New Mexico 21649 226154147 2008-07-17T01:48:58Z AlexiusHoratius 2306142 add reference for areas managed by the NPS, + slight re-word {{otheruses}} {{US state | Name = New Mexico| Fullname = State of New Mexico| Former = Province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México| Flag = Flag of New Mexico.svg | Flaglink = [[Flag of New Mexico]] | Seal = New Mexico state seal.png | Map = Map_of_USA_NM.svg | Nickname = Land of Enchantment | Motto = [[Crescit eundo]] | Demonym = New Mexican | Capital = [[Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe]] | LargestCity = [[Albuquerque, New Mexico|Albuquerque]] | LargestMetro = [[Albuquerque metropolitan area|Albuquerque Rio Grande Valley]] | OfficialLang = None| Governor = [[Bill Richardson]] (D) | Lieutenant Governor = [[Diane Denish]] (D) | Senators = [[Pete Domenici]] (R) <br> [[Jeff Bingaman]] (D) | PostalAbbreviation = NM | AreaRank = 5<sup>th</sup> | TotalAreaUS = 121,665 | TotalArea = 315,194 | LandAreaUS = 121,432 | LandArea = 314,590 | WaterAreaUS = 234| WaterArea = 607 | PCWater = 0.2 | PopRank = 36<sup>th</sup> | 2000Pop = 1,819,046| DensityRank = 45<sup>th</sup> | 2000DensityUS = 14.98 | 2000Density = 5.79 | AdmittanceOrder = 47<sup>th</sup> | AdmittanceDate = [[January 6]], [[1912]] | TimeZone = [[Mountain Standard Time Zone|Mountain]]: [[UTC]]-7/[[Daylight saving time|-6]] | Longitude = 103° W to 109°&#8202;3′ W | Latitude = 31°&#8202;20′ N to 37° N | WidthUS = 342 | Width = 550 | LengthUS = 370 | Length = 595 | HighestPoint = [[Wheeler Peak (New Mexico)|Wheeler Peak]]<ref name=usgs>{{cite web| date =[[29 April]] [[2005]] | url =http://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html#Highest| title =Elevations and Distances in the United States| publisher =U.S Geological Survey| accessmonthday = November 6 | accessyear = 2006}}</ref> | HighestElevUS = 13,161 | HighestElev = 4,011 | MeanElevUS = 5,692 | MeanElev =1,735 | LowestPoint = [[Red Bluff Reservoir]]<ref name=usgs/> | LowestElevUS = 2,842 | LowestElev = 866 | ISOCode = US-NM | Website = www.newmexico.gov }} {{portal}} The '''State of New Mexico''' ({{pronEng|nuːˈmɛksɨkoʊ}}) is located in the [[Southwestern United States|southwestern region]] of the [[United States of America]]. It has been inhabited by [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] [[population]]s and has been part of the [[Spanish Empire|Imperial Spanish]] [[viceroyalty]] of [[New Spain]], part of [[Mexico]], and a [[Organized incorporated territories of the United States|U.S. territory]]. Among [[U.S. state]]s, New Mexico has the highest percentage of [[Hispanic]] Americans, comprising both recent immigrants and descendants of Spanish [[colonist]]s.<ref>[http://www.census.gov/mso/www/rsf/hisorig/sld009.htm Hispanics in New Mexico were 42 percent of the total state population, the highest proportion for any state<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> It also has the third-highest percentage of [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] after [[Alaska]] and [[Oklahoma]], and the fifth-highest total number of Native Americans after [[California]], [[Oklahoma]], [[Arizona]], and [[Texas]].<ref name="demo">{{cite web | year=2002 | url=http://www.census.gov/prod/2002pubs/c2kbr01-15.pdf | title= The American Indian and Alaska Native Population: 2000| publisher= [[United States Census Bureau]] | format=pdf|accessdate=2007-08-05}}</ref> The tribes represented in the state consist of mostly [[Navajo people|Navajo]] and [[Pueblo people|Pueblo]] peoples. As a result, the demographics and culture of the state are unique for their strong Spanish, Mexican, and American Indian cultural influences. The climate of the state is highly arid and its territory is mostly covered by [[mountains]] and [[desert]]. At a [[population density]] of 15 per square mile, New Mexico is the sixth most sparsely inhabited U.S. State. ==Geography== [[Image:New Mexico Landscape.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Desert scene not far from [[Chaco Culture National Historical Park|Chaco Canyon]]]] {{see|List of New Mexico counties}} [[Image:Digital-elevation-map-new-mexico.gif|thumb|left|Digitally colored elevation map of NM]] The state's total area is {{convert|121665|sqmi|km2}}. The eastern border of New Mexico lies along 103° W [[longitude]] with the state of [[Oklahoma]], and three miles (5 km) west of 103.5° W longitude with [[Texas]]. On the southern border, Texas makes up the eastern two-thirds, while the [[Mexico|Mexican]] states of [[Chihuahua]] and [[Sonora]] make up the western third, with Chihuahua making up about 90% of that. The western border with [[Arizona]] runs along the [[32nd meridian west from Washington|109° 03' W]] longitude. The [[37th parallel north|37° N]] [[latitude]] parallel forms the northern boundary with [[Colorado]]. The states New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, and [[Utah]] come together at the [[Four Corners (United States)|Four Corners]] in the northwestern corner of New Mexico. New Mexico, although a large state, has little water. Its surface water area is only about {{convert|250|sqmi|km2}}. New Mexico's average precipitation rate is only {{convert|15|in|mm}} a year. The [[landscape]] ranges from wide, rose-colored deserts to broken [[mesa]]s to high, snow-capped peaks. Despite New Mexico's arid image, heavily [[forest]]ed mountain wildernesses cover a significant portion of the state, especially towards the north. The [[Sangre de Cristo Mountains]], the southernmost part of the [[Rocky Mountains]], run roughly north-south along the east side of the [[Rio Grande|Rio Grande (Big River)]] in the rugged, pastoral north. The most important of New Mexico's rivers are the [[Rio Grande]], [[Pecos River|Pecos]], [[Canadian River|Canadian]], [[San Juan River (Utah)|San Juan]], and [[Gila River|Gila]]. The Rio Grande is the eighth longest river in the U.S. [[Cactus|Cacti]], [[yucca]]s, [[creosote bush]], [[sagebrush]], and desert grasses cover the broad, semiarid plains that cover the southern portion of the state. The Federal government protects millions of acres of New Mexico as [[national forest]]s including: * [[Carson National Forest]] * [[Cibola National Forest]] (headquartered in [[Albuquerque, New Mexico|Albuquerque]]) * [[Lincoln National Forest]] * [[Santa Fe National Forest]] (headquartered in [[Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe]]) * [[Gila National Forest| Gila National Forest]] * [[Gila Wilderness| Gila Wilderness]] Areas managed by the [[National Park Service]] include:<ref>{{cite web | title = New Mexico | publisher = National Park Service | accessdate = 2008-07-17 | url = http://www.nps.gov/state/nm}}</ref> *[[Aztec Ruins National Monument]] at [[Aztec, New Mexico|Aztec]] *[[Bandelier National Monument]] in [[Los Alamos, New Mexico|Los Alamos]] *[[Capulin Volcano National Monument]] near [[Capulin, New Mexico|Capulin]] *[[Carlsbad Caverns National Park]] near [[Carlsbad, New Mexico|Carlsbad]] *[[Chaco Culture National Historical Park]] at [[Nageezi, New Mexico|Nageezi]] *[[El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro National Historic Trail]] *[[El Malpais National Monument]] in [[Grants, New Mexico|Grants]] *[[El Morro National Monument]] in [[Ramah, New Mexico|Ramah]] *[[Fort Union National Monument]] at [[Watrous, New Mexico|Watrous]] *[[Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument]] near [[Silver City, New Mexico|Silver City]] *[[Old Spanish National Historic Trail]] *[[Pecos National Historical Park]] in [[Pecos, New Mexico|Pecos]] *[[Petroglyph National Monument]] near Albuquerque *[[Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument]] at [[Mountainair, New Mexico|Mountainair]] *[[Santa Fe National Historic Trail]] *[[White Sands National Monument]] near [[Alamogordo, New Mexico|Alamogordo]] Visitors also frequent the surviving native pueblos of New Mexico. Tourists visiting these sites bring significant monies to the state. Other areas of geographical and scenic interest include [[Kasha-Katuwe Tent Rocks National Monument]] and the [[Valles Caldera National Preserve]]. The [[Gila Wilderness]] lies in the southwest of the state. {{seealso|Delaware Basin}} ==History== {{Main|History of New Mexico}} [[Image:Foun wagon.