New Public Management
1906130
221801732
2008-06-26T04:29:43Z
Babbage
29688
/* External links */
:''NPM redirects here. For other uses, see [[NPM (disambiguation)]]''
'''New Public Management''' is a [[management]] philosophy used by [[Government|governments]] since the 1980s to modernise the [[Public sector|public sector]]. New Public management is a broad and very complex term used to describe the wave of public sector reforms throughout the world since the 1980s. The main hypothesis in the NPM-reform wave is that more market orientation in the public sector will lead to greater cost-efficiency for governments, without having negative side effects on other objectives and considerations.
==Differences from private sector==
Jonathan Boston (1996), one of the early writers of NPM, identified several ways in which public organisations differ from the private sector:
* degree of market exposure--reliance on appropriations
* legal, formal constraints--courts, legislature, hierarchy
* subject to political influences
* coerciveness--many state activities unavoidable, monopolistic
* breadth of impact
* subject to public scrutiny
* complexity of objectives, evaluation and decision criteria
* authority relations and the role of managers
* organisational performance
* incentives and incentive structures
* personal characteristics of employees
Boston also identifies that reform tends to ignore these differences (see J. Boston, J. Martin, J. Pallot, and P. Walsh, ''Public Management: The New Zealand Model''. Auckland: Oxford University Press, 1996).
==Later Developments==
Some modern authors define NPM as a combination of splitting large bureaucracies into smaller, more fragmented ones, competition between different public agencies, and between public agencies and private firms and incentivization on more economic lines (see Dunleavy, Margetts et al, 2006). Defined in this way NPM was an intellectual force in public management outside the USA from the early 1980s to the early 2000s.
NPM, compared to other [[public management]] theories, is more oriented towards outcomes and efficiency through better management of public budget. It is considered to be achieved by applying competition, as it is known in the [[private sector]], to organizations in the [[public sector]], emphasizing economic and leadership principles. New public management addresses beneficiaries of public services much like customers, and conversely citizens as shareholders.
==Controversy==
Problems that arise because of this management school have less clarity (the need for greater inspection and supervisory) and miscalculation of public opinion, which does not always seek for mere efficiency but rather political solutions and, more or less always, for a [[compromise]]. {{Fact|date=February 2007}}
Some authors say NPM has peaked and is now in decline. [see Hughes, Owen 2003 ''Public Management and Administration: An Introduction'', 3rd ed. Bassingstoke. UK: Palgrave] Critics like Dunleavy et al. (2006) now proclaim that NPM is 'dead' and argue that the cutting edge of change has moved on to [[digital era governance]] focusing on reintegrating concerns into government control, holistic (or joined-up) government and digitalization (exploiting the Web and digital storage and communication within government).
Privatisation of government seems prominent still however in Australia.
==See also==
* [[public management]]
* [[public administration]]
* [[public sector reform]]
* [[public services]]
==External links==
*[[Patrick Dunleavy]], Helen Margetts et, 'New public management is dead: Long live digital era governance', Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, (July 2006).
*[http://www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/civilservice/debate1.htm The New Public Management and its legacy] - [[World Bank]] summary of the NPM track record (1990) (link broken; archived at [http://web.archive.org/web/20051112074952/www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/civilservice/debate1.htm archive.org])
*[http://www.citymayors.com/finance/kawaguchi_budget.html Analysis of NPM in one Japanese city]
[[Category:Political science theories]]
[[de:New Public Management]]
[[fr:Nouvelle gestion publique]]
[[it:New public management]]
[[no:New Public Management]]
[[sv:New Public Management]]