New Hampshire
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{{US state |
Name = New Hampshire |
Fullname = State of New Hampshire |
Flag = Flag of New Hampshire.svg|
Flaglink = [[Flag of New Hampshire]] |
Seal = Seal of New Hampshire.svg |
Map = Map of USA NH.svg |
Nickname = The Granite State |
Motto = [[Live Free or Die]]|
Capital = [[Concord, New Hampshire|Concord]] |
LargestCity = [[Manchester, New Hampshire|Manchester]] |
Demonym = New Hampshirite |
Governor = [[John Lynch]] (D)|
Lieutenant Governor = None<ref>In the event of a vacancy in the office of Governor, the President of the [[New Hampshire Senate|State Senate]] is first in line for succession.</ref> |
Senators = [[Judd Gregg]] (R)<br />[[John E. Sununu|John Sununu]] (R) |
Representative = [[Carol Shea-Porter]] (D) <br /> [[Paul Hodes]] (D)|
PostalAbbreviation = NH |
TradAbbreviation = N.H. |
OfficialLang = [[English language|English]] |
AreaRank = 46<sup>th</sup> |
TotalAreaUS = 9,350|
TotalArea = 24,217 |
LandAreaUS = 8,968 |
LandArea = 23,227 |
WaterAreaUS = 382 |
WaterArea = 989 |
PCWater = 4.1 |
PopRank = 41<sup>st</sup> |
2000Pop = 1,235,786 |
DensityRank = 20<sup>th</sup> |
2000DensityUS = 137.8 |
2000Density = 53.20 |
MedianHouseholdIncome = $60,441 |
IncomeRank = 5<sup>th</sup> |
AdmittanceOrder = 9<sup>th</sup> |
AdmittanceDate = [[June 21]], [[1788]] |
TimeZone = [[Eastern Standard Time Zone|Eastern]]: [[UTC]]-5/[[Daylight saving time|-4]] |
Longitude = 70° 36′ W to 72° 33′ W |
Latitude = 42° 42′ N to 45° 18′ N |
WidthUS = 68|
Width = 110 |
LengthUS = 190|
Length = 305 |
HighestPoint = [[Mount Washington (New Hampshire)|Mt. Washington]]<ref name=usgs>{{cite web| date =[[29 April]] [[2005]] | url =http://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html#Highest| title =Elevations and Distances in the United States| publisher =U.S Geological Survey| accessmonthday = November 6 | accessyear = 2006}}</ref> |
HighestElevUS = 6,288 |
HighestElev = 1,917 |
MeanElevUS = 1,000|
MeanElev = 305 |
LowestPoint = [[Atlantic Ocean]]<ref name=usgs/> |
LowestElevUS = 0|
LowestElev = 0 |
ISOCode = US-NH |
Website = www.nh.gov
}}
'''New Hampshire''' ({{IPAEng|nuːˈhæmpʃər}}) is a [[U.S. state|state]] in the [[New England]] region of the [[Northeastern United States|northeastern]] [[United States of America]] named after the southern [[England|English]] [[Counties of England|county]] of [[Hampshire]]. The state ranks 44th in land area, 46th in total area of the 50 states, and 41st in [[population]]. It became the first post-[[European colonization of the Americas|colonial]] [[sovereignty|sovereign]] nation in the [[Americas]] when it broke off from [[England]] in January 1776, and was one of the original [[Thirteen Colonies|thirteen States]] that [[United States Declaration of Independence|founded]] the United States of America six months later. It was the ninth state to ratify the [[United States Constitution]], bringing that document into effect. New Hampshire was the first U.S. state to have its own state [[constitution]], and is the only state with neither a general [[sales tax]] nor a personal [[income tax]] at either the state or local level.<ref>NH has a room and meals sales tax and a business profits income tax. Alaska does not have a statewide sales or income tax, but many Alaska towns have a sales tax.</ref>
It is known internationally for the [[New Hampshire primary]], the first [[U.S. presidential primary|primary]] in the quadrennial U.S. presidential election cycle.
Its license plates carry the [[List of U.S. state mottos|state motto]]: "[[Live Free or Die]]." The [[state nickname]] is "The [[Granite]] State", in reference to its geology and its tradition of self-sufficiency. Several other official nicknames exist but are rarely used.<ref>[http://www.visitnh.gov/about-new-hampshire/state-facts.aspx#2 NH Department of Resources and Economic Development - State Facts]</ref>
Among prominent individuals from New Hampshire are Senator [[Daniel Webster]], editor [[Horace Greeley]], founder of the [[Christian Science]] religion [[Mary Baker Eddy]], author [[Dan Brown]], singer [[Mandy Moore]] and comedians [[Adam Sandler]], [[Sarah Silverman]], and [[Seth Meyers]]. New Hampshire has produced one president, [[Franklin Pierce]].
New Hampshire's recreational attractions include skiing and other winter sports, observing the fall foliage, summer cottages along many lakes, motor sports at the [[New Hampshire Motor Speedway]], and [[Laconia Motorcycle Week|Bike Week]], a popular motorcycle rally held in [[Laconia, New Hampshire|Laconia]] in June.
== Geography ==
:''See [[List of counties in New Hampshire]], [[List of mountains in New Hampshire|mountains]], [[List of lakes in New Hampshire|lakes]], and [[List of New Hampshire rivers|rivers]]''
New Hampshire is part of the [[New England]] region. It is bounded by [[Quebec]], [[Canada]] to the north and northwest; [[Maine]] and the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the east; [[Massachusetts]] to the south; and [[Vermont]] to the west. New Hampshire's major regions are the [[Great North Woods]], the [[White Mountains Region|White Mountains]], the [[Lakes Region (New Hampshire)|Lakes Region]], the [[Seacoast Region (New Hampshire)|Seacoast]], the [[Merrimack Valley Region|Merrimack Valley]], the [[Monadnock Region]], and the [[Dartmouth-Lake Sunapee]] area. New Hampshire has the shortest ocean coastline of any U.S. state, with a length of {{convert|18|mi|km|lk=on}}.