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Wagon in the mechanics corral of Fort Union National Monument, New Mexico]] The first known inhabitants of New Mexico were members of the [[Clovis culture]] of [[Paleo-Indians]]. Indeed the culture is named for the New Mexico city where the first artifacts of this culture were discovered. Later inhabitants include [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]]s of the [[Anasazi culture|Anasazi]] and the [[Mogollon culture|Mogollon]] cultures. By the time of European contact in the 1500s, the region was settled by the villages of the [[Pueblo people]]s and groups of [[Navajo people|Navajo]], [[Apache]] and [[Ute]]. [[Francisco Vasquez de Coronado]] assembled an enormous expedition at [[Compostela, Mexico|Compostela]] in 1540–1542 to explore and find the mystical [[Seven Golden Cities of Cibola]] as described by [[Cabeza de Vaca]] who had just arrived from his eight-year ordeal traveling from Florida to Mexico. Coronado's men found several mud baked pueblos in 1541, but found no rich cities of gold. Further widespread expeditions found no fabulous cities anywhere in the Southwest or Great Plains. A dispirited and now poor Coronado and his men began their journey back to Mexico leaving New Mexico behind. Over 50 years after Coronado, [[Juan de Oñate]] founded the [[San Juan, New Mexico|San Juan]] colony on the Rio Grande in 1598, the first permanent European settlement in the future state of New Mexico. Oñate pioneered the grandly named [[El Camino Real]], "Royal Road," as a 700 mile (1,100 km) trail from the rest of [[New Spain]] to his remote colony. Oñate was made the first governor of the new [[Province of New Mexico]]. The Native Americans at [[Acoma Pueblo|Acoma]] revolted against this Spanish encroachment but faced severe suppression. [[Image:Aztecruinsnm.jpg|left|thumb|220px|Pueblo Ruins at Aztec Ruins National Monument.]] In 1609, [[Pedro de Peralta]], a later [[Spanish governors of New Mexico|governor of the Province of New Mexico]], established the settlement of [[Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe]] at the foot of the [[Sangre de Cristo Mountains]]. The city, along with most of the settled areas of the state, was abandoned by the Spanish for 12 years (1680-1692) as a result of the successful [[Pueblo Revolt]]. After the death of the Pueblo leader [[Popé]], [[Diego de Vargas]] restored the area to Spanish rule. While developing Santa Fe as a trade center, the returning settlers founded the old town of Alburquerque in 1706, naming it for the viceroy of New Spain, the Duke of Alburquerque. The name later evolved into its present form of [[Albuquerque]]. ===Mexican province=== As a part of [[New Spain]], the claims for the province of New Mexico passed to independent [[Mexico]] following the 1810-1821 [[Mexican War of Independence]]. During the brief 26 year period of nominal Mexican control, Mexican authority and investment in New Mexico were weak, as their often conflicted government had little time or interest in a New Mexico that had been poor since the Spanish settlements started. Some Mexican officials, saying they were wary of encroachments by the growing United States, and wanting to reward themselves and their friends, began issuing enormous [[land grant]]s (usually free) to groups of Mexican families as an incentive to populate the province. Small trapping parties from the United States had previously reached and stayed in Santa Fe, but the Spanish authorities officially forbade them to trade. Trader [[William Becknell]] returned to the United States in November 1821 with news that independent Mexico now welcomed trade through Santa Fe. [[William Becknell]] left [[Independence, Missouri]], for Santa Fe early in 1822 with the first party of traders. The [[Santa Fe Trail]] trading company, headed by the brothers [[Charles Bent]] and [[William Bent]] and [[Ceran St. Vrain]], was one of the most successful in the West. They had their first trading post in the area in 1826, and, by 1833, they had built their adobe fort and trading post called [[Bent's Fort]] on the [[Arkansas River]]. This fort and trading post, located about 200 miles (322 km) east of [[Taos, New Mexico]], was the only place settled by whites along the Santa Fe trail before it hit Taos. The [[Santa Fe National Historic Trail]] follows the route of the old trail, with many sites marked or restored. [[Image:OldSpanishTrail.png|right|thumb|300px|Route of the Old Spanish Trail]] The [[Old Spanish Trail (trade route)|Spanish Trail]] from [[Los Angeles, California]] to [[Santa Fe, New Mexico]] was primarily used by Hispanics, white traders and ex-trappers living part of the year in or near Santa Fe. Started in about 1829, the trail was an arduous 2,400 (3862 km) mile round trip pack train sojourn that extended into Colorado, Utah, Nevada and California and back, allowing only one hard round trip per year. The trade consisted primarily of blankets and some trade goods from Santa Fe being traded for horses in California. The [[Republic of Texas]] claimed the mostly vacant territory north and east of the [[Rio Grande]] when it successfully seceded from Mexico in 1836. New Mexico authorities captured a group of Texans who embarked an [[Texas Santa Fe Expedition|expedition]] to assert their claim to the province in 1841. ===American territory=== Following the [[Mexican-American War]], from 1846-1848 and the [[Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo]] in 1848, Mexico forcibly ceded its mostly unsettled northern holdings, today known as the [[American Southwest]] and [[California]] to the United States of America in exchange for an end to hostilities, the evacuation of Mexico City and many other areas under American control. Mexico also received $15 million cash, plus the assumption of slightly more than $3 million in outstanding Mexican debts. The Congressional [[Compromise of 1850]] halted a bid for statehood under a proposed antislavery constitution. Texas transferred eastern New Mexico to the federal government, settling a lengthy boundary dispute. Under the compromise, the American government established the [[Territory of New Mexico]] on [[September 9]], [[1850]]. The territory, which included most of the future states of [[Arizona]], New Mexico, and parts of [[Colorado]], officially established its capital at [[Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe]] in 1851. The United States acquired the southwestern boot heel of the state and southern [[Arizona]] below the [[Gila river]] in the mostly desert [[Gadsden Purchase]] of 1853. This purchase was desired when it was found that a much easier route for a proposed transcontinental railroad was located slightly south of the Gila river. The Southern Pacific built the second transcontinental railroad though this purchased land in 1881. During the [[American Civil War]], [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] troops from [[Texas]] briefly occupied the Rio Grande valley as far north as Santa Fe. [[United States of America|Union]] troops from the [[Territory of Colorado]] re-captured the territory in March 1862 at the [[Battle of Glorieta Pass]]. The [[Territory of Arizona]] was split off as a separate territory on [[February 24]], [[1863]]. There were centuries of [[Navajo wars|conflict]] between the [[Apache]], the [[Navajo people|Navajo]] and Spanish-Mexican settlements in the territory. It took the federal government another 25 years after the Civil War to exert control over both the civilian and Native American populations of the territory. This started in 1864 when the Navajo were sent on [[Long Walk of the Navajo|"The Long Walk"]] to Bosque Redondo Reservation and then returned to most of their lands in 1868. The Apache were moved to various reservations and [[Apache wars]] continued until [[Geronimo]] finally surrendered in 1886. The railway encouraged the great cattle boom of the 1880s and the development of accompanying cow towns. The cattle barons could not keep out sheepherders, and eventually homesteaders and squatters overwhelmed the cattlemen by fencing in and plowing under the "sea of grass" on which the cattle fed. Conflicting land claims led to bitter quarrels among the original Spanish inhabitants, cattle ranchers, and newer homesteaders. Despite destructive overgrazing, ranching survived and remains a mainstay of the New Mexican economy. Albuquerque, the largest city in New Mexico, on the middle Rio Grande, was incorporated in 1889. ===Statehood=== [[Image:New Mexico sign.JPG|thumb|155px|New Mexico state welcome sign]] [[United States Congress|Congress]] admitted New Mexico as the 47th state in the Union on [[January 6]], [[1912]]. The admission of the neighboring State of [[Arizona]] on [[February 14]], [[1912]] completed the contiguous 48 states. The struggle to gain the voting rights for women came to be known as the "suffrage movement." In spite of efforts by suffrage organizers