New Zealand 4913064 225862260 2008-07-15T19:17:32Z Pne 51049 interwiki {{pp-semi|small=yes}} {{otheruses}} {{Infobox Country |native_name = New Zealand<br/>''Aotearoa''{{nbsp|2}}{{smaller|([[Māori language|Māori]])}} |conventional_long_name = |common_name = New Zealand |image_flag = Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg |image_coat = Coat of arms of New Zealand.png |image_map = LocationNewZealand.png |national_anthem = "[[God Defend New Zealand]]" <br/>"[[God Save the Queen]]"{{smallsup|1}}<!--Do not remove "God Save The Queen" as a national anthem; see http://www.mch.govt.nz/anthem/index.html--> |capital = [[Wellington]] |latd=41 |latm=17 |latNS=S |longd=174 |longm=27 |longEW=E |largest_city = [[Auckland]]{{smallsup|2}} |official_languages = [[New Zealand English|English]] (98%){{smallsup|3}}<br/> [[Māori language|Māori]] (4.2%){{smallsup|3}}<br/>[[New Zealand Sign Language|NZ&nbsp;Sign&nbsp;Language]] (0.6%){{smallsup|3}} |demonym = [[New Zealand people|New Zealander]], [[Kiwi (people)|Kiwi]] (colloquial) |sovereignty_type = [[Independence of New Zealand|Independence]] |sovereignty_note = from the [[United Kingdom]] |established_event1 = Dominion |established_date1 = [[26 September]] [[1907]]{{smallsup|4}} |established_event2 = [[Statute of Westminster 1931|Statute of Westminster]] |established_date2 = [[11 December]], [[1931]] (adopted [[25 November]], [[1947]] ) |established_event3 = [[Constitution Act 1986]] |established_date3 = [[13 December]], [[1986]] |government_type = [[Parliamentary democracy]] and [[Constitutional monarchy]] |leader_title1 = [[Monarchy of New Zealand|Head of State]] |leader_name1 = [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|HM Queen Elizabeth II]] |leader_title2 = [[Governor-General of New Zealand|Governor-General]] |leader_name2 = [[Anand Satyanand]] |leader_title3 = [[Prime Minister of New Zealand|Prime Minister]] |leader_name3 = [[Helen Clark]] |area_rank = 75th |area_magnitude = 1 E11 |area_km2 = 268,680 |area_sq_mi = 103,738 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |percent_water = 2.1 |population_estimate = 4,268,000{{smallsup|5}} |population_estimate_rank = 122nd (2008) |population_estimate_year = December 2007 |population_census = 4,143,279{{smallsup|6}} |population_census_year = 2006 |population_density_km2 = 15 |population_density_sq_mi = 39 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = 204th |GDP_PPP = $117.696 [[1000000000 (number)|billion]]{{smallsup|7}} |GDP_PPP_rank = 58th |GDP_PPP_year = 2008 IMF |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $27,785 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 28th |GDP_nominal = $128.071 [[1000000000 (number)|billion]]{{smallsup|8}} |GDP_nominal_rank = 53rd |GDP_nominal_year = 2008 IMF |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $30,234 |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 27th |HDI = {{increase}} 0.943 |HDI_rank = 19th |HDI_year = 2007 |HDI_category = <font color="#009900">high</font> |Gini = 36.2 <!--GINI valure from income equality article--> |Gini_year = 1997 |Gini_category = <font color="#ffcc00">medium</font> |currency = [[New Zealand dollar]] |currency_code = NZD |country_code = NZ |time_zone = [[Time in New Zealand|NZST]]{{smallsup|9}} |utc_offset = +12 |time_zone_DST = [[Time in New Zealand|NZDT]] |DST_note = (Sep to Apr) |utc_offset_DST = +13 |cctld = [[.nz]]{{smallsup|10}} |calling_code = 64 |footnotes = <sup>1</sup>&nbsp;"God Save the Queen" is officially a national anthem but is generally used only on regal and vice-regal occasions.&nbsp;<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.mch.govt.nz/anthem/index.html |title=New Zealand's National Anthems |publisher=Ministry for Culture and Heritage |accessdate=2008-02-17}}</ref><ref name="AnthemProtocol">{{cite web| url=http://www.mch.govt.nz/anthem/proto-cols.html |title=Protocol for using New Zealand's National Anthems |publisher=Ministry for Culture and Heritage |accessdate=2008-02-17}}</ref><br/><sup>2</sup>&nbsp;[[Auckland]] is the largest urban area; [[Auckland City]] is the largest incorporated city.<br/><sup>3</sup>&nbsp;Percentages do not add to 100% because some people speak more than one language. They exclude unusable responses and those who spoke no language (e.g. too young to talk).<ref name="SpokenLanguage">{{cite web| url=http://www.stats.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/1C81F07B-28C6-4DDD-8EBA-80C592E8022A/0/20languagespokentotalresponse.xls |title=Language spoken (total responses) for the census usually resident population count, 2006 |date=[[2006-12-21]] |publisher=Statistics New Zealand |accessdate=2008-02-20}}</ref><br/><sup>4</sup>&nbsp;There is a multitude of dates that could be considered to mark independence (see [[Independence of New Zealand]]).<br/><sup>5</sup>&nbsp;Estimated resident population of New Zealand on [[22 June]] [[2008]] &nbsp;[http://www.stats.govt.nz/populationclock.htm NZ Population Clock]<br/><sup>6</sup>&nbsp;New Zealand census 2006 final figures, including overseas visitors.&nbsp;{{PDFlink|[http://www.stats.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/CCA37BF2-2E49-44D4-82AB-35538608DEFD/0/quickstatsaboutnzspopanddwellings1.pdf]|370&nbsp;KB}} <br/><sup>7</sup>&nbsp;[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2007/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2004&ey=2008&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=193%2C158%2C542%2C156%2C138%2C196%2C142%2C132%2C576%2C134%2C174%2C184%2C532%2C146%2C178%2C528%2C112%2C136%2C111&s=PPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CPPPSH&grp=0&a=&pr.x=108&pr.y=8 IMF GDP PPP Report for selected countries.]<br/><sup>8</sup>&nbsp;[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2007/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2004&ey=2008&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=193%2C158%2C122%2C542%2C124%2C137%2C156%2C138%2C423%2C196%2C128%2C142%2C172%2C182%2C132%2C576%2C134%2C961%2C174%2C184%2C532%2C144%2C176%2C146%2C178%2C528%2C436%2C112%2C136%2C111&s=NGDP_R%2CNGDP_RPCH%2CNGDP%2CNGDPD%2CNGDPRPC%2CNGDPPC%2CNGDPDPC%2CNGAP_NPGDP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=54&pr.y=5 IMF GDP report for selected countries.]<br/><sup>9</sup>&nbsp;The [[Chatham Islands]] have a separate time zone, 45 minutes ahead of the rest of New Zealand.<br /><sup>10</sup>&nbsp;The territories of [[Niue]], the [[Cook Islands]] and [[Tokelau]] have their own cctlds, [[.nu]], [[.ck]] and [[.tk]] respectively. <br /> }} '''New Zealand''' is an [[island country]] in the south-western [[Pacific Ocean]] comprising two main landmasses (the [[North Island]] and the [[South Island]]) and numerous [[Islands of New Zealand|smaller islands]], most notably [[Stewart Island/Rakiura]] and the [[Chatham Islands]]. The indigenous [[Māori]] named New Zealand '''[[Aotearoa]]''', which is commonly translated into English as ''The Land of the Long White Cloud''. The [[Realm of New Zealand]] also includes the [[Cook Islands]] and [[Niue]], which are self-governing but in [[Associated state|free association]]; [[Tokelau]]; and the [[Ross Dependency]] (New Zealand's [[Antarctic territorial claims|territorial claim in Antarctica]]). New Zealand is notable for its geographic isolation, situated about 2000&nbsp;km (1250 miles) southeast of [[Australia]] across the [[Tasman Sea]], and its closest neighbours to the north are [[New Caledonia]], [[Fiji]] and [[Tonga]]. During its long isolation New Zealand developed a [[Biodiversity of New Zealand|distinctive fauna]] dominated by [[New Zealand birds|birds]], many of which became extinct after the arrival of humans and [[Invasive species in New Zealand|the mammals they introduced]]. The population is mostly of [[New Zealand European|European descent]], with the [[indigenous peoples of Oceania|indigenous]] Māori being the largest minority. [[Asian people|Asian]]s and non-Maori Polynesians are also significant minorities, especially in the [[List of cities in New Zealand|cities]]. [[Elizabeth II of New Zealand|Elizabeth II]], as the [[Monarchy in New Zealand|Queen of New Zealand]], is the [[Head of State]] and, in her absence, is represented by a non-partisan [[Governor-General of New Zealand|Governor-General]]. The Queen 'reigns but does not rule.' She has no real political influence, and her position is essentially symbolic. [[Political power]] is held by the [[Democracy|democratically elected]] [[Parliament of New Zealand]] under the leadership of the [[Prime Minister of New Zealand|Prime Minister]], who is the [[Head of Government]]. ==Etymology== {{main|New Zealand place names}} It is unknown whether Māori had a name for New Zealand as a whole before the arrival of Europeans, although they referred to the [[North Island]] as Te Ika a Māui (the fish of [[Māui (Māori mythology)|Māui]]) and the South Island as [[Te Wai Pounamu]] (the waters of greenstone) or Te Waka o Aoraki (the canoe of Aoraki).<ref name="MeinSmith6">Mein Smith (2005) pg 6.</ref> Until the early 20th century, the North Island was also referred to as [[Aotearoa]] (colloquially translated "land of the long white cloud");<ref name="King41">King (2003) pg 41.</ref> in modern Māori usage, this name refers to the whole country. Aotearoa is also commonly used in this sense in [[New Zealand English]]. The first European name for New Zealand was ''Staten Landt'', the name given to it by the Dutch explorer [[Abel Tasman]], who in 1642 became the first European to see the islands. Tasman assumed it was part of a southern continent connected with land discovered in 1615 off the southern tip of [[South America]] by [[Jacob Le Maire]]. The name ''New Zealand'' originated with [[Netherlands|Dutch]] [[cartographers]], who called the islands ''Nova Zeelandia'', after the [[Seventeen Provinces|Dutch province]] of [[Zeeland]].<ref name="StatenLandt">{{cite web| url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealanders/NewZealandPeoples/EuropeanDiscoveryOfNewZealand/3/en |title=Tasman’s achievement |publisher=Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand |date=[[2007-09-21]] |accessdate=2008-02-16 |last=Wilson |first=John}}</ref> No-one is certain exactly who first coined the term, but it first appeared in 1645 and may have been the choice of cartographer [[Joan Blaeu|Johan Blaeu]].