[[Image:National-atlas-new-hampshire.png|thumb|left|New Hampshire, showing roads, rivers and major cities]]New Hampshire was home to the rock formation called the [[Old Man of the Mountain]], a face-like profile in [[Franconia Notch]], until the formation fell apart in May 2003.
The [[White Mountains (New Hampshire)|White Mountains range]] in New Hampshire spans the north-central portion of the state, with [[Mount Washington (New Hampshire)|Mount Washington]] the tallest in the northeastern U.S., and other mountains like [[Mount Madison]] and [[Mount Adams (New Hampshire)|Mount Adams]] surrounding it. With hurricane-force winds every third day on average, over 100 recorded deaths among visitors, and conspicuous [[krumholtz]] (dwarf, matted trees much like a carpet of [[bonsai]] trees), the upper reaches of Mount Washington claim the title of "worst weather on earth." A non-profit weather observatory is on the peak.
In the flatter southwest corner of New Hampshire, the landmark [[Mount Monadnock]] has given its name to a class of earth-forms—a ''[[monadnock]]''—signifying, in geomorphology, any isolated resistant peak rising from a less resistant eroded plain.
Major rivers include the {{convert|110|mi|km|sing=on|sigfig=3}} [[Merrimack River]], which bisects the lower half of the state north-south and ends up in [[Newburyport, Massachusetts]]. Its tributaries include the [[Contoocook River]], [[Pemigewasset River]], and [[Winnipesaukee River]]. The {{convert|410|mi|km|sing=on|sigfig=3}} [[Connecticut River]], which starts at New Hampshire's [[Connecticut Lakes]] and flows south to [[Connecticut]], defines the western border with Vermont. The state border is not in the center of that river, as usually the case, but at the low-water mark on the [[Vermont]] side; so New Hampshire owns the entire river where it runs adjacent to Vermont.<ref>{{Findlaw us|289|593|VERMONT v. NEW HAMPSHIRE|link=article|year=1933}}</ref> The "northwesternmost headwaters" of the Connecticut also define the Canadian border with New Hampshire.
The [[Piscataqua River]] and its several tributaries form the state's only significant ocean port where they flow into the Atlantic at [[Portsmouth, New Hampshire|Portsmouth]]. The [[Salmon Falls River]] and the Piscataqua define the southern portion of the border with Maine. The state has an ongoing boundary dispute with [[Maine]] in the area of [[Portsmouth Harbor]], with New Hampshire claiming dominion over several islands (now known as [[Seavey Island]]) that include the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard as well as to the Maine towns of [[Kittery, Maine|Kittery]] and [[Berwick, Maine|Berwick]].
The largest lake is [[Lake Winnipesaukee]], which covers {{convert|72|sqmi|km2|lk=on|sigfig=3}} in the east-central part of New Hampshire.
[[Image:Winnipesaukee Sunset 8-28-2002 (JJH).jpg|thumb|right|250px|Lake Winnipesaukee.]]
[[Hampton Beach, New Hampshire|Hampton Beach]] is a popular local summer destination. About {{convert|10|mi|km}} offshore are the [[Isles of Shoals]], nine small islands (four of which are in New Hampshire) known as the site of a 19th century art colony founded by poet [[Celia Thaxter]], as well as the alleged location of one of the buried treasures of the pirate [[Blackbeard]].
It is the second most forested state in the country, after [[Maine]], in percentage of land covered by woods. This change was caused by the abandonment of farms during the 20th century as many farmers took wage jobs in urban areas or moved to more productive areas. The return of woodlands from open fields forms the subject of many poems by [[Robert Frost]].
The northern third of the state is locally referred to as the "north country" or "north of the notches," in reference to White Mountain [[mountain pass|passes]] that channel traffic. It contains less than 5% of the state's population, suffers relatively high poverty, and is losing population as the logging and paper industries decline. However, the tourist industry, in particular visitors who go to northern New Hampshire to [[ski]], has helped offset economic losses from mill closures.
===Climate===
New Hampshire experiences a [[humid continental climate]] ([[Koppen climate classification]] ''Dfa'' in southern areas and ''Dfb'' in the north), with warm, humid summers, cold, wet winters, and uniform precipitation all year. The climate of the southeastern portion is moderated by the [[Atlantic Ocean]] and averages relatively milder and wetter weather, while the northern and interior portions experience cooler temperatures and lower humidity. Winters are cold and snowy throughout the state, and especially severe in the northern and mountainous areas. Average annual snowfall ranges from {{convert|60|in|cm|lk=on}} to over {{convert|100|in|cm}} across the state.<ref name=noaasnow>{{cite web |url=http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/online/ccd/snowfall.html |title=Snowfall - Average Total In Inches |work=[[NOAA]] |date=[[2004-06-23]] |first=Dan |last=Dellinger |accessdate=2007-05-25}}</ref>
Average daytime highs are in the mid 70s°F to low 80s°F (around 24-28 °C) throughout the state in July, with overnight lows in the mid 50s°F to low 60s°F (13-15 °C). January temperatures range from an average high of {{convert|34|F|C}} on the coast to overnight lows below {{convert|0|F|C}} in the far north and at high elevations. Average annual precipitation statewide is roughly {{convert|40|in|cm}} with some variation occurring in the [[White Mountains (New Hampshire)|White Mountains]] due to differences in elevation and annual snowfall.
Extreme snow is often associated with a [[nor'easter]], such as the [[Blizzard of '78]] and the [[Blizzard of 1993]], when several feet accumulated across portions of the state over 24 to 48 hours. Lighter snowfall of several inches occur frequently throughout winter, often associated with an [[Alberta Clipper]].