after 1915, New Mexico's legislature was one of the last to ratify the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1920. For the first 25 years of statehood, the NM Supreme Court lived in cramped quarters in the Capitol. Not until 1937 as a result of a Public Works Administrtion Project, did the Supreme Court get its own building. That year, there was a diphtheria epidemic in Santa Fe resulting in 20 deaths before serum was flown in to end it. The United States government built the [[Los Alamos National Laboratory|Los Alamos Research Center]] in 1943 amid the [[Second World War]]. Top-secret personnel there assembled the [[atomic bomb]], first detonated at [[Trinity site]] in the desert on the [[White Sands Missile Range|White Sands Proving Grounds]] between [[Socorro, New Mexico|Socorro]] and [[Alamogordo, New Mexico|Alamogordo]] on [[July 16]], [[1945]]. Albuquerque expanded rapidly after the war. High-altitude experiments near [[Roswell, New Mexico|Roswell]] in 1947 reputedly led to persistent but unproven suspicions that the government captured and concealed extraterrestrial corpses and equipment. The state quickly emerged as a leader in nuclear, solar, and geothermal energy research and development. [[Sandia National Laboratories]], founded in 1949, carried out nuclear research and special weapons development at [[Kirtland Air Force Base]] south of Albuquerque and at [[Livermore, California]]. Located in the remote [[Chihuahuan Desert]] the [[Waste Isolation Pilot Plant]] (WIPP) is located 26 miles (42 km) southeast of [[Carlsbad, New Mexico|Carlsbad]]. Here nuclear wastes are buried deep in carved out salt formation disposal rooms mined 2,150 feet (655 m) underground in a 2,000-foot (610 m) thick salt formation that has been stable for more than 200 million years. WIPP began operations on [[March 26]], [[1999]]. ==Important Cities & Counties== [[Image:ABQ.jpg|thumb|[[Albuquerque, New Mexico|Albuquerque]]]] [[Image:Las Cruces.jpg|thumb|[[Las Cruces, New Mexico|Las Cruces]]]] [[Image:City of Vision.jpg|thumb|[[Rio Rancho, New Mexico|Rio Rancho]]]] [[Image:Santa Fe NM.jpg|thumb|[[Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe]]]] [[Image:Roswell-mainstreet.01.vm.jpg|thumb|[[Roswell, New Mexico|Roswell]]]] {| {| class=wikitable |+ '''The 10 Most Populous New Mexico Cities''' |- ! Rank ! City ! County ! Population |- | align=center | 1 | [[Albuquerque, New Mexico|City of Albuquerque]] | [[Bernalillo County, New Mexico|Bernalillo County]] | align=right | '''534,089''' |- | align=center | 2 | [[Las Cruces, New Mexico|City of Las Cruces]] | [[Dona Ana County, New Mexico|Dona Ana County]] | align=right | '''102,845''' |- | align=center | 3 | [[Rio Rancho, New Mexico|City of Rio Rancho]] | [[Sandoval County, New Mexico|Sandoval County]] | align=right | '''83,282''' |- | align=center | 4 | [[Santa Fe, New Mexico|City of Santa Fe]] | [[Santa Fe County, New Mexico|Santa Fe County]] | align=right | '''72,056''' |- | align=center | 5 | [[Roswell, New Mexico|City of Roswell]] | [[Chaves County, New Mexico|Chaves County]] | align=right | '''45,582''' |- | align=center | 6 | [[Farmington, New Mexico|City of Farmington]] | [[San Juan County, New Mexico|San Juan County]] | align=right | 43,573 |- | align=center | 7 | [[Clovis, New Mexico|City of Clovis]] | [[Curry County, New Mexico|Curry County]] | align=right | 42,314 |- | align=center | 8 | [[Alamogordo, New Mexico|City of Alamogordo]] | [[Otero County, New Mexico|Otero County]] | align=right | 36,069 |- | align=center | 9 | [[Hobbs, New Mexico|City of Hobbs]] | [[Lea County, New Mexico|Lea County]] | align=right | 29,292 |- | align=center | 10 | [[Carlsbad, New Mexico|City of Carlsbad]] | [[Eddy County, New Mexico|Eddy County]] | align=right | 25,410 |} {| class=wikitable |+ The 5 Most Populous New Mexico Counties<br> <small>2007 Census Bureau estimates </small> <ref> {{cite web |url= http://www.census.gov/popest/counties/tables/CO-EST2007-01-35.csv |title= Annual Estimates of the Population for Counties of New Mexico: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2007 (CO-EST2007-01-35) |accessdate= 2008-06-25 |date= 2008-03-20 |publisher= US Census Bureau, Population Division }} </ref> |- ! Rank !! align=center |County !! Population<br/><small> within<br/>county limits</small> !! Land Area<br/><small> sq. miles</small> !! Population<br/>Density<br/><small> per sq mi</small> !! Largest city |- | 1 ||align=left | [[Bernalillo County, New Mexico|Bernalillo County]] || 629,292|| 1,166 || 540 || [[Albuquerque, New Mexico|Albuquerque]] |- | 2 ||align=left | [[Doña Ana County, New Mexico|Doña Ana County]] || 198,791 || 3,807 || 52 || [[Las Cruces, New Mexico|Las Cruces]] |- | 3 ||align=left | [[Santa Fe County, New Mexico|Santa Fe County]] || 142,955|| 1,909 || 75 || [[Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe]] |- | 4 ||align=left | [[San Juan County, New Mexico|San Juan County]] || 122,427 || 5,514 || 22 || [[Farmington, New Mexico|Farmington]] |- | 5 ||align=left | [[Sandoval County, New Mexico|Sandoval County]] || 117,866 || 3,710 || 32 || [[Rio Rancho, New Mexico|Rio Rancho]] |} ==Demographics== {{See also | List of cities in New Mexico | New Mexico locations by per capita income}} ===Census 2000 data; estimates through 2006=== As of 2005, New Mexico has an estimated population of 1,928,384, which is an increase of 25,378, or 1.3%, from the prior year and an increase of 109,338, or 6.0%, since the year 2000. This includes a natural increase since the last census of 74,397 people (that is 143,617 births minus 69,220 deaths) and an increase due to net migration of 37,501 people into the state. Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 27,974 people, and migration within the country produced a net increase of 9,527 people. The [[center of population]] of New Mexico is located in [[Torrance County, New Mexico|Torrance County]], in the town of [[Manzano, New Mexico|Manzano]].<ref> [http://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt U. S. Census Bureau, Population and Population Centers by State: 2000]</ref> As of 2006, 8.2% of the residents of the state were foreign-born. According to the Census Bureau, 1.5% of the population is Multiracial/Mixed-Race, a population larger than both the Asian and NHPI population groups. New Mexico has the highest percentage of people of [[Hispanic]] ancestry of any state, some recent immigrants and others descendants of [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] [[colonist]]s. The state also has a large [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] population, second behind [[Alaska]]. Hispanics of colonial ancestry, along with recent Mexican immigrants, are present in most of the state, especially northern, central, and northeastern New Mexico. Mexican immigrants, legal or illegal, are prominent in southern parts of the state. Descendants of [[white American]] settlers, mostly of Irish English, and [[Spanish American|Spanish]] descent, from other parts of United States live in west, southwest, and southeast areas and main cities of the state. The northwestern corner of the state is primarily occupied by Native Americans, of which Navajos and Pueblos are the largest tribes. As a result, the demographics and culture of the state are unique for their strong American, Colonial Spanish, Mexican, and Native American cultural influences. ===2007 population estimates=== New Mexico's July 1, 2007 population was estimated at 1,969,915 by the [[United States Census Bureau]]'s Population Estimates Program.<ref name=NM2007pop.est.> {{cite web |url= http://www.census.gov/popest/states/tables/NST-EST2007-01.csv |title= Annual Estimates of the Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2007 (NST-EST2007-01) |accessdate= 2008-06-25 |date= 2007-12-27 |publisher= US Census Bureau, Population Division }} </ref> [[Image:New Mexico population map.png|thumb|New Mexico Population Density Map]] {{USCensusPop |1850 = 61547 |1860 = 93516 |1870 = 91874 |1880 = 119565 |1890 = 160282 |1900 = 195310 |1910 = 327301 |1920 = 360350 |1930 = 423317 |1940 = 531818 |1950 = 681187 |1960 = 951023 |1970 = 1017055 |1980 = 1303302 |1990 = 1515069 |2000 = 1819046 |estyear = 2007|estimate = 1969915 |estref=<ref name=NM2007pop.est./> |footnote=Sources: 1850–1990<ref> {{cite book |title=Population and Housing Unit Counts |url=http://www.census.gov/prod/cen1990/cph2/cph-2-1-1.