<ref>Mackay (1986) pg 52&ndash;54.</ref> British explorer [[James Cook]] subsequently [[anglicised]] the name to New Zealand. There is no connection to the [[Denmark|Danish]] [[Zealand]]. ==History== {{main|History of New Zealand}} <!-- THIS SECTION IS A SHORT SUMMARY OF THE HISTORY OF NEW ZEALAND. PLEASE CONSIDER ADDING INFORMATION TO THE MAIN ARTICLE, [[HISTORY OF NEW ZEALAND]], INSTEAD OF TO THIS SUMMARY. THANK YOU, WITH REGARDS, UNIVERSE=ATOM --> New Zealand is one of the most recently settled major land masses. The first settlers of New Zealand were Eastern [[Polynesians]] who came to New Zealand, probably in a series of migrations, sometime between around AD 800 and 1300.<ref name="MeinSmith6">Mein Smith (2005), pg 6.</ref> Over the next few centuries these settlers developed into a distinct culture now known as [[Māori]]. The population was divided into Iwi (tribes) and [[hapu|hapū]] (subtribes) which would [[Cooperation|co-operate]], compete and sometimes fight with each other. At some point a group of Māori migrated to the Chatham Islands where they developed their own distinct [[Moriori]] culture.<ref name=Clark123>Clark (1994) pg 123&ndash;135</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealanders/MaoriNewZealanders/Moriori/4/en Moriori |title=The impact of new arrivals |publisher=Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand |last=Davis |first=Denise |date=[[2007-09-11]] |accessdate=2008-02-17}}</ref> The first [[European ethnic groups|European]]s known to have reached New Zealand were [[Netherlands|Dutch]] explorer [[Abel Tasman|Abel Janszoon Tasman]] and his crew in 1642.<ref name="MeinSmith23">Mein Smith (2005), pg 23.</ref> Several of the crew were killed by Māori and no Europeans returned to New Zealand until British explorer [[James Cook]]'s voyage of 1768&ndash;71.<ref name="MeinSmith23"/> Cook reached New Zealand in 1769 and mapped almost all of the coastline. Following Cook, New Zealand was visited by numerous European and North American [[History of whaling|whaling]], [[Seal hunting|sealing]] and trading ships. They traded European food and goods, especially metal tools and weapons, for Māori timber, food, artefacts and water. On occasion, Europeans traded goods for sex.<ref name=King122>King (2003) pg 122.</ref> Māori agriculture and warfare were transformed by the [[potato]] and the [[musket]], although the resulting [[Musket Wars]] died out once the tribal imbalance of arms had been rectified. From the early nineteenth century, Christian [[missionaries]] began to settle New Zealand, eventually converting most of the Māori population, who had become disillusioned with their indigenous faith by the introduction of [[Western culture]]. [[Image:Waitangi Treaty-1-.jpg|thumbnail|left|Signing of the [[Treaty of Waitangi]]]] Becoming aware of the lawless nature of European settlement and increasing interest in the territory by the French, the [[British government]] sent [[William Hobson]] to New Zealand to claim [[sovereignty]] and negotiate a treaty with Māori.{{ref label|Note|i|i}} The [[Treaty of Waitangi]] was first signed in the [[Bay of Islands]] on [[6 February]] [[1840]]. The drafting was done hastily and confusion and disagreement continues to surround the translation. The Treaty is regarded as New Zealand's foundation as a nation and is revered by Māori as a guarantee of their rights. Hobson initially selected [[Okiato]] as the capital in 1840, before moving the seat of government to [[Auckland]] in 1841. Under British rule, the islands of New Zealand had been part of the colony of [[New South Wales]]. In 1840 New Zealand became its own dominion, which signalled increasing numbers of European [[Immigration to New Zealand|settlers]] particularly from the British Isles. At first, Māori were eager to trade with the '[[Pakeha]]', as they called them, and many [[iwi]] (tribes) became wealthy. As settler numbers increased, conflicts over land led to the [[New Zealand Land Wars]] of the 1860s and 1870s, resulting in the loss of much Māori land. The detail of European settlement and the acquisition of land from Māori remain controversial. [[Image:VonTempsky's death cropped.jpg|thumbnail|right|[[Gustavus von Tempsky]] is shot during the [[New Zealand land wars|land wars]]]] Representative government for the colony was provided for by the passing of the 1852 New Zealand Constitution Act by the United Kingdom. The [[1st New Zealand Parliament]] met for the first time in 1854. In 1856 the colony became effectively self-governing with the grant of responsible government over all domestic matters other than native policy. Power in this respect would be transferred to the colonial administration in the 1860s. In 1863 Premier [[Alfred Domett]] moved a resolution that the capital transfer to a locality in [[Cook Strait]], apparently due to concern the South Island could form a separate colony. Commissioners from Australia (chosen for their neutral status) advised [[Wellington]] as suitable because of its harbour and central location, and parliament officially sat there for the first time in 1865. In 1893, the country became the first nation in the world to grant [[Women's suffrage in New Zealand|women the right to vote]]. In 1907, New Zealand became an independent [[Dominion]] and a fully independent nation in 1947 when the [[Statute of Westminster (1931)]] was ratified, although in practice Britain had ceased to play any real role in the government of New Zealand much earlier than this. As New Zealand became more politically independent it became more dependent economically; in the 1890s, [[Dunedin (ship)|refrigerated shipping]] allowed New Zealand to base its entire economy on the export of meat and [[dairy product]]s to Britain. New Zealand was an enthusiastic member of the [[British Empire]], fighting in the [[Second Boer War|Boer War]], [[New Zealand in World War I|World War I]] and [[World War II]] and supporting Britain in the [[Suez Crisis]]. The country was very much a part of the [[world economy]] and suffered as others did in the [[Great Depression]] of the 1930s. The depression led to the election of the [[First Labour Government of New Zealand|first Labour government]], which established a comprehensive [[welfare state]] and a [[protectionist]] economy. [[Image:Flag of Maori.svg|thumb|left|''[[Tino rangatiratanga]]'' (Māori [[sovereignty]]) flag]] New Zealand experienced increasing prosperity following World War II. However, some [[Social issues|social problems]] were developing; Māori had begun to move to the cities in search of work and excitement rather than the traditional rural way of life. A [[Māori protest movement]] would eventually form, criticising [[Eurocentrism]] and seeking more recognition of [[Māori culture]] and the Treaty of Waitangi, which they felt had not been fully honoured. In 1975 a [[Waitangi Tribunal]] was set up to investigate alleged breaches of the Treaty and in 1985 it was enabled to investigate historic grievances. In common with all other developed countries, social developments accelerated in the 1970s and social and political mores changed. By the 1970s, the traditional trade with Britain was threatened because of Britain's membership of the [[European Economic Community]]. Great economic and social changes took place in the 1980s under the [[Fourth Labour Government of New Zealand|4th Labour government]] largely led by [[Finance minister|Finance Minister]] [[Roger Douglas]], and commonly referred to as "[[Rogernomics]]." ==Politics== {{main|Politics of New Zealand}} <!--Please add any new information to relevant daughter articles of the series as well--> ===Government=== {| align="right" | [[Image:Queen Elizabeth II of New Zealand.jpg|thumbnail|150px|Her Majesty [[Elizabeth II of New Zealand|Queen Elizabeth II]] [[Monarchy in New Zealand|of New Zealand]] ]] </tr> | [[Image:Anand Satyanand.JPG|thumbnail|150px|[[Anand Satyanand]],<br/>[[Governor-General of New Zealand|Governor-General]]]] </tr> | [[Image:Helen Clark 2.jpg|thumbnail|150px|[[Helen Clark]],<br/>[[Prime Minister of New Zealand|Prime Minister]]]] |} New Zealand is a [[constitutional monarchy]] with a [[parliamentary democracy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.royal.gov.uk//output/Page4913.asp |title=Over the course of her reign The Queen has been a regular visitor to New Zealand, paying 10 visits |publisher=The Monarchy Today |accessdate=2007-09-28}}</ref> Although it has no codified [[New Zealand constitution|constitution]], the [[New Zealand Constitution Act 1986|Constitution Act 1986]] is the principal formal statement of New Zealand's constitutional structure. [[Queen Elizabeth II of New Zealand|Queen Elizabeth II]] is the [[head of state]] and is titled [[Monarchy in New Zealand|Queen of New Zealand]] under the [[Royal Titles Act 1974]]. She is represented by the [[Governor-General of New Zealand|Governor-General]], whom she appoints on the exclusive advice of the Prime Minister. The current Governor-General is [[Anand Satyanand]]. The Governor-General exercises the Crown's [[prerogative powers]], such as the power to appoint and dismiss ministers and to dissolve Parliament, and in rare situations, the [[reserve powers]]. The Governor-General also chairs the [[Executive Council of New Zealand|Executive Council]], which is a formal committee consisting of all ministers of the Crown. Members of the Executive Council are required to be Members of Parliament, and most are also in [[New Zealand Cabinet|Cabinet]]. Cabinet is the most senior policy-making body and is led by the [[Prime Minister of New Zealand|Prime Minister]], who is also, by convention, the [[Parliamentary leader]] of the governing party or coalition. The current Prime Minister is [[Helen Clark]], the leader of the [[New Zealand Labour Party|Labour Party]]. The [[New Zealand Parliament]] has only [[Unicameral parliament|one chamber]], the [[New Zealand House of Representatives|House of