New Hampshire, on occasion, is affected by [[hurricanes]] and [[tropical storms]] although by the time they reach the state they are often [[extratropical]], with most storms striking the southern [[New England]] coastline and moving inland or passing by offshore in the [[Gulf of Maine]]. Most of New Hampshire averages fewer than 20 days of thunderstorms per year and an average of 2 tornadoes occur annually statewide.<ref name="noaatornado">{{cite web |title=Annual average number of tornadoes 1953-2004 |url=http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/img/climate/research/tornado/small/avgt5304.gif |work=[[NOAA]] |accessdate=2007-05-25}}</ref>
The [[National Arbor Day Foundation]] plant [[hardiness zone]] map depicts zones 3, 4, 5, and 6 occurring throughout the state<ref name=arborday>{{cite web |url=http://www.arborday.org/media/zones.cfm |title=2006 arborday.org Hardiness Zone Map |work=[[National Arbor Day Foundation]] |accessdate=2007-05-25}}</ref> and indicates the transition from a relatively cooler to warmer climate as one travels southward across New Hampshire.
=== Metropolitan areas ===
[[Image:Manch-DownTown.jpg|thumb|right|[[Manchester, New Hampshire|Manchester]]]]
Metropolitan areas in the New England region are defined by the [[U.S. Census Bureau]] as [[New England City and Town Area]]s (NECTAs). The following is a list of NECTAs in New Hampshire:
*[[Berlin, NH]]
*[[Claremont, NH]]
*[[Concord, NH]]
*[[Franklin, NH]]
*[[Keene, NH]]
*[[Laconia, NH]]
*[[Lebanon, NH]]-[[Hartland, VT]]
*[[Manchester, NH]]
*[[Nashua, NH]] Metropolitan Division (part of Boston metropolitan area)
*[[Portsmouth, NH]]-ME
*[[Rochester, New Hampshire|Rochester]]-[[Dover, New Hampshire|Dover]], NH-ME
''From [http://www.nh.gov/nhes/elmi/geoareanecta.htm The New Hampshire Economic and Labor Market Information Bureau]''
== History ==
{{main|History of New Hampshire}}
Various [[Algonquian peoples|Algonquian]] tribes inhabited the area prior to European settlement. English and French explorers visited New Hampshire in 1600–1605, and English fishermen settled at Odiorne's Point in present-day [[Rye, New Hampshire|Rye]] in 1623. The first permanent settlement was at Hilton's Point (present-day [[Dover, New Hampshire|Dover]]). By 1631, the Upper Plantation comprised modern-day [[Dover, New Hampshire|Dover]], [[Durham, New Hampshire|Durham]] and [[Stratham, New Hampshire|Stratham]]; in 1679, it became the "Royal Province."
[[Image:New Hampshire State House 2004.JPG|left|300px|thumb|The [[New Hampshire State House]] in Concord was designed by Albe Cady. It is the oldest U.S. state capitol where legislators still meet in their original chambers.]]
It was one of the [[13 colonies|thirteen colonies]] that revolted against British rule in the [[American Revolution]]. By the time of the American Revolution, New Hampshire was a divided province. The economic and social life of the Seacoast revolved around sawmills, shipyards, merchant's warehouses, and established village and town centers. Wealthy merchants built substantial homes, furnished them with the finest luxuries, and invested their capital in trade and land speculation. At the other end of the social scale, there developed a permanent class of day laborers, mariners, indentured servants, and even slaves. It was the first state to declare its independence, but the only battle fought there was the raid on [[Fort William and Mary]], [[December 14]], [[1774]] in [[Portsmouth, New Hampshire|Portsmouth]] Harbor, which netted the rebellion sizable quantities of gunpowder, small arms, and cannon ([[John Sullivan|General Sullivan]], leader of the raid, described it as, "remainder of the powder, the small arms, bayonets, and cartouch-boxes, together with the cannon and ordnance stores") over the course of two nights. This raid was preceded by a warning to local patriots the previous day, by [[Paul Revere]] on [[December 13]], [[1774]] that the fort was to be reinforced by troops sailing from Boston. According to unverified accounts, the gunpowder was later used at the Battle of Bunker Hill, transported there by Major Demerit, who was one of several New Hampshire patriots who stored the powder in their homes until it was transported elsewhere for use in revolutionary activities.
New Hampshire was a Jacksonian stronghold; the state sent [[Franklin Pierce]] to the White House in the election of 1852. Industrialization took the form of numerous textile mills, which in turn attracted large flows of immigrants from Quebec (the "French Canadians") and Ireland. The northern parts of the state produced lumber and the mountains provided tourist attractions. After 1960, the textile industry collapsed, but the economy rebounded as a center of high technology and a service provider.
Since 1952, New Hampshire gained national and international attention for its [[New Hampshire Primary|presidential primary]] held early in every presidential election year. It immediately became the most important testing grounds for candidates for the Republican and Democratic nominations. The media give New Hampshire (and Iowa) about half of all the attention paid to all states in the primary process, magnifying the state's decision power (and spurring repeated efforts by out-of-state politicians to change the rules.)
== Demographics ==
{{USCensusPop
|1790 = 141885
|1800 = 183858
|1810 = 214460
|1820 = 244161
|1830 = 269328
|1840 = 284574
|1850 = 317976
|1860 = 326073
|1870 = 318300
|1880 = 346991
|1890 = 376530
|1900 = 411588
|1910 = 430572
|1920 = 443083
|1930 = 465293
|1940 = 491524
|1950 = 533242
|1960 = 606921
|1970 = 737681
|1980 = 920610
|1990 = 1109252
|2000 = 1235786
|estyear = 2006
|estimate = 1314895
}}
As of 2005, New Hampshire has an estimated population of 1,309,940, which is an increase of 10,771, or 0.8%, from the prior year and an increase of 74,154, or 6.0%, since the year 2000. This includes a natural increase since the last census of 23,872 people (that is 75,060 births minus 51,188 deaths) and an increase due to net migration of 51,968 people into the state. Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 11,107 people, and migration within the country produced a net increase of 40,861 people.