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-07-03 |series=1990 Census of Population and Housing |volume=CPH-2-1 |publisher= U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census |pages=26–27 |chapter=Table 16. Population: 1790 to 1990 }} </ref>, 2000<ref name=NM2007pop.est./> }} {{US Demographics}} ===Ancestry groups=== According to the U.S. Census, the largest ancestry groups in New Mexico are: {|class="wikitable sortable" |+ |-bgcolor="#EFEFEF" !Ancestry||Percentage||Main article: |- |[[Mexico|Mexican]] !(18.1%) of Total |''See [[Mexican American]]'' |- |[[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] !(10.3%) |''See [[Native Americans in the United States]]'' |- |[[Germany|German]] !(9.8%) |''See [[German American]]'' |- |[[Hispanic]] !(9.4%) |''See [[Hispanics in the United States|Hispanic American]]'' |- |[[Spain|Spanish]] !(9.3%) |''See [[Spanish American]]'' |- |[[England|English]] !(7.6%) |''See [[English American]]'' |- |[[Ireland|Irish]] !(7.3%) |''See [[Irish American]]'' |} Some are mixtures of all of these groups and others. 7.2% of New Mexico's population was reported as under 5 years of age, 28% under 18, and 11.7% were 65 or older. Females make up approximately 50.8% of the population. ===Languages=== According the [[2000 U.S. Census]], 28.76% of the population aged 5 and over speak [[Spanish language|Spanish]] at home, while 4.07% speak [[Navajo language|Navajo]].<ref> [http://www.mla.org/map_data_results&state_id=35&mode=state_tops MLA Language Map Data Center: Most spoken languages in New Mexico]</ref> New Mexico is commonly thought to have Spanish as an official language alongside [[English language|English]], due to the widespread usage of Spanish in the state. Although the original state constitution of 1912 provided for a temporarily bilingual government, New Mexico has no official language. Nevertheless, the state government publishes a driver's manual as well as ballots in both languages, although they are required to publish ballots in Spanish by federal law. The constitution provided that, for the following twenty years, all laws passed by the legislature be published in both Spanish and English, and thereafter as the legislature should provide. Prior to 1967, notices of statewide and county elections were required to be printed in English and "may be printed in Spanish." Additionally, many legal notices today are required to be published in both English and Spanish.<ref>[http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/jwcrawford/nm-con.htm "Language Rights and New Mexico Statehood", ''The Excluded Student: Educational Practices Affecting Mexican Americans in the Southwest'', Mexican American Education Study, Report III, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1972, pp. 76-82]</ref> In 1995, New Mexico adopted a "State Bilingual Song," titled "[[New Mexico - Mi Lindo Nuevo México]]." ===Religion=== ====Religious affiliations==== According to a 2008 survey by the [[Pew Research Center]], the most common self-reported religious affiliation of New Mexico residents are: <ref> {{cite paper | author = Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. | authorlink = Pew Research Center | title = U.S. Religious Landscape Survey: Religious Affiliation: Diverse and Dynamic | publisher = Pew Research Center | date = February 2008 | url = http://religions.pewforum.org/pdf/report-religious-landscape-study-full.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 2008-06-25 }} </ref>{{Rp|100}} *[[Roman Catholic]] – 26% *[[Evangelicalism|Evangelical Christian]] – 25% *Unaffiliated – 21% *[[Mainline Protestant]] – 15% *Other affiliations – 12% *No answer – 1% ====Catholic Church hierarchy==== Within the hierarchy of the [[Catholic Church]], New Mexico belongs to the [[ecclesiastical province|Ecclesiastical Province]] of Santa Fe. New Mexico has three [[diocese]]s, one of which is an [[archdiocese]]: *[[Archdiocese of Santa Fe]] *[[Diocese of Gallup]] *[[Diocese of Las Cruces]] ==Economy== ===State income=== [[Image:2008 NM Proof.png|thumb|left|125px|New Mexico [[50 state quarters|State Quarter]]]] The Bureau of Economic Analysis estimates that New Mexico's total state product in 2003 was $57 billion. Per capita personal income in 2003 was $24,995, 48<sup>th</sup> in the nation.<ref>[http://www.bea.gov/ U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis website]</ref> ===Major industries/products=== <!-- Table based on [[:Image:NMIndustiesByReceipts.png]] --> {| class="toccolours" align="right" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin:1em 0 1em 1em; font-size: 95%;" |- ! colspan=2 bgcolor="#ccccff" align="center"| New Mexico Industries by 2004 Taxable Gross Receipts (000s) |- |Retail Trade ||align="right" | 12,287,061 |- |Construction ||align="right" | 5,039,555 |- |Other Services (excluding Public Administration) ||align="right" | 4,939,187 |- |Professional, Scientific and Technology Services ||align="right" | 3,708,527 |- |Accommodation and Food Services ||align="right" | 2,438,460 |- |Wholesale Trade ||align="right" | 2,146,066 |- |Health Care and Social Assistance ||align="right" | 1,897,471 |- |Utilities ||align="right" | 1,654,483 |- |Mining and Oil and Gas Extraction ||align="right" | 1,238,211 |- |Manufacturing ||align="right" | 926,372 |- |Information and Cultural Industries ||align="right" | 849,902 |- |Unclassified Establishments ||align="right" | 725,405 |- |Real Estate and Rental and Leasing ||align="right" | 544,739 |- |Finance and Insurance ||align="right" | 254,223 |- |Transportation and Warehousing ||align="right" | 221,457 |- |Public Administration ||align="right" | 159,013 |- |Educational Services ||align="right" | 125,649 |- |Arts, Entertainment and Recreation ||align="right" | 124,017 |- |Admin & Support, Waste Management & Remediation ||align="right" | 73,062 |- |Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting ||align="right" | 71,853 |- |Management of Companies and Enterprises ||align="right" | 48,714 |- | colspan=2|<hr> |- |Totals ||align="right" | 39,473,429 |- |colspan=2 bgcolor="#ccccff" align="right"| <sub>'''Source:''' State of New Mexico Department of Labor</sub> |} ====Agricultural and mining==== Cattle and dairy products top the list of major animal products of New Mexico. Cattle, sheep, and other livestock graze most of the arable land of the state throughout the year. Limited, scientifically controlled [[dryland farming]] prospers alongside cattle ranching. Major crops include hay, nursery stock, pecans, and [[chile pepper]]s. Hay and [[sorghum]] top the list of major dryland crops. Farmers also produce onions, potatoes, and dairy products. New Mexico specialty crops include [[pine nut|piñon nut]]s, [[Common bean|pinto bean]]s, and chiles. The Carlsbad and Fort Sumner reclamation projects on the [[Pecos River]] and the nearby Tucumcari project provide adequate water for limited irrigation in those areas of the desert and semiarid portions of the state where scant rainfall evaporates rapidly, generally leaving insufficient water supplies for large-scale irrigation. Located upstream of [[Las Cruces, New Mexico|Las Cruces]], the [[Elephant Butte Reservoir]] provides a major irrigation source for the extensive farming along the [[Rio Grande]]. Other irrigation projects use the [[Colorado River]] basin and the [[San Juan River (Utah)|San Juan River]]. Lumber mills in [[Albuquerque, New Mexico|Albuquerque]] process pinewood, the chief commercial wood of the rich timber economy of northern New Mexico. Mineral extraction: New Mexicans derive much of their income from mineral extraction. Even before European exploration, Native Americans mined turquoise for making jewelry.<ref>Anderson, Lee. [http://www.americana.net/jewelry_history_article.html " The History of American Indian Jewelry "] - Anderson's Americana Indian & Western Shows</ref> After the Spanish introduced refined silver alloys they were incorporated into the Indian jewelry designs. New Mexico produces [[uranium]] ore (see [[Uranium mining in New Mexico]]), [[manganese]] ore, [[potash]], [[salt]], [[perlite]], [[copper]] ore, [[beryllium]], and [[tin]] concentrates. ====Energy==== New Mexico is rich in fossil fuel and renewable energy resources. Major [[petroleum]] and [[natural gas]] deposits are located in the Permian Basin in southeast New Mexico and in the San Juan Basin in the northwest. The San Juan Basin Gas Area is the largest field of proved natural gas reserves in the United States. According to the [[Energy Information Administration]], State crude oil output is typically just over 3 percent of the annual U.S. total, and natural gas output is nearly 10 percent of the U.S. total. New Mexico also contains major [[coal]] deposits in the northwest corner of the State. Nine tenths of electricity production in the State is from coal-fired plants. Much of New Mexico’s geologically active Rocky Mountain region holds geothermal power potential, and pockets of the State are suitable for wind power development. New Mexico’s southern deserts offer the State's most concentrated solar power potential.