลิง]] [[tr:Suibriğigiller]] [[zh:猪笼草]]