The [[center of population]] of New Hampshire is located in [[Merrimack County, New Hampshire|Merrimack County]], in the town of [[Pembroke, New Hampshire|Pembroke]].<ref>[http://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt Population and Population Centers by State: 2000]</ref>
{{US Demographics}}
[[Image:New Hampshire population map.png|thumb|right|200px|New Hampshire Population Density Map]]
As of 2004, the population includes 64,000 residents born outside the United States (4.9%).
===Ancestry groups ===
The largest ancestry groups in New Hampshire are:<ref>[http://www.census.gov/acs/www/Products/Profiles/Single/2003/ACS/Tabular/040/04000US332.htm American Community Survey]</ref>
* {{flagicon|France}} 26.6% French ([[French American|French or French Canadian]])
* {{flagicon|Republic of Ireland}} 21.1% [[Irish American|Irish]]
* {{flagicon|England}} 20.1% [[English American|English]]
* {{flagicon|Italy}} 10.4% [[Italian American|Italian]]
* {{flagicon|Germany}} 10.3% [[German-American|German]]
* {{flagicon|Scotland}} 7.8% Celtic ([[Scottish American|Scottish]] or [[Ulster Scots|Scots-Irish]])
The large [[Irish American]] and [[French-Canadian]] populations are descended largely from mill workers, and many still live in the former mill towns, like Manchester. New Hampshire has the highest percentage of residents of French/French-Canadian ancestry of any U.S. state. The fastest growth is along the southern border, which is within commuting range of Boston and other Massachusetts cities.
According to the [[2000 U.S. Census]], 3.41% of the population aged 5 and over speak [[French language|French]] at home, while 1.60% speak [[Spanish language|Spanish]].<ref>[http://www.mla.org/map_data_results&state_id=33&mode=state_tops MLA Language Map Data Center]</ref>
===Religion===
Percentage of New Hampshire residents by religion (from ''[[USA Today]]''):<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usatoday.com/graphics/news/gra/gnoreligion/flash.htm|title="What is your religion...if any?"|publisher=''[[USA Today]]''|accessdate=2008-01-03}}</ref>
*[[Christianity|Christian]] – 72%
**[[Roman Catholicism in the United States|Catholic]] – 35%
**[[Protestantism|Protestant]] – 32%
***[[Baptist]] – 6%
***[[Congregational church|Congregational]]/[[United Church of Christ]] – 6%
***[[Episcopal Church in the United States of America|Episcopal]]/[[Anglican Church in America|Anglican]] – 4%
***[[Methodism|Methodist]] – 3%
***[[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] – 1%
***[[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal]]/[[Charismatic movement|Charismatic]] – 1%
***[[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]] – 1%
***Protestant, no supplied denomination – 10%
**Unspecified Christian – 5%
*[[Judaism|Jewish]] – 1%
*Other – 2%
*No religion – 17%
*Less than 0.5% each –
:<small>[[Latter Day Saint|Mormon/Latter Day Saints]], [[Churches of Christ]], [[Non-denominational Christianity|non-denominational]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], [[Assemblies of God]], [[Islam|Muslim/Islamic]], [[Buddhism|Buddhist]], [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical]], [[Church of God]], and [[Seventh-day Adventist Church|Seventh-Day Adventist]]</small>
== Economy ==
[[Image:New Hampshire quarter, reverse side, 2000.jpg|left|100px]]
The Bureau of Economic Analysis estimates that New Hampshire's total state product in 2003 was $49 billion. Personal income in 2005 was $37,835, 6<sup>th</sup> in the nation and 10 percent greater than the national average ($34,495). Its agricultural outputs are dairy products, nursery stock, cattle, apples and eggs. Its industrial outputs are machinery, electric equipment, rubber and plastic products and tourism.<ref> {{cite web|url=http://stats.bls.gov/eag/eag.nh.htm |title=State at a Glance - New Hampshire |accessdate=2007-10-14 |date=2007-10-12 |publisher=U.S. Department of Labor }}</ref>
New Hampshire experienced a significant shift in its economic base during the last century. Historically, the base was composed of the traditional New England manufactures of textiles, shoe-making, and small machining shops drawing upon low-wage labor from nearby small farms and from parts of Quebec. Today, these sectors contribute only 2% for textiles, 2% for leather goods, and 9% for machining of the state's total manufacturing dollar value (Source: U.S. Economic Census for 1997, Manufacturing, New Hampshire). They experienced a sharp decline due to obsolete plants and the lure of cheaper wages in the [[Southern states|South]].
According to the [[Energy Information Administration]], New Hampshire’s energy consumption and per capita energy consumption are among the lowest in the country. The [[Seabrook Station Nuclear Power Plant]], located near Portsmouth, is the largest nuclear reactor in New England and provides about 30 percent of New Hampshire’s electricity. Two natural gas-fired plants and some fossil-fuel powered plant, including the coal-fired Merrimack Station plant in Bow, provide most of the rest.
New Hampshire’s residential electricity use is low compared with the national average, in part because demand for air-conditioning is low during the generally mild summer months and because few households use electricity as their primary energy source for home heating. Over half of New Hampshire households use fuel oil for winter heating. New Hampshire has potential for renewable energies like wind power, hydroelectricity, and wood fuel.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/state/state_energy_profiles.cfm?sid=NH |title= EIA State Energy Profiles: New Hampshire |date=2008-06-12 |accessdate=2008-06-24}}</ref>
The state has no general [[sales tax]], no personal [[state income tax]] (the state does tax, at a 5 percent rate, income from dividends and interest) and the legislature has exercised fiscal restraint. Efforts to diversify the state's general economy have been ongoing.