<ref>{{cite web |url=http http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/state/state_energy_profiles.cfm?sid=NM |title= EIA State Energy Profiles: New Mexico |date=2008-06-12 |accessdate=2008-06-24}}</ref> ====Manufacturing==== Industrial output, centered around Albuquerque, includes electric equipment; petroleum and coal products; food processing; printing and publishing; and stone, glass, and clay products. Defense-related industries include ordnance. Important high-technology industries include lasers, data processing, and solar energy. ====Government and military==== Federal government spending is a major driver of the New Mexico economy. The federal government spends $2 on New Mexico for every dollar of tax revenue collected from the state. This rate of return is higher than any other state in the Union.[http://www.taxfoundation.org/research/topic/92.html] The federal government is also a major employer in New Mexico providing more than a quarter of the state's jobs. Many of the federal jobs relate to the military; the state hosts three air force bases ([[Kirtland Air Force Base]], [[Holloman Air Force Base]], and [[Cannon Air Force Base]]); a testing range ([[White Sands Missile Range]]); an army proving ground and maneuver range (Fort Bliss Military Reservation - McGregor Range);national observatories; and the technology labs of [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] (LANL) and [[Sandia National Laboratories]] (SNL). SNL conducts electronic and industrial research on Kirtland AFB, on the southeast side of Albuquerque. These installations also include the missile and spacecraft proving grounds at [[White Sands Missile Range|White Sands]]. In addition to the military employers, other federal agencies such as the [[National Park Service]], the [[United States Forest Service]], and the [[United States Bureau of Land Management]] are a big part of the states rural employment base. ====Tourism and retirement==== [[Virgin Galactic]], the first [[space tourism]] company to develop commercial flights into space, has decided to put its world headquarters and mission control at [[Spaceport America]] in [[Upham, New Mexico]] (25 miles (40 km) south of [[Truth or Consequences, New Mexico|Truth or Consequences]]); Virgin Galactic will have its inaugural launch of the [[VSS Enterprise]] spaceship in 2008, and will begin launching ordinary citizens in early 2009.<ref>[http://www.virgingalactic.com/htmlsite/overview.php Virgin Galactic's website overview of what is to come]</ref><ref>[http://spaceports.blogspot.com/2006/09/virgin-galactic-readies-tourist.html "Spaceports" from web blog with link to BBC video]</ref><ref>[http://entrepreneurs.about.com/od/famousentrepreneurs/p/richardbranson.htm Scott Allen, "Richard Branson - The Rebel Billionaire and the Ultimate Multipreneur" from about.com]</ref> Tourism provides many service jobs. For top attractions see: [[New Mexico#Tourism|Tourism]]. The private service economy in urban New Mexico, especially in Albuquerque, has boomed in recent decades. Since the end of [[World War II]], the city has gained an ever-growing number of retirees, especially among armed forces veterans and government workers. It is also increasingly gaining notice as a health conscious community, and contains many hospitals and a high per capita number of massage and alternative therapists. The warm, semiarid climate has contributed to the exploding population of Albuquerque, attracting new industries to New Mexico. By contrast, many heavily Native American and Hispanic rural communities remain economically underdeveloped. ====Movie and TV==== Feature films have used New Mexico as a location since ''The Indian School'' in 1898. Financial incentives and construction of facilities (such as [[The Albuquerque Studios]])<ref>Schneider, Wolf [http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/film/features/e3i1c31d11ff3059c9ef1f31863b21fff2a "Facilities fuel New Mexico production boom"]. ''The Hollywood Reporter''. - September 18, 2007.</ref> have created opportunities for locally based crew members with production reaching an all time high in 2007. As of the end of August 2007, 30 major projects have been filmed in the state, more than in any other calendar year in history.<ref>{{cite web | title = New Mexico Filmography | publisher = [[New Mexico Film Office]] | url = http://www.nmfilm.com/filming/filmography/ | accessdate = 2007-09-11 }}</ref> '''Garson Studios''' The most established Movie production facility is on the campus of the College of Santa Fe. Garson Studios has helped turned out many feature length films with its soundstage and high tech equipment. url = http://www.garsonstudios.com/ • 14,000 Square Foot Soundstage • Dimensions: 127' l x 110' w x 33' h • Hard Cyclorama 77' l x 55' w x 24' h • 1600 amp./ 3-phase • Production offices • Wardrobe facilities • Ample phone/fax lines • High-speed Internet • Storage lockups • Ample fenced parking • Trailer hook-ups • Student interns • Short and long-term rentals '''New Mexico Filmmaker’s Intensive''' url = http://www.filmmakersintensive.com/ Funded in part by a $1 million grant from the state of New Mexico, the New Mexico Filmmakers Intensive builds on the national reputation of the Moving Image Arts Department at the College of Santa Fe. With state-of-the-art equipment, world-class facilities and an extraordinary faculty of film industry professionals, the goal of the New Mexico Filmmakers Intensive is to support and cultivate emerging voices in American cinema right here in New Mexico. Film and television post-production is also growing with companies such as [[Sony Imageworks]] establishing a permanent home in the state.<ref>Seimers, Erik [http://www.abqtrib.com/news/2007/may/17/special-effects-company-open-duke-city-branch/ "Special effects company to open Duke City branch"]. ''Albuquerque Tribune''. - May 27, 2007.</ref> ===Taxes=== Personal [[income tax]] rates for New Mexico range from 1.7% to 5.3%, within four income brackets. New Mexico does not have a [[sales tax]]. Instead, it has a 5% gross receipts tax. In almost every case, the business passes along the tax to the consumer, so that the gross receipts tax resembles a sales tax. The combined gross receipts tax rate varies throughout the state from 5.125% to 7.8125%. The total rate is a combination of all rates imposed by the state, counties and municipalities. Beginning [[January 1]], [[2005]], New Mexicans no longer pay taxes on most food purchases; however, there are exceptions to this program. Also beginning [[January 1]], [[2005]], the state eliminated the tax on certain medical services. In general, taxes are not assessed on [[personal property]]. Personal household effects, licensed vehicles, registered aircraft, certain personal property warehoused in the state and business personal property that is not depreciated for federal income tax purposes are exempt from the [[property tax]]. Property tax rates vary substantially and depend on the type of property and its location. The state does not assess tax on intangible personal property. There is no [[inheritance tax]], but an inheritance may be reflected in a taxpayer's modified gross income and taxed that way. ===Economic incentives=== New Mexico provides a number of economic incentives to businesses operating in the state, including various types of tax credits and tax exemptions. Most of the incentives are based on job creation.<ref> {{cite web |url= http://www.edd.state.nm.us/businessAssistance/incentives/index.html |title= Business Assistance: Incentives |accessdate= 2008-06-02 |publisher= State of New Mexico Economic Development Department }} </ref> New Mexico law allows governments to provide land, buildings, and infrastructure to businesses to promote job creation. Several municipalities have imposed an Economic Development [[Gross receipts tax|Gross Receipts Tax]] (a form of Municipal Infrastructure GRT) that is used to pay for these infrastructure improvements and for marketing their areas.<ref> {{Citation | last = Domrzalski | first = Dennis | publication-date = 2003-09-19 | title = 28 New Mexico towns tap into $45M in incentives | periodical = New Mexico Business Weekly | url = http://www.bizjournals.com/albuquerque/stories/2003/09/22/story2.html | oclc = 30948175 | accessdate = 2008-06-02 }} </ref> The state provides financial incentives for film production.