Representatives]], which usually seats 120 [[Member of Parliament|Members of Parliament]]. [[Elections in New Zealand|Parliamentary general elections]] are held every three years under a form of [[proportional representation]] called [[Mixed Member Proportional]]. The [[New Zealand general election, 2005|2005 General Election]] created an '[[Overhang seat|overhang]]' of one extra seat, occupied by the [[Māori Party]], due to that party winning more seats in electorates than the number of seats its proportion of the party vote would have given it. [[Image:NZParliamentbuildings.JPG|thumb|left|250px|[[New Zealand government]] "[[Beehive (building)|Beehive]]" and the [[New Zealand Parliament Buildings|Parliament Buildings]], in [[Wellington]].]] Since [[17 October]] [[2005]], Labour has been in formal coalition with [[Jim Anderton]], the [[New Zealand Progressive Party|Progressive Party]]'s only MP. In addition to the parties in formal coalition, [[New Zealand First]] and [[United Future]] provide [[confidence and supply]] in return for their leaders being ministers outside cabinet. A further arrangement has been made with the [[Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand|Green Party]], which has given a commitment not to vote against the government on [[motion of confidence|confidence]] and [[Loss of Supply|supply]]. Since early 2007, Labour has also had the [[proxy vote]] of [[Taito Phillip Field]], a former Labour MP. These arrangements assure the government of a majority of seven MPs on confidence votes. The [[Leader of the Opposition (New Zealand)|Leader of the Opposition]] is [[New Zealand National Party|National Party]] leader [[John Key]]. The [[ACT New Zealand|ACT party]] and the [[Māori Party]] are also in opposition. The [[Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand|Greens]], [[New Zealand First]] and [[United Future New Zealand|United Future]] each vote against the government on some legislation. The highest court in New Zealand is the [[Supreme Court of New Zealand]], which was established in 2004 following the passage of the Supreme Court Act 2003. The act also abolished the option to appeal to the [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council|Privy Council]] in [[London]]. The current Chief Justice is [[Sian Elias|Dame Sian Elias]]. New Zealand's judiciary also includes the [[New Zealand Court of Appeal|Court of Appeal]]; the [[High Court of New Zealand|High Court]], which deals with serious criminal offences and civil matters at the trial level and with appeals from lower courts and tribunals; and subordinate courts. New Zealand is the only country in the world in which all the highest offices in the land have been occupied simultaneously by women: [[Elizabeth II of New Zealand|Queen Elizabeth II]], [[Governor-General]] Dame [[Silvia Cartwright]], Prime Minister [[Helen Clark]], [[Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives|Speaker]] of the [[New Zealand House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] [[Margaret Wilson]] and [[Chief Justice]] Dame [[Sian Elias]] were all in office between March 2005 and August 2006 (also of note New Zealand's largest listed company: [[Telecom New Zealand]] had a woman - [[Theresa Gattung]] as its CEO at the time). ===Foreign relations and the military=== {{main|Foreign relations of New Zealand|Military of New Zealand|Military history of New Zealand}} New Zealand maintains a strong profile on [[environmentalism|environmental protection]], [[human rights]] and [[free trade]], particularly in [[agriculture]]. New Zealand is a member of the following geopolitical organisations: [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation|APEC]], [[East Asia Summit]], [[Commonwealth of Nations]], [[OECD]] and the [[New Zealand and the United Nations|United Nations]]. New Zealand has signed up to a number of [[New Zealand free trade agreements|free trade agreements]], of which the most important are the [[China-New Zealand Free Trade Agreement]] & [[Closer Economic Relations]] with Australia. For its first hundred years, New Zealand followed the [[United Kingdom]]'s lead on foreign policy. In [[Declaration of war|declaring war]] on [[Germany]] on [[3 September]] [[1939]], Prime Minister [[Michael Joseph Savage|Michael Savage]] proclaimed, "Where she goes, we go; where she stands, we stand". After the war, however, the United States exerted an increased influence on culture and the New Zealand people gained a clearer sense of [[Nation|national identity]]. New Zealand joined with Australia and the United States in the [[ANZUS]] security treaty in 1951, and later fought alongside the [[New Zealand-United States relations|United States]] in both the [[Korean War|Korean]] and the [[Vietnam War]]s. In contrast, the United Kingdom became increasingly focused on its European interests following the [[Suez Crisis]], and New Zealand was forced to develop new markets after the UK joined the [[European Community|EEC]] in 1973.<ref name="Patman"> Patman (2005) pg 8.</ref> [[Image:New Zealand House, Haymarket.JPG|thumb|left|upright|New Zealand House, [[High Commission of New Zealand in London]]]] New Zealand has traditionally worked closely with Australia, whose foreign policy followed a similar historical trend. In turn, many [[Pacific Islands]] such as [[Western Samoa]] have looked to New Zealand's lead. The American influence on New Zealand was weakened by the disappointment with the Vietnam War, the [[sinking of the Rainbow Warrior]] by France, and by disagreements over environmental and agricultural trade issues and New Zealand's nuclear-free policy. While the ANZUS treaty was once fully mutual between Australia, [[New Zealand-United States relations|New Zealand]] and the [[New Zealand-United States relations|United States]], this is no longer the case. In [[1985|February 1985]], New Zealand refused [[Nuclear power|nuclear-powered]] or [[Nuclear weapon|nuclear-armed]] ships access to its ports. New Zealand became a [[Nuclear-free zone]] in [[1987|June 1987]], the first Western-allied state to do so.<ref>Lange (1990).</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.disarmsecure.org/publications/papers/legal_challenges.html |title=Legal challenges to nuclear weapons from AOTEAROA/NewZealand |first=Kate |last=Dewes |publisher=disarmsecure.org |accessdate=2007-09-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.disarmsecure.org/publications/books/ |title=The Naked Nuclear Emperor &mdash; Debunking Nuclear Deterrence |first=Robert |last=Green |publisher=disarmsecure.org |accessdate=2007-09-28}}</ref> In 1986 the [[New Zealand-United States relations|United States]] announced that it was suspending its treaty security obligations to New Zealand pending the restoration of port access. The [[New Zealand Nuclear Free Zone, Disarmament, and Arms Control Act 1987]] prohibits the stationing of nuclear weapons on the territory of New Zealand and the entry into New Zealand waters of nuclear armed or propelled ships. This legislation remains a source of contention and the basis for the [[New Zealand-United States relations|United States]]' continued suspension of treaty obligations to New Zealand. Within New Zealand, there have been various wars between [[iwi]], and between the British settlers and iwi. New Zealand has fought in the [[Second Boer War]], [[World War I]], [[World War II]], the [[Korean War]], the [[Malayan Emergency]] (and committed troops, fighters and bombers to the subsequent confrontation with [[Indonesia]]), the [[Vietnam War]], the [[Gulf War]] and the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|Afghanistan War]]. It has also sent a unit of army engineers to help rebuild [[Iraq]]i infrastructure for one year during the [[Iraq War]]. As of 2008, New Zealand forces are still active in Afghanistan. [[Image:HMNZS Canterbury 20070701.jpg|thumb|250px|[[HMNZS Canterbury (L421)|HMNZS ''Canterbury'']] is a multi-role vessel (MRV) of the [[Royal New Zealand Navy]].]] The [[New Zealand Defence Force]] has three branches: the [[New Zealand Army]], the [[Royal New Zealand Navy]], and the [[Royal New Zealand Air Force]]. New Zealand considers its own [[National security|national defence]] needs to be modest; it dismantled its [[Aerial warfare|air combat]] capability in 2001. New Zealand has contributed forces to recent regional and global peacekeeping missions, including those in [[Cyprus]], [[Somalia]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], the [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]], [[Angola]], [[Cambodia]], the [[Iran]]/[[Iraq]] border, [[Bougainville Province|Bougainville]], [[East Timor]], and the [[Solomon Islands]].