Additionally, New Hampshire's lack of a broad-based tax system (aside from the controversial state-wide property tax) has resulted in the state's local communities having some of the nation's highest property taxes. Overall, New Hampshire remains ranked 49th among states in combined average state and local tax burden.<ref>[http://www.taxfoundation.org/taxdata/show/468.html The Tax Foundation - New Hampshire's State and Local Tax Burden, 1970–2006]</ref>
== Law and government ==
[[Image:nhline.jpg|thumb|right|State line on NH Rt. 111 in [[Hollis, New Hampshire|Hollis]]]]
{{main|Government of New Hampshire}}
The Governor of New Hampshire is [[John Lynch]] (Democrat). New Hampshire's two U.S. senators are [[Judd Gregg]] (Republican) and [[John E. Sununu]] (Republican). New Hampshire's two U.S. representatives [[List of United States congressional districts#New Hampshire|(see district map)]] are [[Carol Shea-Porter]] (Democrat) and [[Paul Hodes]] (Democrat).
New Hampshire has a bifurcated executive branch, consisting of the Governor and a five-member [[Executive Council of New Hampshire|Executive Council]] which votes on state contracts over $5,000 and "advises and consents" to the governor's nominations to major state positions such as department heads and all judgeships and [[pardon]] requests. New Hampshire does not have a [[Lieutenant Governor]]; the Senate President serves as "Acting Governor" whenever the Governor is unable to perform the duties.
The [[New Hampshire General Court]] is a bicameral legislative body, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate. The House of Representatives is the fourth-largest legislative body in the English speaking world with 400 members. Only the [[United States House of Representatives]], the [[British House of Commons]] and the British [[House of Lords]] are larger.<ref>[http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/house/members/memberlookup.aspx "House Fast Fact", New Hampshire House of Representatives]</ref> Presumably because the position pays just $100 per year plus mileage, members are more likely to be retired. A 2007 survey found that nearly half the members of the House are retired, with an average age over 60.<ref>{{cite web
| author = Gordon Fraser
| title = N.H. Legislature doesn't mirror population
| publisher = The Eagle Tribune
| url = http://www.eagletribune.com/punewsnh/local_story_357101805
| date = [[December 23]], [[2007]]
| accessdate = 2008-04-20 }}</ref> The General Court meets in the [[New Hampshire State House]].
The state's sole appellate court is the [[New Hampshire Supreme Court]]. The [[New Hampshire Superior Court|Superior Court]] is the court of general jurisdiction and the only court which provides for jury trials in [[civil law (common law)|civil]] or [[criminal law|criminal]] cases. The other state courts are the [[New Hampshire Probate Court|Probate Court]], [[New Hampshire District Court|District Court]], and the [[New Hampshire Family Division|Family Division]].
The [[New Hampshire State Constitution]] is the supreme law of the state, followed by the [[New Hampshire Revised Statutes Annotated]]. The State Constitution is the nation's only state constitution which acknowledges the [[right of revolution]], and one of the few that does not expressly mandate the provision of a public school system.
New Hampshire is also the only state with no mandatory seatbelt law for adults, and also has no motorcycle helmet law for adults nor mandatory vehicle insurance for automobiles. Although the state retains the [[capital punishment|death penalty]] for limited crimes, the last execution was conducted in 1939. New Hampshire is the only state that does not mandate public [[kindergarten]], partly out of frugality and lack of funding, and partly out of belief in ''local control'', a philosophy under which towns and cities, not the state, make as many decisions as possible. As of 2005, all but two dozen communities in the state provided public kindergarten.
New Hampshire is a [[John Forrest Dillon|"Dillon Rule"]] state, meaning that powers not specifically granted to municipalities are retained by the state government. Even so, there is within the state's legislature a strong sentiment favoring local control, particularly with regard to land use regulations. Traditionally, local government in New Hampshire is conducted by [[town meeting#New Hampshire|town meetings]], but in 1995, municipalities were given the option of using an official ballot to decide local electoral and budgetary questions, as opposed to the more open and public town meeting.
New Hampshire is an [[Alcoholic beverage control state]], and through the [[New Hampshire Liquor Commission|State Liquor Commission]] it takes in $100 million from the sale and distribution of liquor.<ref>[http://admin.state.nh.us/accounting/FY%2005/Monthly%20Rev%20June-05%20Cash%20Basis%20Unaud.pdf State of New Hampshire Department of Administrative Services - Monthly Revenue Focus (FY 2005)]</ref> The state also leads the country in per capita sales of all forms of alcohol.<ref>[http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/surveillance73/tab2_03.htm National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism - Surveillance report #73: Apparent per Capita Alcohol Consumption: National, State, and Regional Trends, 1977–2003]</ref>
As of [[January 1]], [[2008]], [[Civil unions in New Hampshire|civil unions]] are legal in New Hampshire, giving all the rights associated with marriage in the state to same-sex couples.<ref>{{cite press release | title =Governor Signs Law Establishing Civil Unions in New Hampshire | publisher = Office of the Governor of the State of New Hampshire | date= 2007-05-31 | url =http://www.nh.gov/governor/news/2007/053107.html | format = | language = | accessdate = 2007-07-14| quote = }}</ref>
===Politics===
New Hampshire is internationally famous for the [[New Hampshire primary]], the first [[U.S. presidential primary|primary]] in the quadrennial American presidential election cycle which is generally held around the same time as the first national [[caucus]] in [[Iowa]]. The primary draws more attention by far than all other primaries, and has often been decisive in shaping the national contest. Critics from other states have tried repeatedly but failed to reduce the state's primary clout. In [[Dixville Notch, New Hampshire|Dixville Notch]] in Coos County and [[Hart's Location, New Hampshire|Hart's Location]] in Carroll County, residents vote at midnight the Tuesday the primary is being held. State law grants that a town where all registered citizens have voted may close early and announce their results. These are traditionally the first towns in both New Hampshire and the U.S. to vote in presidential primaries and elections.