<ref>{{cite web | date = [[March 4]], [[2002]] | title = Governor Signs Film Production Tax Incentives | publisher = [[New Mexico Economic Development Department]] | url = http://www.nmpartnership.com/press-releases/article.php?id=1022&title=Governor+Signs+Film+Production+Tax+Incentives | accessdate = 2007-09-12 }}</ref><ref> {{cite web |url= http://www.nmfilm.com/filming/incentives/ |title= New Mexico's Film Incentives |accessdate= 2008-06-02 |publisher= New Mexico Film Office }} </ref> The New Mexico Film Office estimated at the end of 2007 that the incentive program had brought more than 85 film projects to the state since 2003 and had added $1.2 billion to the economy.<ref> {{Citation | last = Hay | first = Kiera | publication-date = 2007-12-10 | title = State's Incentives Keep Film Industry Growing | publisher = Albuquerque Journal | oclc = 9392114 | url = http://www.abqjournal.com/AED/268427business12-10-07.htm | accessdate = 2008-06-02 }} </ref> ===Largest employers=== <!-- Image with unknown copyright status removed: [[Image:NMStateEconomicRegions.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Economic Regions]] --> (Not ranked by size) *'''Northern''' **[[College of Santa Fe]] **[[Boy Scouts of America]] **[[U.S. Bureau of Land Management]] (BLM) **[[Mesa Air Group]] **[[Navajo Nation]] **[[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] **[[Wal-Mart]] **New Mexico State Government **New Mexico Department of Transportation **[[Northern New Mexico College]] *'''Central''' **[[PNM Resources]] and PNM Electric & Gas Services **Presbyterian Health Plan **[[Sandia National Laboratories]] **[[Intel]] **[[University of New Mexico]] **New Mexico State Government **[[Kirtland Air Force Base]] *'''Eastern''' **[[Albertson's]] Supermarket **[[Kmart Corporation]] **[[U.S. Postal Service]] **[[Wal-Mart]] **Navajo Refining Company **[[U.S. National Park Service]] (NPS) **Allsup's Convenience Stores *'''Southwestern''' **[[Immigration and Naturalization Service]] (INS) **Lockheed Engineering and Sciences **[[New Mexico State University]] **Lovelace Healthcare **[[Pepsi]] Bottling **[[New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology]] **[[U.S. Army]] ([[Fort Bliss]]) :: <sub>'''Source:''' Economic Research & Analysis Bureau New Mexico Department of Labor<ref>[http://laser.state.nm.us New Mexico Department of Labor statistics]</ref></sub> ==Transportation== ===Passenger trains=== The [[New Mexico Rail Runner Express]] is a [[commuter rail]] system serving the metropolitan area of [[Albuquerque, New Mexico]]. It began operation on [[July 14]], [[2006]]. The system is in Phase I of planned development, operating on an existing old [[ATSF]], now [[BNSF]] right of way from [[Belen, New Mexico|Belen]] to [[Bernalillo, New Mexico|Bernalillo]]. However, the entire line from Belen to Raton was recently sold to the state of New Mexico for the construction of phase II, which is currently underway and scheduled to open by late 2010. It will extend the line northward to [[Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe]]. Amtrak's [[Southwest Chief]] passes through daily at stations in [[Gallup, New Mexico|Gallup]], [[Albuquerque, New Mexico|Albuquerque]], [[Lamy, New Mexico|Lamy]], [[Las Vegas, New Mexico|Las Vegas]], and [[Raton, New Mexico|Raton]], offering connections to [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]], [[Flagstaff, Arizona|Flagstaff]], [[Kansas City, Missouri|Kansas City]], and [[Chicago]]. The [[Sunset Limited]] makes stops three times a week in [[Lordsburg, New Mexico|Lordsburg]], and [[Deming, New Mexico|Deming]]. [[Image:Gallupnewmexico.jpg|right|thumb|275px|Gallup, New Mexico along old [[Route 66]].]] [[Image:National-atlas-new-mexico.png|thumb|right|275px|New Mexico highways]] ===Roadways=== ====Interstate Freeways==== * [[Interstate 10]] * [[Interstate 25]] * [[Interstate 40]] ====U.S. Routes: East–West Routes==== * [[U.S. Route 550]] * [[U.S. Route 54]] * [[U.S. Route 56]] * [[U.S. Route 60]] * [[U.S. Route 62]] * [[U.S. Route 64]] * [[Old Highway 66]] ([[Route 66|Historic Route 66]]) * [[U.S. Route 70]] * [[U.S. Route 80]] * [[U.S. Route 180]] * [[U.S. Route 380]] * [[U.S. Route 82]] * [[U.S. Route 84]] ====U.S. Routes: North–South Routes==== * [[U.S. Route 285]] * [[U.S. Route 491]] {{seealso|List of New Mexico highways}} ==Law and government== The Constitution of 1912, as amended, dictates the form of government in the state. Governor [[Bill Richardson]] and Lieutenant Governor [[Diane Denish]], both Democrats, won re-election in 2006. Their terms expire in January 2011. Governors serve a term of four years and may seek reelection. For a list of past governors, see [[List of New Mexico Governors]]. Other constitutional officers, all of whose terms also expire in January 2011, include Secretary of State [[Mary Herrera]],<ref>[http://www.sos.state.nm.us NM Secretary of State's Office official web site]</ref> Attorney General [[Gary King]],<ref>[http://www.ago.state.nm.us NM Attorney General's Office official web site]</ref> State Auditor [[Hector Balderos]],<ref>[http://www.saonm.org NM State Auditor's Office official web site]</ref> State Land Commissioner, ''Pat Lyons'',<ref>[http://www.nmstatelands.org NM State Lands official web site]</ref> and State Treasurer [[James B. Lewis]].<ref>[http://www.stonm.org NM State Treasuer's Office official web site]</ref> Herrera, King, Balderas and Lewis are Democrats. Lyons is a Republican. The [[New Mexico State Legislature]] is comprising a 70-seat [[New Mexico House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] and a 42-seat [[New Mexico Senate|Senate]]. The Democratic Party generally dominates state politics, and as of 2008 50% of voters were registered Democrats, 33% were registered Republicans, and 15% did not affiliate with either of the two major parties. New Mexico sent Democrat [[Jeff Bingaman]] to the [[United States Senate]] until January 2013 and Republican [[Pete V. Domenici]] until January 2009. Republicans [[Steve Pearce]] and [[Heather Wilson]] and Democrat [[Tom Udall]] represent the state in the [[United States House of Representatives]]. See [[List of United States congressional districts#New Mexico|New Mexico congressional map]]. ===Politics=== In the past, New Mexico has given its [[United States Electoral College|electoral votes]] to all but two Presidential election winners since statehood. In these exceptions, New Mexicans supported Republican President [[Gerald Ford]] over Georgia Governor [[Jimmy Carter]] in 1976, and Democratic Vice President [[Al Gore]] over Texas Governor [[George W. Bush]] in 2000. Recently, New Mexico supported Democrats in 1992, 1996, and 2000. In 2004, George W. Bush narrowly won the state's electoral votes by a margin of 0.8 percentage points with 49.8% of the vote. Democrats hold majorities in 21 of the 33 counties of New Mexico, including Albuquerque, Las Cruces, two northwestern counties, and, by large margins, in six counties of Northern New Mexico (Santa Fe, Rio Arriba, Taos, Mora, San Miguel, and Guadalupe). Overall, the trend is toward the Democratic Party and away from the Republican Party. The registration numbers are: 50% Democrat, 33% Republican, and 15% other. ==Military== In addition to the National Guard, New Mexico has a [[State Defense Force]]. It is also home to [[Cannon Air Force Base]] west of Clovis, [[Holloman Air Force Base]] west of Alamogordo, [[Kirtland Air Force Base]] in Albuquerque, and [[White Sands Missile Range]] in Doña Ana and Otero counties. Other minor locations include the New Mexico Army National Guard Headquarters in Santa Fe county and the National Guard Amoury in far northern [[Rio Rancho]] in Sandoval county. ==Education== ===Secondary education=== {{main|List of high schools in New Mexico}} ===Colleges and universities=== [[Image:MCCSculpt.JPG|right|thumb|Sculpture at [[Mesalands Community College]] in [[Tucumcari, New Mexico|Tucumcari]]]] {{main|List of colleges and universities in New Mexico}} {| | valign=top | *[[Central New Mexico Community College]] *[[College of Santa Fe]] *[[College of the Southwest]] *[[Diné College]] *[[Eastern New Mexico University]] *[[New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology]] *[[New Mexico Highlands University]] | valign=top | *[[New Mexico Military Institute]] *[[New Mexico State University]] *[[San Juan College]] *[[St. John's College, Santa Fe]] *[[The Art Center Design College, Albuquerque]] *[[University of New Mexico]] *[[Western New Mexico University]] |} *[[Apollo College]] *[[ITT Technical Institute]] ==Miscellaneous