<ref name="Deployments">{{cite web| url=http://www.nzdf.mil.nz/operations/default.htm |title=New Zealand Defence Force Overseas Operations |publisher=nzdf.mil.nz |accessdate=2008-02-17 |date=[[2008-01-22]]}}</ref> ===Local government and external territories=== {{main|Realm of New Zealand|Regions of New Zealand|Territorial authorities of New Zealand}} [[Image:New Zealand map.PNG|thumbnail|left|200px|Major cities and towns in New Zealand]] The early European settlers divided New Zealand into [[Provinces of New Zealand|provinces]]. These were abolished in 1876 so that government could be centralised, for financial reasons. As a result, New Zealand has no separately represented [[subnational entity|subnational entities]] such as provinces, states or territories, apart from its local government. The spirit of the provinces, however, still lives on, and there is fierce rivalry exhibited in sporting and cultural events. Since 1876, [[local government]] has administered the various regions of New Zealand. In 1989, the government completely reorganised local government, implementing the current two-tier structure of [[Regions of New Zealand|regional councils]] and [[Territorial Authorities of New Zealand|territorial authorities]] which are constituted under the revised [[Local Government Act 2002 (New Zealand)]]. In 1991, the [[Resource Management Act 1991]] replaced the Town and Country Planning Act as the main planning legislation for local government. Today, New Zealand has twelve [[Regions of New Zealand|regional councils]] for the administration of regional environmental and transport matters and seventy-three territorial authorities that administer roading, sewerage, building consents, and other local matters. The territorial authorities are sixteen [[city council]]s, fifty-seven district councils, and the Chatham Islands [[County council|County Council]]. Four of the territorial councils (one city and three districts) and the Chatham Islands County Council also perform the functions of a [[Regions of New Zealand|regional council]] and thus are known as [[Unitary authority|unitary authorities]]. Territorial authority districts are not subdivisions of regional council districts, and a few of them straddle regional council boundaries. [[Image:NZ Realm of New Zealand.png|thumbnail|right|[[Realm of New Zealand]]]] The [[Regions of New Zealand|regions]] are (asterisks denote unitary authorities): [[Northland (region), New Zealand|Northland]], [[Auckland (region)|Auckland]], [[Waikato]], [[Bay of Plenty]], [[Gisborne]]*, [[Hawke's Bay (region)|Hawke's Bay]], [[Taranaki]], [[Manawatu-Wanganui]], [[Wellington Region|Wellington]], [[Marlborough, New Zealand|Marlborough]]*, [[Nelson, New Zealand|Nelson]]*, [[Tasman, New Zealand|Tasman]]*, [[West Coast, New Zealand|West Coast]], [[Canterbury, New Zealand|Canterbury]], [[Otago]], [[Southland, New Zealand|Southland]], [[Chatham Islands]]*. As a major [[Pacific Ocean|South Pacific]] nation, New Zealand has a close working relationship with many [[Pacific Island]] nations, and continues a political association with the [[Cook Islands]], [[Niue]] and [[Tokelau]]. New Zealand operates [[Scott Base]] in its [[Antarctica|Antarctic]] territory, the [[Ross Dependency]]. Other countries also use Christchurch to support their Antarctic bases and the city is sometimes known as the "Gateway to Antarctica". {{Administrative divisions of New Zealand}} ==Geography and environment== {{main|Geography of New Zealand}} [[Image:Topography of new zealand.jpg|right|thumbnail|upright|Topography of New Zealand]] New Zealand comprises two main islands (called the North and South Islands in English, ''Te Ika a Maui'' and ''Te Wai Pounamu'' in [[Māori language|Māori]]) and a number of [[Islands of New Zealand|smaller islands]] located near the centre of the [[water hemisphere]]. The North and South Islands are separated by the [[Cook Strait]], which is 20km wide at its narrowest point. The total land area, 268,680 square kilometres (103,738&nbsp;[[Square mile|sq&nbsp;mi]]), is a little less than that of [[Italy]] and [[Japan]], and a little more than the [[United Kingdom]]. The country extends more than 1,600 kilometres (1,000 miles) along its main, north-north-east axis, with approximately {{convert|15134|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} of coastline. The most significant of the smaller inhabited islands include [[Stewart Island/Rakiura]]; [[Waiheke Island]], in Auckland's [[Hauraki Gulf]]; [[Great Barrier Island]], east of the Hauraki Gulf; and the [[Chatham Islands]], named ''Rēkohu'' by [[Moriori]]. The country has extensive marine resources, with the seventh-largest [[Exclusive Economic Zone]] in the world, covering over four million square kilometres (1.5 million sq&nbsp;mi), more than 15 times its land area.<ref name="mfe">{{cite book| title = Offshore Options: Managing Environmental Effects in New Zealand's Exclusive Economic Zone| publisher = Ministry for the Environment| date = 2005| location = [[Wellington]] | pages = | url = http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/oceans/offshore-options-jun05/offshore-options-jun05.pdf| isbn = 0-478-25916-6}}</ref> [[Image:Aoraki-Mount Cook from Hooker Valley.jpg|thumb|left|[[Aoraki/Mount Cook]] is the tallest mountain in New Zealand]] The [[South Island]] is the largest [[Landmass|land mass]] of New Zealand, and is divided along its length by the [[Southern Alps]], the highest peak of which is [[Aoraki/Mount Cook]] at 3754&nbsp;metres (12,320&nbsp;ft). There are 18 peaks over 3,000&nbsp;metres (10,000&nbsp;ft) in the South Island. The [[North Island]] is less mountainous than the South, but is marked by volcanism. The highest North Island mountain, [[Mount Ruapehu]] {{nowrap|(2,797 m /}} 9,177&nbsp;ft), is an active cone [[volcano]]. The dramatic and varied landscape of New Zealand has made it a popular location for the production of [[television program]]mes and [[film]]s, including the [[The Lord of the Rings film trilogy|''Lord of the Rings'' trilogy]] and the ''[[The Last Samurai]]''. The country owes its varied topography, and perhaps even its emergence above the waves, to the [[plate tectonics|dynamic boundary]] it straddles between the [[Pacific Plate|Pacific]] and [[Indo-Australian Plate]]s. New Zealand is part of [[Zealandia (continent)|Zealandia]], a continent nearly half the size of [[Australia]] that is otherwise almost completely submerged. About 25 million years ago, a shift in [[plate tectonic]] movements began to pull Zealandia apart forcefully, with this now being most evident along the [[Alpine Fault]] and in the highly active [[Taupo volcanic zone]]. [[Image:Satellite image of New Zealand in December 2002.jpg|right|thumbnail|upright|New Zealand from space. The snow-capped [[Southern Alps]] dominate the South Island, while the North Island's [[Northland Peninsula]] stretches towards the subtropics]] New Zealand is culturally and linguistically part of [[Polynesia]], and constitutes the south-western anchor of the [[Polynesian Triangle]]. The latitude of New Zealand (ranging from approximately 34 to 47°S) corresponds closely to that of Italy in the Northern Hemisphere. However, its isolation from continental influences and exposure to cold southerly winds and ocean currents gives the climate a much milder character. The [[climate]] throughout the country is mild and [[temperate]], mainly [[oceanic climate|maritime]], with temperatures rarely falling below 0 °[[Celsius|C]] (32 °[[Fahrenheit|F]]) or rising above 30 °C (86 °F) in populated areas. Temperature [[maxima and minima]] throughout the historical record are 42.4 °C (108.3 °F) in [[Rangiora]], [[Canterbury, New Zealand|Canterbury]] and -21.6 °C (-6.9 °F) in [[Ophir, New Zealand|Ophir]], [[Otago]]. <ref name="niwa">{{cite web| url=http://www.niwascience.co.nz/edu/resources/climate/extreme/ |title=Summary of New Zealand climate extremes |publisher=[[National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research]] |date=2004 |accessdate=2008-02-17}}</ref> Conditions vary sharply across regions from extremely wet on the [[West Coast, New Zealand|West Coast]] of the [[South Island]] to [[semi-arid]] (Köppen BSh) in the [[Mackenzie Basin]] of inland [[Canterbury, New Zealand|Canterbury]] and [[subtropical]] in [[North Auckland Peninsula|Northland]]. Of the main cities, Christchurch is the driest, receiving only 640&nbsp;mm (25&nbsp;[[Inch|in]]) of rain per year; [[Auckland]], the wettest, receives almost twice that amount. Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch all receive a yearly average in excess of 2000 hours of sunshine per annum. The southern and south-western parts of South Island have a cooler and cloudier climate, with around 1400–1600 sunshine hours per annum; whilst the northern and north-eastern parts of the South Island are the sunniest areas of the country and receive approximately 2400–2500 sunshine hours per annum.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.niwascience.co.nz/__data/assets/file/0006/44655/sunshine.xls|title=Mean monthly sunshine hours|publisher=[[National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research]]|format=XLS}}</ref> ==Biodiversity== {{main|Biodiversity of New Zealand}} [[Image:PohutukawaCornwallis.jpg|thumbnail|left|[[Pōhutukawa]] trees]] Because of its long isolation from the rest of the world and its island [[biogeography]], New Zealand has extraordinary [[flora]] and [[fauna]], descended from [[Gondwana| Gondwanan]] wildlife or since arriving by flying, swimming or being carried across the sea <ref>Lindsey (2000) pg 14.</ref>. About 80% of New Zealand's flora is endemic, including 65 [[endemic (ecology)|endemic]] [[genus|genera]].<ref>NZPCN (2006). New Zealand indigenous vascular plant checklist. ISBN 0-473-11306-6. Written by P.J. de Lange, J.W.D. Sawyer and J.R. Rolfe</ref> The two main types of forest are those dominated by [[podocarp]]s and/or the giant [[Agathis australis|kauri]], and in cooler climates the [[southern beech]]. The remaining vegetation types in New Zealand are grasslands of [[tussock grass|tussock]] and other grasses, usually in sub-alpine areas, and the low shrublands between grasslands and forests. [[Image:TeTuatahianui.jpg|thumb|right|upright|The endemic flightless [[kiwi]] is a national icon]] Until the arrival of humans, 80% of the land was [[forest]]ed. Until 2006, it was thought, barring three species of [[bat]] (one now extinct), there were no non-marine native [[mammal]]s. However, in 2006, scientists discovered bones that belonged to a long-extinct, unique, mouse-sized [[Animal|land animal]] in the [[Otago]] region of the South Island.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.science.unsw.edu.au/news/2006/nzmammal.html |title=Tiny Bones Rewrite Textbooks, first New Zealand land mammal fossil |publisher=University of New South Wales |archivedate=2007-05-31 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070531085218/http://www.science.unsw.edu.au/news/2006/nzmammal.html}}</ref>. New Zealand's forests were inhabited by a diverse range of [[megafauna]], including the [[flightless bird| flightless]] [[Moa (bird)|moas]] (now extinct), four species of [[kiwi]], the [[kakapo]] and the [[takahē]], all endangered by human actions. Unique birds capable of flight included the [[Haast's eagle]], which was the world's largest [[bird of prey]] (now extinct), and the large [[kākā]] and [[kea]] [[parrot]]s. Reptiles present in New Zealand include [[skink]]s, [[gecko]]s and [[living fossil]] [[tuatara]]. There are four endemic species of [[New Zealand primitive frog|primitive frogs]]. There are no [[snake]]s and there is only one [[venomous]] [[spider]], the [[katipo]], which is rare and restricted to coastal regions. However, there are many endemic species of insects, including the [[weta]], one species of which may grow as large as a [[house mouse]] and is the heaviest insect in the world. New Zealand has suffered a high rate of extinctions, including the [[moa]] species, the [[huia]], [[laughing owl]] and flightless wrens (which formerly occupied the roles elsewhere occupied by mice). This is due to human activities such as hunting and pressure from introduced [[feral]] animals, such as [[weasel| weasels]], [[stoat| stoats]], [[cat| cats]], [[goat| goats]], [[deer]] and [[brushtailed possum| brushtailed possums]]. Five indigenous vascular plant species are now believed to be extinct, including Adam's mistletoe and a species of forget-me-not.