In the past, New Hampshire has often voted Republican. Some sources trace the founding of the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] to the town of [[Exeter, New Hampshire|Exeter]] in 1853. The state is considered to be the most conservative state in the Northeast. However, the state supported [[Bill Clinton]] in 1992 and 1996, but prior to that had only strayed from the Republican Party for three candidates—[[Woodrow Wilson]], [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and [[Lyndon B. Johnson]].
In recent years, however, in both national and local elections it became a [[swing state]]. It was the only U.S. state to give its electoral votes to [[George W. Bush]] in the [[United States presidential election, 2000|2000 election]] but then go [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] in the [[United States presidential election, 2004|2004 election]]. New Hampshire gave its four electoral votes to [[John Kerry]] in 2004 with 50.2% of the vote. The change from voting Republican was solidified by the 2006 midterm elections, in which both Congressional seats were won by Democrats ([[Paul Hodes]] defeated [[Charles Foster Bass|Charlie Bass]] and [[Carol Shea-Porter]] defeated [[Jeb Bradley]]); Democratic Governor [[John Lynch]] was re-elected in an historic landslide with 74% of the vote; Democrats gained a majority on the Executive Council; and Democrats took both houses of the State Legislature for the first time since 1911. Democrats now hold both the legislature and the governorship for the first time since 1874.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.bizjournals.com/masshightech/stories/2006/12/25/focus2.html| title="Storm of change sweeps through N.H. Legislature"| publisher=''Mass High Tech: The Journal of New England Technology''| author=Kocher, Fred| date=2006-12-22| accessdate=2008-04-28}}</ref> Republicans hold both U.S. Senate seats, which were not up for a vote in 2006. Prior to the 2006 elections, New Hampshire was the only New England state in which Republicans held majorities in both legislative chambers.<ref> [http://www.ncsl.org/ncsldb/elect98/profile.cfm?yearsel=2006&statesel=NH "State Vote 2006: Partisan Composition of State Legislatures: New Hampshire" ] National Conference of State Legislatures, retrieved November 17, 2006.</ref> The New Hampshire General Assembly is the largest among state legislatures in the U.S., with 400 members, and has the most representatives per capita (approximately one for every 3,200 citizens).
New Hampshire has been known for a [[Libertarian]]-like political tradition that values individual freedom and limited exercise of [[state]] governmental powers. The [[Free State Project]] selected New Hampshire as its destination due to its "Live Free or Die" libertarian-esque heritage.<ref>[http://freestateproject.org/archives/state_vote/index.php "Free State Project: State Vote Results" ]</ref>
== Education ==
===High schools===
New Hampshire has more than 150 public high schools, many of which serve more than one town. The largest is [[Pinkerton Academy]] in Derry, which is owned by a private non-profit organization and serves as the public high school of a number of neighboring towns. There are at least 30 private high schools in the state.
*[http://www.nh.gov/residents/k12.html N.H. public schools with a Web presence]
{{seealso|List of high schools in New Hampshire}}
=== Colleges and universities ===
{{main|List of colleges and universities in New Hampshire}}
*[[Antioch University New England]]
*[[Chester College of New England]]
*[[Colby-Sawyer College]]
*[[Daniel Webster College]]
*[[Dartmouth College]]
*[[Franklin Pierce University]]
*[[Franklin Pierce Law Center]]
*[[Hesser College]]
*[[Lebanon College]]
*[[Magdalen College (New Hampshire)|Magdalen College]]
*[[McIntosh College]]
*[[New England College]]
*[[New Hampshire Community Technical Colleges]]:
**[[New Hampshire Technical Institute]]
**[[Manchester Community College (New Hampshire)|Manchester Community College]]
*[[New Hampshire Institute of Art]]
*[[Rivier College]]
*[[Saint Anselm College]]
*[[Southern New Hampshire University]]
*[[The Thomas More College of Liberal Arts]]
*[[University System of New Hampshire]]:
**[[University of New Hampshire]]
**[[Granite State College]]
**[[Keene State College]]
**[[Plymouth State University]]
**[[University of New Hampshire at Manchester]]
==Media==
=== Daily newspapers ===
{{main|List of newspapers in New Hampshire}}
<div style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
*''[[Berlin Daily Sun]]''
*''[[Concord Monitor]]''
*''[[Conway Daily Sun]]''
*''[[Eagle Times]]'' of [[Claremont, New Hampshire|Claremont]]
*''[[The Eagle Tribune|Eagle Tribune]]'' ([[Lawrence, Massachusetts]], area, including southern NH)
*''[[Foster's Daily Democrat]]'' of [[Dover, New Hampshire|Dover]]
*''[[Keene Sentinel]]''
*''[[Laconia Citizen]]''
*''[[New Hampshire Union Leader]]'' of [[Manchester, New Hampshire|Manchester]]
*''[[The Portsmouth Herald]]''
*''[[Telegraph of Nashua]]''
*''[[Valley News]]'' of [[West Lebanon, New Hampshire|West Lebanon]]
</div>
=== Other publications ===
*''[[The Exeter News-Letter]]''
*''[[The Granite State News]]
*''[[The Hampton Union]]''
*''[[Hippo Press]]'' (covering Manchester, Nashua and Concord)
*''[[Keene Free Press]]''
*''[[Manchester Express]]''
*''[[Milford Cabinet]], part of The Cabinet Press, which prints free weeklies in Hollis/Brookline, Bedford and Merrimack)
*''[[The New Hampshire]]'' (University of New Hampshire student newspaper)
*''[[New Hampshire Business Review]]''
*''[[The New Hampshire Gazette]]'' (Portsmouth alternative biweekly)
=== Radio stations ===
:''See [[List of radio stations in New Hampshire]]''.