topics== ===State symbols=== {| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;" | [[List of U.S. state mottos|State motto]] | [[Latin language|Latin]]: ''[[Crescit eundo]]''<br>(''It Grows as It Goes'') | 1912 |- | rowspan=3 | [[List of U.S. state nicknames|State nicknames]] | ''Land of Enchantment''<br>([[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''Tierra del Encanto'' or ''Tierra Encantada'') | 19_? |- | ''The Colorful State'' | 19_? |- | ''The Spanish State'' | 19_? |- | rowspan=3 | [[State song]]s | ''[[O Fair New Mexico]]'' | 1917 |- | [[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''[[Asi Es Nuevo México]]'' | 1971 |- | ''[[New Mexico-Mi Lindo Nuevo México]]'' | 1995 |- | [[State flower]] | [[Yucca|Yucca flower]] | 1927 |- | [[State tree]] | [[Piñon pine|Two-Needle Piñon pine]] | 1949 |- | [[List of U.S. state birds|State bird]] | [[Greater roadrunner]] | 1949 |- | [[State fish]] | [[Cutthroat trout]] | 1955 |- | [[State animal]] | [[American Black Bear|black bear]] | 1963 |- | [[State vegetable]]s | frijoles con chile (frē∙hōl∙əs cōn chēlə) [[beans]] and [[chile pepper]] | 1965 |- | [[State gem]] | [[turquoise]] | 1967 |- | [[State grass]] | [[blue grama]] | 1973 |- | [[State fossil]] | [[coelophysis]] | 1981 |- | [[State cookie]] | [[bizcochito]] | 1989 |- | [[State insect]] | [[tarantula wasp]] | 1989 |- | [[State ballad]] | ''Land of Enchantment'' | 1989 |- | [[State poem]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]]: [[A Nuevo México]] | 1991 |- | [[State question]] '''*''' | ''"Red or Green?"'' | 1999 |- | [[State Tie]] | ''Bolo Tie'' | 2007 |- | rowspan=2 | [[State ship]] | '''[[USS New Mexico (BB-40)|USS ''New Mexico'' (BB-40)]]''' | 1918&ndash;1946 |- | '''[[USS New Mexico (SSN-779)|USS ''New Mexico'' (SSN-779)]]''' | '''**'''2006 |} ('''*''')The official state question refers to a question commonly heard at restaurants, where waiters will ask customers ''"red or green?"'' in reference to which kind of [[chili pepper]] or ''"chile sauce"'' the customers wants served with their meal. This type of "chile" is usually distinct from [[Salsa (sauce)|salsa]], as the chile sauce is much finer and thicker and more commonly served with meals. Natives are more likely to refer to the chili sauce put on their meal as just plain "chile", and not as any form of "salsa" (which is usually reserved by natives in English for the salsa served with chips; everything else is just "chile"). ('''**''')The second [[USS New Mexico (SSN-779)|USS ''New Mexico'']], SSN-779, is scheduled to be constructed. ==Culture== [[Image:Southwestern Chillis and Skull.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Symbols of the Southwest — a string of [[chili pepper]]s and a bleached white [[Cattle|cow]]'s [[skull]] hang in a market near [[Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe]]]] With a [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] population of 134,000 in 1990, New Mexico still ranks as an important center of American Indian culture. Both the [[Navajo Nation|Navajo]] and [[Apache Tribe|Apache]] share [[Athabaskan]] origin. The Apache and some [[Ute Tribe|Ute]] live on federal reservations within the state. With 16 million acres (6,500,000 [[hectare|ha]]), mostly in neighboring [[Arizona]], the reservation of the [[Navajo Nation]] ranks as the largest in the United States. The prehistorically agricultural [[Pueblo Indians]] live in pueblos scattered throughout the state, many older than any European settlement. More than one-third of New Mexicans claim Hispanic origin, the vast majority of whom descend from the original Spanish colonists in the northern portion of the state. Most of the considerably fewer recent Mexican immigrants reside in the southern part of the state. There are many New Mexicans who also speak a unique dialect of Spanish. [[New Mexican Spanish]] has vocabulary often unknown to other Spanish speakers. Because of the historical isolation of New Mexico from other speakers of the Spanish language, the local dialect preserves some late medieval [[Spanish language|Castillian]] vocabulary considered archaic elsewhere, adopts numerous Native American words for local features, and contains much Anglicized vocabulary for American concepts and modern inventions. The presence of various indigenous Native American communities, the long-established Spanish and Mexican influence, and the diversity of Anglo-American settlement in the region, ranging from pioneer farmers and ranchers in the territorial period to military families in later decades, make New Mexico a particularly heterogeneous state. There are natural history and atomic museums in Albuquerque, which also hosts the famed [[Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta]]. A large artistic community thrives in [[Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe]]. The capital city has museums of Spanish colonial, international folk, Navajo ceremonial, modern Native American, and other modern art. Another museum honors resident [[Georgia O'Keeffe]]. Colonies for artists and writers thrive, and the small city teems with art galleries. In August, the city hosts the annual [[Santa Fe Indian Market]], which is the oldest and largest juried Native American art showcase in the world. Performing arts include the renowned [[Santa Fe Opera]] which presents five operas in repertory each July to August, the [[Santa Fe Chamber Music Festival]] held each summer, and the restored [[Lensic Theater]] a principal venue for many kinds of performances. The weekend after Labor Day boasts the burning of [[Zozobra]], a 50 ft (15 m) marionette, during [[Fiestas de Santa Fe]]. Writer [[D. H. Lawrence]] lived near [[Taos, New Mexico|Taos]] in the 1920s at the [[D. H. Lawrence Ranch]] where there is a shrine said to contain his ashes. ===Tourism===<!-- This section is linked from [[New Mexico]] --> New Mexico tourist attractions: * [[Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe]] ** [[Santa Fe Plaza]] ** [[Loretto Chapel]] ** [[San Miguel Mission]] ** [[Cathedral Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi]] ** [[Georgia O'Keeffe Museum]] ** [[Museum of International Folk Art]] ** [[El Rancho de las Golondrinas]] (Spanish Colonial living history museum) **[[Santa Fe Indian Market]] * [[Los Alamos, New Mexico|Los Alamos]] * [[Taos County]] ** [[Taos Pueblo]] ** [[Taos, New Mexico|Taos]] art colony ** [[Taos Ski Valley, New Mexico|Taos Ski Valley]] * [[Acoma Pueblo|Acoma Sky Pueblo]] * [[Carlsbad Caverns National Park]] * [[White Sands National Monument]], the [[Trinity Site]], and [[White Sands Missile Range|Missile Range]], [[Alamagordo, New Mexico|Alamogordo]] * [[Albuquerque]] ** [[Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta]] ** [[Old Town Albuquerque]] ** [[Petroglyph National Monument]] ** [[New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science]] ** [[Rio Grande Zoo]] ** [[Albuquerque Biological Park]] ** [[Sandia Peak Tramway]] ** [[National Atomic Museum]] ** [[Indian Pueblo Cultural Center]] ** [[Expo New Mexico]], formerly the [[New Mexico State Fair]]grounds * [[Chaco Culture National Historical Park]], San Juan Basin * [[Cumbres and Toltec Scenic Railroad]], [[Chama, New Mexico|Chama]] * [[Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument]], [[Silver City, New Mexico|Silver City]] *[[Roswell, New Mexico|Roswell]] ** [[Roswell UFO incident|Roswell UFO Landing Site]] ** [[International UFO Museum]] ** [http://www.roswellufofestival.com/ The Roswell UFO Festival, The First Weekend In July] * [[Upham, New Mexico|Upham]] ** [[Virgin Galactic]] ** [[Spaceport America]] * Black Jack Ketchum in [[Clayton, New Mexico|Clayton]] * [[Billy the Kid]] Museum, [[Fort Sumner, New Mexico|Fort Sumner]] * Historic [[Lincoln, New Mexico|Lincoln]], [[Ruidoso, New Mexico|Ruidoso]], and [[Mescalero|Mescalero Apache Indian Reservation]] * Sierra County Recreation and Tourism website [http://www.sierracountynewmexico.info link] * Silver City was a [[gold]] mining town in the [[Wild West]]. ** The [[Piños Altos]] is a [[ghost town]] located near Silver City. * [[Acoma Pueblo]] & Mission ** [[Laguna Pueblo]] & Mission ** [[El Malpais National Monument]] ** [[Zuni Salt Lake]] *Socorro **[[Magdalena Ridge Observatory]] **[[Very Large Array]] **[[Bosque del Apache]] **[http://www.caminorealheritage.org/ El Camino Real Heritage Center] **[http://geoinfo.nmt.edu/museum/ Mineralogical Museum] [[Image:NewMexico1.