<ref>NZPCN (2006). New Zealand indigenous vascular plant checklist. ISBN 0-473-11306-6. Written by P.J. de Lange, J.W.D. Sawyer and J.R. Rolfe</ref> However, New Zealand has led the world in [[island restoration]] projects where offshore islands are cleared of introduced mammalian pests and [[native species]] are reintroduced. Several islands located near to the three main islands are wildlife reserves where common pests such as possums and rodents have been eradicated to allow the reintroduction of [[endangered species]] to the islands. A more recent development is the mainland [[ecological island]]. ==Economy== {{main|Economy of New Zealand}} [[Image:Aukland night.jpg|thumbnail|upright|300px|[[Auckland]], the economic centre of the country, with the [[Sky Tower]] in the background]] New Zealand has a modern, prosperous, [[developed economy]] with an estimated nominal [[Gross domestic product]] (GDP) of US$128.1 billion (as of 2008). The country has a relatively high [[standard of living]] with an estimated GDP per capita of US$30,234 in 2008 which is comparable to Southern Europe; e.g. Spain US$33,385, but lower than the United States at US$46,820.<ref name="IMFQuery">{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2007/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2004&ey=2008&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=193%2C158%2C122%2C542%2C124%2C137%2C156%2C138%2C423%2C196%2C128%2C142%2C172%2C182%2C132%2C576%2C134%2C961%2C174%2C184%2C532%2C144%2C176%2C146%2C178%2C528%2C436%2C112%2C136%2C111&s=NGDP_R%2CNGDP_RPCH%2CNGDP%2CNGDPD%2CNGDPRPC%2CNGDPPC%2CNGDPDPC%2CNGAP_NPGDP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=54&pr.y=5 |title=5. Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |publisher=[[IMF]] |accessdate=2008-04-07}}</ref> Since 2000 New Zealand has made substantial gains in [[Median household income in Australia and New Zealand| median household income]]. New Zealand, along with Australia, largely escaped the [[early 2000s recession]] that impacted upon most other advanced countries. New Zealanders have a high level of life satisfaction as measured by international surveys; this is despite lower GDP per-head levels than many other OECD countries. The country was ranked 20th on the 2006 [[Human Development Index]] and 15th in ''[[The Economist]]'s'' 2005 world-wide quality-of-life index.<ref name="Economist QoL">{{cite web |url=http://www.economist.com/media/pdf/QUALITY_OF_LIFE.pdf |title=The Economist Intelligence Unit's quality-of-life index |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-03-13 |work=The World in 2005 |publisher=[[The Economist]] |pages=4}}</ref> The country was further ranked 1st in life satisfaction and 5th in overall prosperity in the 2007 Legatum Institute prosperity index.<ref name=NBR_satisfied>{{cite news|url=http://www.nbr.co.nz/home/column_article.asp?id=18442&cid=8&cname=News|title=Kiwis world's most satisfied|publisher=[[National Business Review]]|date=[[5 July]] [[2007]]|accessdate=2007-11-30}}</ref><ref name=Legatum>{{cite web|url=http://www.prosperity.org/ranking.aspx|title=The 2007 Legatum Prosperity Index|work=LIGD|accessdate=2007-11-30 |publisher=prosperity.org}}</ref> In addition, the 2007 [[World's Most Livable Cities|Mercer Quality of Living Survey]] ranked Auckland 5th place and Wellington 12th place in the world on its list.<ref name="Mercer">{{cite web| url=http://www.mercerhr.com/referencecontent.jhtml?idContent=1128060 |title=Highlights from the 2007 Quality of Living Survey |accessdate=2008-02-22 |publisher=Mercer |date=[[2007-04-07]]}}</ref> The [[Tertiary sector of industry|tertiary sector]] is the largest sector in the economy (68.8% of GDP), followed by the [[Secondary sector of industry|secondary sector]] (26.9% of GDP) and the [[Primary sector of industry|primary sector]] (4.3% of GDP).<ref name="CIA">{{cite web|title=The World Factbook - New Zealand|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/nz.html|date=[[2007-11-15]]|work=CIA|accessdate=2007-11-30}}</ref> New Zealand is a country heavily dependent on trade, particularly in agricultural products. Exports account for around 24% of its [[Output (economics)|output]],<ref name="CIA"/> which is a relatively high figure (it is around 50% for many smaller European countries).{{ref label|Note|ii|ii}} This makes New Zealand particularly vulnerable to international commodity prices and global [[Recession|economic slowdowns]]. Its principal export industries are agriculture, [[horticulture]], fishing and forestry. These make up about half of the country's exports. Its major export partners are Australia 20.5%, US 13.1%, Japan 10.3%, China 5.4%, UK 4.9% (2006).<ref name="CIA"/> [[Tourism in New Zealand|Tourism]] plays a significant role in New Zealand's economy. Tourism contributes $12.8 billion (or 8.9%) to New Zealand’s total GDP and supports nearly 200,000 [[full-time equivalent]] jobs (9.9% of the total workforce in New Zealand).<ref name="TourismStats">{{cite web |url=http://www.tourismresearch.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/6A3DA5F7-2CAD-4618-B610-EFC861876A8F/23683/KeyTourismStatisticsFeb2008.pdf |title=Key Tourism Statistics |date=February 2008 |publisher=Ministry of Tourism |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-02-22}}</ref> Tourists to New Zealand are expected to increase at a rate of 4% annually up to 2013.<ref name="TourismStats"/> ===Recent trends=== [[Image:MilfordSound.jpg|thumb|left|[[Milford Sound]], New Zealand's most famous tourist destination<ref name="stuff.co.nz">{{cite web|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/4505254a34.html|title=Milford Sound tops list of travellers destinations|publisher=www.stuff.co.nz|format=url|date=2008-05-01|accessdate=2008-05-13}}</ref>]] Historically New Zealand enjoyed a high standard of living which relied on its strong relationship with the United Kingdom, and the resulting stable market for its commodity exports. New Zealand's economy was also built upon on a narrow range of primary products, such as wool, meat and dairy products. High demand for these products - such as the [[New Zealand wool boom]] of 1951 created sustained periods of economic prosperity. However, in 1973 the United Kingdom joined the [[European Community]] which effectively ended this particularly close economic relationship between the two countries. During the 1970s other factors such as the [[oil shock|oil crises]] undermined the viability of the New Zealand economy; which for periods before 1973 had achieved levels of living standards exceeding both Australia and [[Western Europe]].<ref>[http://www.teara.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/BFAF3D1F-F28C-4F32-97F4-B2D94F0BDCD5/69631/3_308_StandardOfLiving_Comparison.pdf 1966 Encyclopedia of New Zealand - standard of living comparison table]</ref> But these events led to a protracted and very severe [[economic crisis]], during which living standards in New Zealand fell behind those of Australia and Western Europe, and by 1982 New Zealand was the lowest in [[Per capita income|per-capita income]] of all the developed nations surveyed by [[World Bank Group|the World Bank]].<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1282/is_n16_v46/ai_15779198 Up from down under; National Review article]</ref> Since 1984, successive governments have engaged in major [[macroeconomic]] restructuring, transforming New Zealand from a highly protectionist and regulated economy to a liberalised [[free-trade]] economy. These changes are commonly known as [[Rogernomics]] and [[Ruthanasia]] after [[Finance Minister (New Zealand)|Finance Ministers]] [[Roger Douglas]] and [[Ruth Richardson]]. A recession began after the [[Black Monday (1987)|1987 share market crash]] and caused unemployment to reach 10% in the [[1990s|early 1990s]]. However the economy recovered and New Zealand’s unemployment rate is now the second lowest of the twenty-seven OECD nations with comparable data (3.7%).<ref>[http://www.stats.govt.nz/top-20-stats.htm 20 most requested statistics]</ref> The current government's economic objectives are centred on pursuing [[Trade pact|free-trade agreements]] and building a "[[knowledge economy]]". On April 7th 2008, New Zealand and [[People's Republic of China|China]] signed the [[New Zealand China Free Trade Agreement]], the first such agreement China has signed with a developed country.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/feature/story.cfm?c_id=1501819&objectid=10502506&pnum=0|title=Trade agreement just the start - Clark|publisher=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|date=[[7 April]] [[2008]]|author=Fran O'Sullivan with NZPA}}</ref> Ongoing economic challenges for New Zealand include a [[Current account|current account deficit]] of 7.9% of GDP,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/3/story.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=10500455&ref=rss|title=December quarter current account deficit better than expected|publisher=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|date=[[27 March]] [[2008]]|author=NZPA}}</ref> slow development of non-commodity exports and tepid growth of labour productivity. New Zealand has experienced a series of "[[brain drain]]s" since the 1970s<ref name="Davenport2004">Davenport (2004).