===Television stations===
{{main|List of television stations in New Hampshire}}
*[[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] affiliate: [[WMUR]], Channel 9, Manchester
*[[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]] affiliates in Durham, Keene and Littleton ([[New Hampshire Public Television]])
*[[MyNetworkTV]] affiliate: [[WZMY]], Channel 50, Derry
==Culture==
In the spring, New Hampshire's many [[sugar house|sap house]]s hold sugaring off open houses. In summer, New Hampshire is home to many [[fair|county fair]]s, the largest being the [[Hopkinton State Fair]], in [[Contoocook, New Hampshire|Contoocook]]. New Hampshire's [[Lakes Region (New Hampshire)|lake region]] is home to many summer camps, especially around [[Lake Winnipesaukee]], and is a popular tourist destination. In the fall New Hampshire is host to the [[Highland Games|New Hampshire Highland Games]]. New Hampshire has also registered an official [[tartan]] with the proper authorities in [[Scotland]], used to make kilts worn by the State Police while they serve during the games. The [[Autumn leaf color|fall foliage]] peaks in mid October. In the winter, [[List of ski areas and resorts in the United States#New Hampshire|New Hampshire's ski areas]] attract visitors from a wide area, and New Hampshire has more miles of [[snowmobile]] trails than roads.<ref>[http://www.lakesregion.org/WhereToPlay/IntheSnow/SnowmobilingATV/tabid/66/Default.aspx It's Time for Winter Fun]</ref> After the lakes freeze over they become dotted with [[ice fishing]] ice houses, known locally as bobhouses.
=== Professional sports teams ===
{| width="100%"
|-
| valign="top" |
;[[Minor league baseball]] teams
*[[Nashua Pride]]
*[[New Hampshire Fisher Cats]]
;[[Minor league hockey]] team
*[[Manchester Monarchs]]
| valign=top |
|
;[[af2|Arena football]] team
*[[Manchester Wolves]]
;[[American Basketball Association]]
*[[Manchester Millrats]]
;[[USL Second Division|Minor league soccer]] team
*[[New Hampshire Phantoms]]
|}
=== In fiction ===
*[[Peterborough, New Hampshire|Peterborough]] is the inspiration for the town of [[Grover's Corners]], in [[Thornton Wilder]]'s play ''[[Our Town]].''
*The novel ''[[Peyton Place (novel)|Peyton Place]]'' was inspired by [[Gilmanton, New Hampshire]].
*Bob Montana, the original artist for [[Archie comics|Archie]], attended Manchester Central High School for a year, and may have based Riverdale High School in part on Central.
*[[Dartmouth College]] is said to be the inspiration for the film ''[[Animal House]]'', as one of the scriptwriters, [[Chris Miller (writer)|Chris Miller]], studied there.
*Al Capp, creator of the comic strip [[Li'l Abner]], used to joke that [[Dogpatch]], the setting for the strip, was based on [[Seabrook, New Hampshire|Seabrook]], where he would vacation with his wife.<ref>[http://www.seacoastonline.com/2004news/07042004/news/24976.htm Susan Morse, "Last of the Yankees", ''Portsmouth Herald'', July 4, 2004.]</ref>
*[[John Knowles]] based the Devon School in ''[[A Separate Peace]]'' on the [[Phillips Exeter Academy]] in [[Exeter, New Hampshire|Exeter]]. The prep school in [[John Irving]]'s ''[[The World According to Garp]]'' was also based on the Academy. Irving's stepfather was a faculty member at the school, and Irving is an alumnus; New Hampshire references are common in his works.
*The character of [[Josiah Bartlet]], President of the United States on the television series ''[[The West Wing]]'', was depicted as a two-term New Hampshire governor.
*Much of the action in [[Julian May]]'s science fiction saga the ''[[Galactic Milieu Series]]'' takes place in the state, with New Hampshire being the capital of the "Human Polity", in effect the center of government of the human race.
== Notable residents or natives ==
{{main|List of people from New Hampshire}}
<table width="100%"><tr><td valign="top">
*[[Josiah Bartlett]]
*[[Dan Brown]]
*[[Ken Burns]]
*[[Chris Carpenter]]
*[[Salmon P. Chase]]
*[[e.e. Cummings]]
*[[Mary Baker Eddy]]
*[[Carlton Fisk]]
*[[Robert Frost]]
*[[Horace Greeley]]
</td><td valign=top>
*[[Donald Hall]]
*[[John Irving]]
*[[Dean Kamen]]
*[[Maxine Kumin]]
*[[Christa McAuliffe]]
*[[Dick and Mac McDonald]]
*[[Grace Metalious]]
*[[Seth Meyers]]
*[[Bode Miller]]
</td><td valign=top>
*[[P. J. O'Rourke|P.J. O'Rourke]]
*[[Maxfield Parrish]]
*[[Jodi Picoult]]
*[[Franklin Pierce]]
*[[John Sargent Pillsbury]]
*[[Charles Revson]]
*[[Augustus Saint-Gaudens]]
*[[J. D. Salinger|J.D. Salinger]]
*[[Adam Sandler]]
</td><td valign=top>
*[[Alan Shepard|Alan B. Shepard Jr.]]
*[[Sarah Silverman]]
*[[David Souter|David H. Souter]]
*[[John Stark]]
*[[Jenny Thompson]]
*[[Steven Tyler]]
*[[Daniel Webster]]
*[[John Wentworth (governor)|John Wentworth]]
</td></tr></table>
== Granite State firsts ==
{{Refimprovesect|date=April 2008}}
''See [[List of New Hampshire-related topics]]''
*On [[January 5]], [[1776]] at [[Exeter, New Hampshire|Exeter]], the Provincial Congress of New Hampshire ratified the first independent [[New Hampshire Constitution#1776 Constitution|constitution]] in the Americas, free of British rule.