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Sign marking the state border]] * [[Catron County, New Mexico|Catron County]] ** [[Alma, New Mexico#Alma Massacre|Site of the "Alma Massacre"]] ** [[Catwalk National Recreation Trail]] ** [[Reserve, New Mexico|Elfego Baca Memorial]] ** [[Mogollon, New Mexico|Mogollon Ghost Town]] ** [[The Lightning Field]] ** [[Whitewater Baldy]] The state also has a number of [[casino]]s located on Native American Indian Reservations that attract thousands of visitors each year. ==Notable New Mexicans== {{main|List of people from New Mexico}} Many New Mexicans-those who were born, raised, or lived a significant period in New Mexico-have gained local, national, and international prominence. New Mexico Governor [[Bill Richardson]] was one of the candidates for the 2008 United States presidential election. Notable businessmen include [[Jeff Bezos]], founder of Amazon.com, and [[Conrad Hilton]], founder of the Hilton Hotels Corporation. New Mexicans have also studied outer space, notably NASA astronauts [[Sidney M. Gutierrez]] and [[Harrison Schmitt]]. Astronomer [[Clyde Tombaugh]], a former New Mexico State University professor, discovered Pluto. Several New Mexicans have served roles in popular culture, including artist [[Georgia O'Keeffe]], animator [[William Hanna]], actor [[Neil Patrick Harris]] and actress [[Demi Moore]], Pulitzer Prize winners [[Bill Mauldin]] and [[Ernie Pyle]]. Notorious criminals include outlaws [[Billy the Kid]] and [[Clay Allison]]. Indie Rock band [[The Shins]] are from Albuquerque. ==See also== *[[List of New Mexico-related topics]] {{portal|New Mexico|Flag of New Mexico.svg|left=yes}} {{clear}} <!-- Please place links to all topics directly related to the State of New Mexico in the [[List of New Mexico-related topics]] --> ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==Further reading== [[Image:Llano Estacado Caprock at Sunrise.jpg|thumb|[[Llano Estacado]] [[caprock]] at Sunrise]] <div class="references-small"> * Hubert Howe Bancroft. ''The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft, Vol. XVII. (History of Arizona and New Mexico 1530-1888)'' (1889); reprint 1962. [http://www.1st-hand-history.org/Hhb/17/album1.html online edition] * Warren Beck. ''Historical Atlas of New Mexico'' 1969. *Thomas E. Chavez, ''An Illustrated History of New Mexico'', 267 pages, University of New Mexico Press 2002, ISBN 0-8263-3051-7 * Joseph G. Dawdon III. ''Doniphan's Epic March; The 1st Missouri Volunteers in the Mexican War'', Kansas Press [http://www.kansaspress.ku.edu/dawdon.html] * Richard Ellis, ed. ''New Mexico Past and Present: A Historical Reader.'' 1971. primary sources * Lynne Marie Getz; ''Schools of Their Own: The Education of Hispanos in New Mexico, 1850-1940'' (1997) *Erlinda Gonzales-Berry, David R. Maciel, editors, ''The Contested Homeland: A Chicano History of New Mexico'', 314 pages - University of New Mexico Press 2000, ISBN 0-8263-2199-2 * Nancie L. González; ''The Spanish-Americans of New Mexico: A Heritage of Pride'' (1969) * Ramón A. Gutiérrez; ''When Jesus Came, the Corn Mothers Went Away: Marriage, Sexuality, and Power in New Mexico, 1500-1846'' (1991) * Paul L. Hain; F. Chris Garcia, Gilbert K. St. Clair; ''New Mexico Government'' 3rd ed. (1994) *[[Tony Hillerman]], ''The Great Taos Bank Robbery and other Indian Country Affairs'', University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, 1973, trade paperback, 147 pages, (ISBN 0-8263-0530-X), stories * Jack E. Holmes, ''Politics in New Mexico'' (1967), *[[Paul Horgan]], ''Great River, The Rio Grande in North American History'', 1038 pages, Wesleyan University Press 1991, 4th Reprint, ISBN 0585380147 , Pulitzer Prize 1955 * Sante Fe Trail: 72 References Kansas Historical Society [http://www.kshs.org/research/collections/documents/bibliographies/transportation/santa_fe_trail.htm] *Robert W. Kern, ''Labor in New Mexico: Strikes, Unions, and Social History, 1881-1981'', University of New Mexico Press 1983, ISBN 0-8263-0675-6 * Howard R. Lamar; ''The Far Southwest, 1846-1912: A Territorial History'' (1966, repr 2000) * Robert W. Larson, ''New Mexico's Quest for Statehood, 1846-1912'' (1968) * John M. Nieto-Phillips, ''The Language of Blood: The Making of Spanish-American Identity in New Mexico, 1880s-1930s'', University of New Mexico Press 2004, ISBN 08236324231 *Marc Simmons, ''New Mexico: An Interpretive History'', 221 pages, University of New Mexico Press 1988, ISBN 0-8263-1110-5 * George I. Sánchez; ''Forgotten People: A Study of New Mexicans'' (1940; reprint 1996) *Marc Simmons, ''New Mexico: An Interpretive History'', 221 pages, University of New Mexico Press 1988, ISBN 0-8263-1110-5, good introduction * Ferenc M. Szasz; and Richard W. Etulain; ''Religion in Modern New Mexico'' (1997) * David J. Weber, ''The Mexican Frontier, 1821-1846: The American Southwest under Mexico'' (1982) * David J. Weber; ''Foreigners in Their Native Land: Historical Roots of the Mexican Americans'' (1973), primary sources to 1912 </div> ==External links== {{sisterlinks}} ;State Government *[http://www.newmexico.gov/ New Mexico Government] ** [http://www.sos.state.nm.us/sos-bluebook.html New Mexico's Blue Book On-Line] - State of New Mexico, Secretary of State (print almanac of statistics and information) **[http://www.sos.state.nm.us/Main/Elections/Elec%20Site%20Party.htm Bureau of Elections] New Mexico Major and Minor Political Parties *[http://wikis.ala.org/godort/index.php/New_Mexico New Mexico State Databases] - Annotated list of searchable databases produced by New Mexico state agencies and compiled by the Government Documents Roundtable of the American Library Association. *[http://www.unm.edu/~bber/ Bureau of Business and Economic Research (BBER)] at [[University of New Mexico]] (statistical information about the New Mexico economy) ;U.S. Government *[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/state/state_energy_profiles.cfm?sid=NM Energy Profile for New Mexico- Economic, environmental, and energy data] *[http://www.usgs.gov/state/state.asp?State=NM New Mexico] - ''Science In Your Backyard'' - United States Geological Society *[http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/amsw/ "American Southwest"] - ''Discover Our Shared Heritage'' travel itinerary - National Park Service *[http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/35000.html New Mexico dataset] - United States Census Bureau *[http://www.ers.usda.gov/StateFacts/NM.htm New Mexico state facts] - Economic Research Service - United States Department of Agriculture {{-}} {{New Mexico|expand}} {{United States}} {{succession | preceded = [[Oklahoma]] | office = [[List of U.S. states by date of statehood]] | years = Admitted on [[January 6]], [[1912]] (47th) | succeeded = [[Arizona]] }} {{coor title d|34|N|106|W|region:US-NM_type:state}} [[Category:New Mexico| ]] [[Category:States of the United States]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1912]] [[Category:Former Spanish colonies]] [[af:Nieu-Mexiko]] [[ang:Nīwe Mexico]] [[ar:نيومكسيكو]] [[frp:Novél-Mexique]] [[az:Nyu-Meksiko]] [[bn:নিউ মেক্সিকো]] [[zh-min-nan:New Mexico]] [[bs:New Mexico]] [[br:New Mexico]] [[bg:Ню Мексико]] [[ca:Nou Mèxic]] [[cv:Çĕнĕ Мексика]] [[cs:Nové Mexiko]] [[cy:New Mexico]] [[da:New Mexico]] [[de:New Mexico]] [[nv:Yootó hahoodzo]] [[et:New Mexico]] [[el:Νέο Μεξικό]] [[es:Nuevo México]] [[eo:Nov-Meksiko]] [[eu:Mexiko Berria]] [[fa:نیومکزیکو]] [[fo:New Mexico]] [[fr:Nouveau-Mexique]] [[fy:Nij Meksiko]] [[ga:Nua-Mheicsiceo]] [[gv:New Mexico]] [[gd:New Mexico]] [[gl:Novo México]] [[ko:뉴멕시코 주]] [[haw:Nūmekiko]] [[hy:Նյու Մեքսիկո]] [[hi:नया मेक्सिको]] [[hr:Novi Meksiko]] [[io:Nova-Mexikia]] [[bpy:নিউ মেক্সিকো]] [[id:New Mexico]] [[ik:Tchiaq Mexiqo]] [[os:Нью-Мексико]] [[is:New Mexico]] [[it:Nuovo Messico]] [[he:ניו מקסיקו]] [[pam:New Mexico]] [[ka:ნიუ-მექსიკო]] [[kw:Meksiko Nowydh]] [[sw:New Mexico]] [[ht:Nou Meksiko]] [[ku:New Mexico]] [[lad:Nuevo México]] [[la:Novum Mexicum]] [[lv:Ņūmeksika]] [[lb:New Mexico]] [[lt:Naujoji Meksika]] [[lij:Nuevo Mexico]] [[hu:Új-Mexikó]] [[mk:Њу Мексико]] [[mi:New Mexico]] [[mr:न्यू मेक्सिको]] [[ms:New Mexico]] [[nah:Yancuīc Mēxihco]] [[nl:New Mexico]] [[ja:ニューメキシコ州]] [[no:New Mexico]] [[nn:New Mexico]] [[oc:Nòu Mexic]] [[uz:N'yu-Meksiko]] [[pms:Neuv Méssich]] [[nds:Nee-Mexiko]] [[pl:Nowy Meksyk]] [[pt:Novo México]] [[ro:New Mexico (stat SUA)]] [[ru:Нью-Мексико]] [[sq:New Mexico]] [[simple:New Mexico]] [[sk:Nové Mexiko]] [[sl:Nova Mehika]] [[sr:Нови Мексико]] [[sh:Novi Meksiko]] [[fi:New Mexico]] [[sv:New Mexico]] [[ta:நியூ மெக்சிகோ]] [[th:มลรัฐนิวเม็กซิโก]] [[vi:New Mexico]] [[tr:New Mexico]] [[uk:Нью-Мексико]] [[ur:نیو میکسیکو]] [[vo:New Mexico]] [[yi:ניו מעקסיקא]] [[diq:New Mexico]] [[bat-smg:Naujė Meksėka]] [[zh:新墨西哥州]]