</ref>, as well educated youth leaving permanently for Australia, Britain or the United States. "Kiwi lifestyle" and family/[[whanau]] factors motivates some of the expatriates to return, while career, culture, and economic factors tend to be predominantly 'push' components, keeping these people overseas.<ref>Inkson (2004).</ref> In recent years, however, a [[brain gain]] brought in educated professionals from poor countries, as well as Europe, as permanent settlers.<ref>Winkelmann (2000).</ref><ref>Bain (2006) pg 44.</ref> ===Agriculture=== [[Image:Romney Ewe and Lamb.jpg|thumb|right| A [[Romney (sheep)|Romney]] ewe with her two lambs.]] Agriculture has been and continues to be the main export industry in New Zealand. In the year to June 2007, dairy products accounted for 21% ($7.5 billion) of total merchandise exports,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/1C559AFD-693B-4932-B847-2CB9408AF681/0/NewZealandExternalTradeStatisticsJune2007.pdf|publisher=[[Statistics New Zealand]]|format=PDF|pages=p 9|title=New Zealand External Trade Statistics|date=June 2007}}</ref> and the largest company of the country, [[Fonterra]], a dairy [[cooperative]], controls almost one-third of the international dairy trade.<ref>[http://www.fonterra.com/wps/wcm/connect/fonterracom/fonterra.com/home/frequently+asked+questions/ Frequently Asked Questions] (from the official company website. Accessed 2008-02-20.)</ref> Other agricultural items were meat 13.2%, wood 6.3%, fruit 3.5% and fishing 3.3%. New Zealand also has a thriving [[New Zealand wine|wine industry]]. [[Livestock]] are rarely housed, but feeding of small quantities of supplements such as hay and silage can occur, particularly in winter. Grass growth is seasonal, largely dependent on location and climatic fluctuations but normally occurs for between 8-12 months of the year. Stock are grazed in paddocks, often with moveable [[Electric fence|electric fencing]] around the farm. Lambing and calving are carefully managed to take full advantage of spring grass growth. ==Demography== {{main|Demographics of New Zealand|Immigration to New Zealand}} [[Image:New Zealand population over time - small.png|thumb|right|New Zealand's historical population (black) and projected growth (red).]] New Zealand has a population of about 4.2 million,{{ref label|Note|iv|iv}} of which approximately 78% identify with [[European ethnic groups]]. New Zealanders of European descent are collectively known as ''[[Pākehā]];'' this term generally refers to New Zealanders of European descent but some Māori use it to refer to all non-Māori New Zealanders.<ref name="Pakeha">{{cite web| url=http://maorinews.com/writings/papers/other/pakeha.htm |title='Pakeha', Its Origin and Meaning |last=Ranford |first=Jodie |accessdate=2008-02-20 |publisher=maorinews.com}}</ref> Most [[New Zealand European|European New Zealanders]] are of [[United Kingdom|British]] and [[Irish people|Irish]] ancestry, although there has been significant [[Dutch people|Dutch]], [[Dalmatia]]n,<ref name="Dalmatians">Walrond (2007).</ref> [[Italian people|Italian]], and [[Germans|German]] immigration together with indirect European [[immigration]] through [[Australia]], [[North America]], [[South America]] and [[South Africa]].<ref = "Peoples">{{cite web| url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealanders/NewZealandPeoples/en |title=New Zealand Peoples |publisher=[[Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |accessdate=2008-02-20}}</ref> According to the 2001 census projections, by 2021 European children will make up 63% of all New Zealand children, compared with 74% in 2001.<ref name="PopProjections">{{cite web| url=http://www.stats.govt.nz/additional-information/projections-overview.htm#nateth |title=Projections Overview |publisher=Statistics New Zealand |date=[[2007-12-04]] |accessdate=2008-02-20}}</ref> The birthrate is very high for a developed country. The birthrate as of February 2008 was 2.2 per woman, compared to approximately 2 for the previous 30 years, with the total number of births higher than at any point since 1961. The life expectancy of a child born in 2008 was 81.9 years for a girl, and 77.9 years for a boy.<ref name="BirthRate08">{{cite news| url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/1/story.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10493129 |title=New Zealand's birth rate at 44-year high |publsiher=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |date=[[2008-02-18]] |accessdate=2008-02-20}} </ref> Indigenous [[Māori]] people are the largest non-European ethnic group, accounting for 14.6% of the population in the 2006 census. While people could select more than one [[List of ethnic groups|ethnic group]], slightly more than half (53%) of all Māori residents identified solely as Māori.<ref name="Māori 2006 Census">{{cite web |url=http://www.stats.govt.nz/census/2006-census-data/quickstats-about-maori/2006-census-quickstats-about-maori-revised.htm |title=Māori Ethnic Population / Te Momo Iwi Māori |accessdate=2007-03-21 |work=QuickStats About Māori, Census 2006 |publisher=[[Statistics New Zealand]]}}</ref> People identifying with [[Asian people|Asian]] ethnic groups account for 9.2% of the population, increasing from 6.6% in the 2001 census, while 6.9% of people are of [[Pacific Island]] origin.<ref name="Ethnicity 2006 Census">{{cite web |url=http://www.stats.govt.nz/census/2006-census-data/national-highlights/2006-census-quickstats-national-highlights.htm?page=para006Master |title=Cultural diversity |accessdate=2007-03-20 |work=2006 Census QuickStats National highlights |publisher=[[Statistics New Zealand]]}}</ref> While the [[demonym]] is New Zealander, New Zealanders informally call themselves [[Kiwi (people)|Kiwi]] or Kiwis. New Zealand is also a predominantly urban country, with 72.2% of the population living in 16 main [[urban area]]s and more than half living in the four largest cities of [[Auckland]], [[Hamilton, New Zealand|Hamilton]], [[Wellington]] and [[Christchurch]].<ref name="Urban">{{cite web| url=http://www.stats.govt.nz/products-and-services/hot-off-the-press/subnational-population-estimates/subnational-population-estimates-at-30-june07-hotp.htm?page=para002Master |title=Subnational population estimates June 2007 |accessdate=2008-02-20 |publisher=Statistics New Zealand |date=[[2007-06-30]]}}</ref> [[Immigration to New Zealand|New Zealand immigration policy]] is relatively open; its government is committed to increasing its population by about 1% annually. In 2004&ndash;05, a target of 45,000 was set by the New Zealand immigration Service.<ref name="2004Immigration">{{cite journal|title=Our immigration policy: rationality, stability, and politics: Stephen Hoadley discusses New Zealand's approach to the vexed question of immigration controls |journal=New Zealand International Review |url=http://www.arts.auckland.ac.nz/FileGet.cfm?ID=b37a24a5-7dbe-48a8-81cc-0547b828d8b0 |date=2004 |accessdate=2008-02-20 |last=Hoadley |first=Stephen |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=14}}</ref> Twenty three percent of the population was born overseas, one of the highest rates anywhere in the world. At present, [[immigrants]] from the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Ireland]] constitute the largest single group, accounting for 29% of those born overseas but immigrants are drawn from many nations, and increasingly from [[East Asia]] (mostly [[China]], but with substantial numbers also from [[Korea]], [[Taiwan]], [[Japan]], and [[Hong Kong]]).<ref name="Birthplace 2006 Census">For the percentages: {{cite web |url=http://www.stats.govt.nz/census/2006-census-data/quickstats-about-culture-identity/quickstats-about-culture-and-identity.htm?page=para009Master |title=QuickStats About Culture and Identity - Birthplace and people born overseas |accessdate=2007-12-31 |work=2006 Census |publisher=[[Statistics New Zealand]]}}<br/>For further detail within East Asia: {{cite web |url=http://www.stats.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/BC29ACAC-12C9-4A5A-A71B-C7AD3A4335B8/0/06birthplace.xls |title=Birthplace for the census usually resident population count, 2006 |format=XLS |accessdate=2007-03-20 |work=Classification counts, 2006 Census |publisher=[[Statistics New Zealand]]}}</ref> {{bar box | title=New Zealand religious beliefs | titlebar=#ddd | left1= | right1= | float=left | bars= {{bar percent|Christianity|blue|56}} {{bar percent|No religion|gray|35}} {{bar percent|Others|purple|5}} }} According to the 2006 census, [[Christianity]] is the predominant [[religion in New Zealand]], held by 55.6% of the population, a decrease from 60.6% at the 2001 census. Another 34.7% indicated that they had no religion, up from 29.6% in 2001, and 5% affiliated with other religions. <!--Another 6% objected to stating their religion. These percentages are based on the usually resident population, excluding another 7% of people who did not provide usable information.--> The main [[Christianity|Christian]] denominations are [[Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia|Anglicanism]], [[Roman Catholic Church in New Zealand|Roman Catholicism]], [[Presbyterian Church of Aotearoa New Zealand|Presbyterianism]] and [[Methodist Church of New Zealand|Methodism]]. There are also significant numbers who identify themselves with [[Pentecostal]] and [[Baptist Union of New Zealand|Baptist]] churches and with the [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|LDS (Mormon)]] church. The New Zealand-based [[Ratana]] church has adherents among Māori. According to [[Demographics of New Zealand|census figures]], other significant minority religions include [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], and [[Islam in New Zealand|Islam]].<!--PLEASE DO NOT ADD YOUR/ANY OTHER RELIGION HERE. THESE ARE THE LARGEST RELIGIONS IN THE CENSUS.--><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stats.