*On [[June 12]], [[1800]], Fernald's Island in the [[Piscataqua River]] became the first government-sanctioned US Navy shipyard.
*Started in 1822, [[Dublin, New Hampshire|Dublin]]'s Juvenile Library was the first free public library.
*In 1828, the first women's strike in the nation took place at [[Dover, New Hampshire|Dover's]] Cocheco Mills.
*Founded in 1833, the [[Peterborough, New Hampshire|Peterborough]] Town Library was the first public library, supported with public funds, in the world.<ref>[http://www.libraryhistorybuff.org/peterborough.htm The Peterborough Town Library]</ref>
*In 1845, the machine shop of [[Nashua, New Hampshire|Nashuan]] John H. Gage was considered the first shop devoted to the manufacture of machinists' tools.
*On [[August 29]], [[1866]], Sylvester Marsh demonstrated the first mountain-climbing [[Mount Washington Cog Railway|"cog" railway]].
*Finished on [[June 27]], [[1874]], the first trans-Atlantic telecommunications cable between Europe and America stretched from Balinskelligs Bay, Ireland, to [[Rye, New Hampshire|Rye Beach]], New Hampshire.
*On [[February 6]], [[1901]], a group of nine conservationists founded the [[Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests]], the first forest conservation advocacy group in the US.
*In 1908, Monsignor Pierre Hevey organized the nation's first [[credit union]], in [[Manchester, New Hampshire|Manchester]], to help mill workers save and borrow money.
*In 1933 the [[League of New Hampshire Craftsmen]] held the first crafts fair in the nation.<ref>[http://www.nhcrafts.org/annualfair.htm League of New Hampshire Craftsmen's Fair] Accessed 9 November 2007</ref>
*In 1934, the current record for the highest recorded surface wind gust (231 mph) was set on [[Mount Washington (New Hampshire)|Mount Washington]].<ref>[http://www.mountwashington.org/about/visitor/recordwind.php The Story of the World Record Wind]</ref>
*In 1937 the [[Gunstock Mountain Resort|Belknap Recreation Area]] installed the first chairlift for skiing in the East.
*In 1938 [[Earl Tupper]], of [[Berlin, New Hampshire|Berlin]], invented [[Tupperware]] and founded [[Tupperware Brands|Tupper Plastics Company]].
*In July 1944, the [[Bretton Woods system|Bretton Woods Agreement]], the first fully-negotiated system intended to govern monetary relations among independent nation-states, was signed at the [[Mount Washington Hotel]].
*On [[May 5]], [[1961]], [[Alan Shepard]] of [[Derry, New Hampshire|Derry]] rode a Mercury spacecraft and became the first American in space.
*In 1963, New Hampshire's legislature approved the nation's first modern state [[New Hampshire Lottery|lottery]], which began play in 1964.
*In 1966, [[Ralph Baer]] of [[Sanders Associates]], Inc., Nashua, recruited engineers to develop the first home video game.
*[[Christa McAuliffe]] of [[Concord, New Hampshire|Concord]] became the first private citizen selected to venture into space. She perished with her six space shuttle Challenger crewmates on [[January 28]], [[1986]].
*On [[May 17]], [[1996]] New Hampshire became the first state in the country to install a green [[Light-emitting diode|LED]] [[traffic light]]. NH was selected because they were the first to start installing the red and yellow ones statewide.<ref>Sending a bright signal, Concord Monitor pg B-6, May 18, 1996</ref>
*On [[May 31]], [[2007]] New Hampshire became "...the first state to embrace same-sex unions without a court order or the threat of one."<ref>Wang, Beverley. (26 April 2007) [http://www.concordmonitor.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070426/REPOSITORY/70426002/1030 State Senate approves civil unions for same-sex couples] ''Concord Monitor''. Accessed [[April 26]], [[2007]].</ref><ref>[http://www.nh.gov/folklife/learning/first.htm NH Firsts & Bests] Accessed [[November 9]], [[2007]]</ref>
==See also==
*[[List of New Hampshire-related topics]]
{{portal|New Hampshire|Seal of New Hampshire.svg|left=yes}}
{{clear}}
<!-- Please place links to all topics directly related to the State of New Hampshire in the [[List of New Hampshire-related topics]] -->
==References ==
{{reflist|2}}
==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
*Michael Sletcher. ''New England''. Westport, CT, 2004.
{{refend}}
==External links==
<!--please do not list commercial sites. Use other web pages for promotional purposes. This is an encyclopedia. --->
{{sisterlinks}}
;State Government
*[http://www.nh.gov/ Official State Website]
*[http://www.nh.gov/nhinfo/ The New Hampshire Almanac]
;U.S. Government
*[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/state/state_energy_profiles.cfm?sid=NH Energy Facts for New Hampshire]
*[http://www.ers.usda.gov/StateFacts/NH.htm New Hampshire State Facts]
*[http://www.usgs.gov/state/state.asp?State=NH USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of New Hamphsire]
;Other
*[http://www.kingpine.com/ King Pine Ski Area at Purity Spring Resort]
*[http://imdb.com/LocationTree?New+Hampshire,+USA Directory of movie filming locations in the state]
*[http://www.nhhistory.org New Hampshire Historical Society]
{{-}}
{{New Hampshire}}
{{United States}}
{{succession
| preceded = [[South Carolina]]
| office = [[List of U.S. states by date of statehood]]
| years = Ratified [[Constitution of the United States of America|Constitution]] on [[June 21]], [[1788]] (9th)
| succeeded = [[Virginia]]
}}
{{coor title d|44|N|71.5|W|region:US-NH_type:state}}
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