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/5F1F873C-5D36-4E54-9405-34503A2C0AF6/0/quickstatsaboutcultureandidentity.pdf |title=Quick Stats About culture and Identity&mdash; 2006 Census |publisher=Statistics New Zealand |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-09-28}}</ref><ref name="2006Census">{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/F1A5AEF5-198F-4F42-8B86-51419FBA82E3/18623/2006CensusQSCI.xls|format=XLS|pages=Table 28|title=Religious Affiliation|publisher=[[Statistics New Zealand]]|work=2006 Census|accessdate=2007-09-29}}</ref> <!--More appropriate for politics section: Religion does not play a major role in New Zealand [[Politics|public life]]. Overtly Christian-based political parties such as [[Christian Heritage Party of New Zealand|Christian Heritage]] and [[Destiny New Zealand|Destiny]] have been unsuccessful, and the religion (or lack of religion) of political leaders - while generally known - is considered by most to be a private matter.--> Until 1987, English was New Zealand's only official language, and remains predominant in most settings; Māori became an official language under the 1987 [[Māori Language Act]] and [[New Zealand Sign Language]] under the [[New Zealand Sign Language#Official language status|2006 New Zealand Sign Language Act]].<ref name="SignLanguage">{{cite web|url=http://www.odi.govt.nz/what-we-do/nzsl.html |title=New Zealand Sign Language Act |publisher= |accessdate=2008-02-20 |publisher=Office for Disability Issues}}</ref> The two official languages are the most widely spoken; English by 98% of the population and Māori by 4.1%.<ref name="SpokenLanguage"/> Samoan is the most widely spoken non-official language (2.3%),{{ref label|Note|v|v}} and French, Hindi, Yue and Northern Chinese are also widely spoken.<ref name="2006Census"/><ref name="SpokenLanguage"/><!--Languages listed here are those spoken by over 40,000 New Zealanders--> New Zealand has an adult literacy rate of 99%,<ref name="CIA"/> and 14.2% of the adult population has a [[bachelor's degree]] or higher.<ref name="TertiaryEdStats">{{cite web| url=http://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/__data/assets/excel_doc/0007/17836/Education_attainment_of_the_population.xls |format=xls |title=Educational attainment of the population |publisher=Education Counts |accessdate=2008-02-21 |date=2006}}</ref> For 30.4% of the population, some form of secondary qualification is their highest, while 22.4% of New Zealanders have no formal qualification.<ref name="TertiaryEdStats"/> ==Culture== {{main|Culture of New Zealand|New Zealand art}} [[Image:KupeWheke.jpg|95px|thumb|left|Late twentieth-century house-post depicting the navigator [[Kupe]] fighting two sea creatures]] [[Image:Napier Bagpipe Practice.jpg|thumbnail|right|Twilight bagpipe band practice, Napier]] [[Image:Chinesenewyeardunedin.jpg|thumbnail|right|Chinese dancers welcome the new year in Dunedin]] ===Overview=== Much of contemporary [[Culture of New Zealand|New Zealand culture]] is derived from [[Great Britain|British]] roots. It also includes significant influences from [[United States|American]], [[Australian]] and [[Māori]] cultures, along with those of other European cultures and &ndash; more recently &ndash; non-Māori [[Polynesian]] and [[Culture of Asia|Asian]] cultures. Large festivals in celebration of [[Diwali]] and [[Chinese New Year]] are held in several of the larger centres. The world's largest Polynesian festival, [[Pasifika]], is an annual event in [[Auckland]]. Cultural links between New Zealand and the United Kingdom and Ireland are maintained by a common language, sustained migration from the United Kingdom and Ireland, and many young New Zealanders spending time in the United Kingdom/Ireland on their "[[overseas experience]]" (OE). The [[music of New Zealand|music]] and [[cuisine of New Zealand]] are similar to that of Britain and the United States, although both have some distinct New Zealand and Pacific qualities. [[Māori culture]] has undergone considerable change since the arrival of Europeans; in particular the introduction of [[Christianity]] in the early 19th century brought about fundamental change in [[everyday life]]. Nonetheless the perception that most Māori now live similar lifestyles to their [[Pākehā]] neighbours is a superficial one. In fact, Māori culture has significant differences, for instance the important role which the [[marae]] and the extended family continues to play in communal and family life. As in traditional times, karakia are habitually performed by Māori today to ensure the favorable outcome of important undertakings, but today the prayers used are generally Christian. Māori still regard their allegiance to tribal groups as a vital part of [[Identity (social science)|personal identity]], and Māori kinship roles resemble [[Hawaiian kinship|those of other Polynesian peoples]]. As part of the resurgence of Māori culture that came to the fore in the [[20th Century|late 20th century]], the tradition-based arts of [[kapa haka]] (song and dance), carving and weaving are now more widely practiced, and the architecture of the marae maintains strong links to traditional forms. Māori also value their connections to Polynesia, as attested by the increasing popularity of [[Outrigger canoe racing|waka ama]] (outrigger [[canoe racing]]), which is now an international sport involving teams from all over the Pacific. ===Te Reo Māori=== Use of the Māori language ([[Te Reo Māori]]) as a living, community language remained only in a few remote areas in the post-war years, but is currently undergoing a renaissance,<ref name="MLW">[http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/culture/maori-language-week Māori Language Week - Te Wiki o Te Reo Maori] (from the 'nzhistory.net.nz' website, operated by the [[New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage]]. Accessed 2008-02-22.)</ref> thanks in part to Māori language immersion schools and two [[Māori Television]] channels.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.maoritelevision.com/latestnews/maori_television_launch_second_channel.htm|title=Te Reo|publisher=Māori Television}}</ref> This is the only nationwide [[television channel]] to have the majority of its [[Prime time|prime-time]] content delivered in Māori, primarily because only 4% of the population speak Te Reo Maori.<ref name="SpokenLanguage" /> However, partly in recognition of the importance of Māori culture to New Zealand, the language was declared one of New Zealand's official languages in 1987.<ref name="MLW"/> === Movies === {{main|Cinema of New Zealand}} Although films have been made in New Zealand since the 1920s, it was only from the 1970s that [[Cinema of New Zealand|New Zealand films]] began to be produced in significant numbers. Films such as [[Sleeping Dogs (1977 film)|''Sleeping Dogs'']] and ''[[Goodbye Pork Pie]]'' achieved local success and launched the careers of actors and directors including [[Sam Neill]], [[Geoff Murphy]] and [[Roger Donaldson]]. In the early 1990s, New Zealand films such as [[Jane Campion]]'s [[Academy Award]]-winning film ''[[The Piano]]'', [[Lee Tamahori]]'s [[Once Were Warriors (film)|''Once Were Warriors'']] and [[Peter Jackson]]'s ''[[Heavenly Creatures]]'' began to garner international acclaim. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Jackson filmed [[The Lord of the Rings film trilogy]] in New Zealand, using a mostly New Zealand crew and many New Zealand actors in minor parts. [[Whale Rider]], originally a novel by [[Witi Ihimaera]], was produced in 2002 and received recognition from various festivals and awards. Many non-New Zealand productions, primarily from [[Hollywood]] but also from [[Bollywood]], have been made in New Zealand. === Media === The New Zealand [[Mass media|media]] industry is dominated by a small number of companies, most of which are [[Foreign ownership|foreign-owned]].{{ref label|Note|iii|iii}} The [[Broadcasting Standards Authority]] and the [[New Zealand Press Council]] can investigate allegations of bias and inaccuracy in the broadcast and [[Publishing|print media]]. This combined with New Zealand's [[libel]] laws means that the New Zealand [[news media]] is fairly tame by international standards, but also reasonably fair and [[impartial]]. New Zealand television is dominated by American and British programming, with a small number of Australian and New Zealand shows. ===Sports=== {{main|Sport in New Zealand}} [[Image:Allblackhaka.jpg|thumbnail|right|500px|The [[All Blacks]] perform a [[haka]] before a match against [[France national rugby union team|France]] in 2006]] Sport has a major role in New Zealand's culture, with the unofficial national sport of [[rugby union]] being particularly influential. Other popular participatory sports include [[cricket]], [[bowls]], [[netball]], [[Association football|soccer]], [[golf]] , [[swimming]] and [[tennis]].<ref name="SportsParticipation">{{cite web| url=http://www.sparc.org.nz/research-policy/research/sparc-facts-97-01/top-sports-and-physical-activities |title=Top sports and physical activities |publisher=sparc.org.nz |accessdate=2008-02-17 |date=[[2007-10-17]]}}</ref><!--The sports listed are based on top participatory sports - see article [[Sport in New Zealand]] --> New Zealand has strong international teams in several sports including rugby union, netball, cricket, [[rugby league]], and [[softball]]. New Zealand also does traditionally well in the sports of [[Sport rowing|rowing]], [[yachting]] and [[cycling]]. The country is internationally recognised for performing well on a medals-to-population ratio at [[Olympic Games]] and [[Commonwealth Games]].<ref name="OlympicRatio">{{cite web| url=http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/57a31759b55dc970ca2568a1002477b6/be9f47591541e29eca256ef40004f25a!OpenDocument |title=ABS medal tally: Australia finishes third |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |accessdate=2008-02-17 |date=[[2004-08-30]]}}</ref><ref name="OlympicStats">{{cite web| url=http://users.skynet.be/hermandw/olymp/reloly.html |title= Per Capita Olympic Medal Table |publisher=users.skynet.be/hermandw/olymp/ |accessdate=2008-02-17}}</ref> [[Rugby union in New Zealand|Rugby union]], which is commonly referred to as simply ''rugby'' in New Zealand, is closely linked to the country's national identity. The national rugby team, the [[All Blacks]], have the best win to loss record of any national team,<ref name="Zavos2007">Zavos (2007).</ref> and are well known for the [[Haka of the All Blacks|haka]] (a traditional [[Māori]] challenge) that they perform before the start of international matches.<ref name="Haka">{{cite web| url=http://www.tourism.net.nz/new-zealand/about-new-zealand/haka.html |title=The Haka |publisher=tourism.net.nz |accessdate=2008-02-17}}</ref> New Zealand is also well known for its [[extreme sport]]s and [[adventure tourism]].<ref name="Bain69">Bain (2006), pg 69.</ref> Its reputation in extreme sports extends from the establishment of the world's first commercial [[bungee jumping]] site at Queenstown in the South Island of New Zealand in November 1988;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bungy.co.nz/index.php/pi_pageid/17|title=Kawarau Bridge Bungee |publisher=bungy.co.nz |accessdate=2008-02-17}}</ref> its roots in adventure tourism can be traced all the way back to [[Sir Edmund Hillary]], the first person to reach the summit of [[Mount Everest]]. ==See also== *[[List of New Zealand's international rankings]] {{New Zealand topics|state=expanded}} ==References== ===Notes=== <div class="references-small"> :{{note|Notei|i}}:From 1788 until 1840 the islands of New Zealand were formally part of [[New South Wales]]; see [[:Image:Australia history.gif|animated map of Australian states and territories]]. :{{note|Noteii|ii}}:For example see [http://e.finland.fi/netcomm/news/showarticle.asp?intNWSAID=35523 Finland] :{{note|Noteiii|iii}}:New Zealand's dominant media organisations are [[TVNZ]] (two [[free-to-air]] television channels); [[MediaWorks NZ]] (two free-to-air channels and a [[radio network]]); [[Fairfax Media]] (numerous newspapers and magazines); [[APN News & Media]] (several newspapers and [[radio station]]s); and [[Sky Network Television]] (a [[pay TV]] network and a free-to-air [[Television station|TV station]]). :{{note|Noteiv|iv}}:An online population clock is accessible via Statistics New Zealand at [http://www.stats.govt.nz/populationclock.htm http://www.stats.govt.nz/populationclock.htm]. :{{note|Notev|v}}:Of the 85,428 people that replied they spoke Samoan in the 2006 Census, 57,828 lived in the Auckland region.<ref name="2006Census"/> </div> ===Citations=== {{reflist|2}} ===Sources=== <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:1; column-count:1;"> * Allan, H.H. (1982) ''Indigenous Tracheophyta - Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledons'', [[Flora of New Zealand]] Volume I. Botany Division, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. *{{cite book| first=Carolyn |last=Bain |publisher=Lonely Planet |title=New Zealand |date=2006 |isbn=1741045355}} * Clark, R. (1994) ''Moriori and Māori: The Linguistic Evidence''. In Sutton, Douglas G. (Ed.) (1994), ''The Origins of the First New Zealanders''. Auckland: [[University of Auckland|Auckland University]] Press. * Davenport, Sally. "[http://www.sntnet.or.kr/jsps/theme/data/answer.pdf Panic and panacea: brain drain and science and technology human capital policy]" ''Research Policy'' 33 (2004) 617&ndash;630. Accessed [[2007-04-24]]. * {{cite journal |first=Duncan J.R. |last=Jackson |title=Exploring the Dynamics of New Zealand's Talent Flow |journal=New Zealand Journal of Psychology |volume=Vol |year=2005}} * {{cite journal| last=Inkson |first=K |title=The New Zealand Brain Drain: Expatriate views |journal=University of Auckland Business Review |year=2004 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=29&ndash;39}} *{{cite book | last = King | first = Michael | authorlink = Michael King | title = The Penguin History of New Zealand | publisher = Penguin Books | date = 2003 | location = New Zealand | isbn = 9780143018674}} * {{cite book |last=Lange |first=David |authorlink=David Lange |title=Nuclear Free: The New Zealand Way |publisher=Penguin Books |date= 1990 |location=New Zealand |isbn=0140145192}} * {{Citation | last=Lindsey | first=Terence | last2=Morris | first2=Rod | title=Collins Field Guide to New Zealand Wildlife | publisher=HarperCollins (New Zealand) Limited | year=2000}} * Mackay, D. (1986) ''The Search For The Southern Land''. In Fraser, B. (Ed.) (1986), ''The New Zealand Book Of Events''. Auckland: Reed Methuen. *{{cite book| last = Mein Smith| first = Philippa| title = A Concise History of New Zealand| publisher = Cambridge University Press| date = 2005| location = Australia | isbn = 0521542286}} *{{cite web |url=http://www.vuw.ac.nz/css/docs/Working_Papers/WP21.pdf |title=Globalisation, Sovereignty, and the Transformation of New Zealand Foreign Policy |format=PDF |author=Robert G. Patman |accessdate=2007-03-12 |work=Working Paper 21/05 |publisher=Centre for Strategic Studies, Victoria University of Wellington |pages=8 |date=2005}} *{{cite web| url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealanders/NewZealandPeoples/Dalmatians/en |publisher=[[Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand]] |title=Dalmatians |date=[[2007-09-21]] |accessdate=2008-02-20 |last=Walrond |first=Carl}} *{{cite journal |title=The [[Labour economics|labour market]] performance of European immigrants in New Zealand in the 1980s and 1990s |journal=The International Migration Review |year=2000 |last=Winkelmann |first=R. |volume=33 |pages=33&ndash;58 |doi=10.2307/2676011}} *{{cite news| |last=Zavos |first=Spiro |title=How to beat the All Blacks |publisher=The Sun Herald (supplement) |date=[[2007-09-02]] |page=54}} </div> ===Further reading=== <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:1; column-count:1;"> *David Bateman, ed. ''Bateman New Zealand Encyclopedia'' (2005) *[[Keith Sinclair]] and Raewyn Dalziel. ''A History of New Zealand'' (2000) *A. H. McLintock, ed. ''Encyclopedia of New Zealand'' 3 vol (1966) *''New Zealand Official Yearbook'' (annual) </div> ==External links== {{portal|New Zealand|Flag of New Zealand.svg|50}} *{{wikitravel|New Zealand}} {{sisterlinks|New Zealand}} *[http://www.teara.govt.nz/ Te Ara, The Encyclopedia of New Zealand] *[http://www.nzpcn.org.nz New Zealand Plant Conservation Network website] for information about the indigenous flora and species of introduced weed and animal pest *[http://www.mch.govt.nz/ Ministry for Culture and Heritage] - includes information on flag, anthems and coat of arms *[http://newzealand.govt.nz/ New Zealand Government portal] *[http://digital.library.unt.edu/govdocs/crs/search.tkl?q=new+zealand&search_crit=title&search=Search&date1=Anytime&date2=Anytime&type=form Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports regarding New Zealand] *[http://www.metservice.co.nz/ New Zealand weather] *[http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/ NZHistory.net.nz New Zealand history website] *[http://www.stats.govt.nz/products-and-services/new-zealand-in-profile-2007/default.htm New Zealand in Profile 2007], by [[Statistics New Zealand]] *[http://www.newzealand.com/ Tourism New Zealand] {{Realm of New Zealand}} {{Commonwealth Realms}} {{Polynesia}} {{Countries and territories of Oceania}} <!--Categories--> [[Category:New Zealand| ]] [[Category:Members of the Commonwealth of Nations]] [[Category:Former British colonies]] [[Category:Polynesia]] [[Category:Island countries]] [[Category:English-speaking countries and territories]] [[Category:Constitutional monarchies]] [[Category:Zealandia]] [[Category:Liberal democracies]] <!--Interwiki--> [[af:Nieu-Seeland]] [[als:Neuseeland]] [[ang:Nīwe Sǣland]] [[ar:نيوزيلندا]] [[an:Nueba Zelanda]] [[arc:ܢܝܘ ܙܝܠܢܕ]] [[frp:Novèla-Zèlande]] [[ast:Nueva Zelanda]] [[zh-min-nan:Sin Jia̍t-lân-jia]] [[be:Новая Зеландыя]] [[be-x-old:Новая Зэляндыя]] [[bi:Niu Zilan]] [[bs:Novi Zeland]] [[br:Zeland-Nevez]] [[bg:Нова Зеландия]] [[ca:Nova Zelanda]] [[cv:Çĕнĕ Зеланди]] [[ceb:New Zealand]] [[cs:Nový Zéland]] [[cy:Seland Newydd]] [[da:New Zealand]] [[de:Neuseeland]] [[dv:ނިއުޒިލޭންޑު]] [[dz:ནིའུ་ཛི་ལེནཌ་]] [[et:Uus-Meremaa]] [[el:Νέα Ζηλανδία]] [[es:Nueva Zelanda]] [[eo:Nov-Zelando]] [[eu:Zeelanda Berria]] [[fa:نیوزیلند]] [[fo:Nýsæland]] [[fr:Nouvelle-Zélande]] [[ga:An Nua-Shéalainn]] [[gv:Yn Teelan Noa]] [[gd:Sealainn Nuadh]] [[gl:Nova Celandia - New Zealand]] [[hak:Néu Sî-làn]] [[ko:뉴질랜드]] [[hy:Նոր Զելանդիա]] [[hi:न्यूज़ीलैंड]] [[hr:Novi Zeland]] [[io:Nova-Zelando]] [[id:Selandia Baru]] [[ia:Nove Zelanda]] [[os:Ног Зеланди]] [[is:Nýja-Sjáland]] [[it:Nuova Zelanda]] [[he:ניו זילנד]] [[pam:New Zealand]] [[kn:ನ್ಯೂ ಜೀಲ್ಯಾಂಡ್]] [[ka:ახალი ზელანდია]] [[ks:न्यू-जीलैंड]] [[kk:Нью-Зиленд]] [[kw:Mordir Nowydh]] [[sw:New Zealand]] [[ht:Nouvèl Zelann]] [[ku:Zelandaya Nû]] [[lo:ປະເທດນູແວນ​ເຊລັງ]] [[la:Nova Zelandia]] [[lv:Jaunzēlande]] [[lb:Neiséiland]] [[lt:Naujoji Zelandija]] [[lij:Neuva Selanda]] [[li:Nui-Zieland]] [[hu:Új-Zéland]] [[mk:Нов Зеланд]] [[mt:New Zealand]] [[mi:Aotearoa]] [[mr:न्यू झीलँड]] [[ms:New Zealand]] [[mn:Шинэ Зеланд]] [[my:နယူးဇီလန်]] [[nah:Yancuīc Zetlālpan]] [[na:New Zealand]] [[nl:Nieuw-Zeeland]] [[nds-nl:Ni'j-Zeelaand]] [[ne:न्यु जिल्यान्ड]] [[new:न्यु जिल्यान्द]] [[ja:ニュージーランド]] [[no:New Zealand]] [[nn:New Zealand]] [[nrm:Nouvelle Zélande]] [[oc:Nòva Zelanda]] [[uz:Yangi Zelandiya]] [[ps:نوی زيلانډ]] [[nds:Niegseeland]] [[pl:Nowa Zelandia]] [[pt:Nova Zelândia]] [[crh:Yañı Zelandiya]] [[ty:Aotearoa]] [[ro:Noua Zeelandă]] [[qu:Musuq Silanda]] [[ru:Новая Зеландия]] [[rm:Nova Zelanda]] [[se:Ođđa-Selánda]] [[sm:Niu Sila]] [[sa:न्यू-जीलैंड]] [[sco:New Zealand]] [[sq:Zelanda e Re]] [[scn:Nova Zilanna]] [[simple:New Zealand]] [[sk:Nový Zéland]] [[sl:Nova Zelandija]] [[sr:Нови Зеланд]] [[sh:Novi Zeland]] [[su:Selandia Anyar]] [[fi:Uusi-Seelanti]] [[sv:Nya Zeeland]] [[tl:New Zealand]] [[ta:நியூசிலாந்து]] [[th:ประเทศนิวซีแลนด์]] [[vi:New Zealand]] [[tpi:Niu Silan]] [[tr:Yeni Zelanda]] [[uk:Нова Зеландія]] [[ur:نیوزی لینڈ]] [[vec:Nova Zełanda]] [[vo:Nula-Seleäns]] [[wa:Nouve Zelande]] [[vls:Nieuw-Zêeland]] [[wo:Seland-Gu-Bees]] [[wuu:纽齐朗特]] [[yi:ניו זילאנד]] [[zh-yue:紐西蘭]] [[diq:Zelanda Newiye]] [[zea:Nieuw-Zeêland]] [[bat-smg:Naujuojė Zelandėjė]] [[zh:新西兰]]