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{{Journalism}}
A '''newspaper''' is a written [[publication]] containing [[news]], information and [[advertising]], usually printed on low-cost paper called [[newsprint]]. General-interest newspapers often feature articles on [[Politics|political events]], [[crime]], [[business]], [[art]]/[[entertainment]], [[society]] and [[sports]]. Most traditional papers also feature an [[editorial]] page containing [[Column (newspaper)|columns]] which express the personal opinions of writers. Supplementary sections may contain [[advertising]], [[comics]], [[coupons]], and other printed media. Newspapers are most often published on a daily or weekly basis, and they usually focus on one particular geographic area where most of their readers live. Despite recent setbacks in circulation and profits newspapers are still the most iconic outlet for news and other types of written [[journalism]].
Features a newspaper may include are:
*[[Weather]] news and [[weather forecast|forecasts]]
*An [[advice column]]
*[[Critic]] reviews of movies, plays, restaurants, etc.
*[[Editorial]] opinions
*A [[gossip]] column
*[[Comic strips]] and other entertainment, such as [[crossword]]s, [[sudoku]] and [[horoscope]]s
*A [[sports]] column or section
*A [[humor]] column or section
*A [[food column]]
*[[Classified ads]] are commonly seen in local or small newspapers.
==History==
[[Image:Brookgreen reading 9739.JPG|thumb|left|Reading the newspaper: [[Brookgreen Gardens]] in [[Pawleys Island, South Carolina]], [[United States]].]]
There is some debate over which publication was the first newspaper because the definition of a newspaper has been flexible. In ancient Rome, ''[[Acta Diurna]]'', or government announcement bulletins, were made public by [[Julius Caesar]]. They were carved on stone or metal and posted in public places. In China, early government-produced news sheets, called [[tipao]], circulated among court officials during the late [[Han dynasty]] (second and third centuries AD). Between 713 and 734, the ''[[Kai Yuan Za Bao]]'' of the Chinese [[Tang Dynasty]] published government news; it was handwritten on silk and read by government officials. In 1582 there was the first reference to privately-published newssheets in [[Beijing]], during the late [[Ming Dynasty]];<ref name="brook xxi">Brook, Timothy. (1998). ''The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China''. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-22154-0 (Paperback). Page xxi.</ref> by 1638 the Beijing [[Gazette]] switched from woodblock print to [[movable type]] printing.<ref name="brook xxi"/> However, the first historical evidence newspaper is as recognized [[Johann Carolus]]’s ''Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien'', published in 1605, as the world’s first newspaper. The [[Netherlands|Dutch]] ''[[Courante uyt Italien, Duytslandt, &c.]]'' of 1618 is also considered by some to be the first modern newspaper since the Relation looks more like a book than what is now considered a newspaper. The newspaper ''Opregte Haarlemsche Courant'' from [[Haarlem]], first published in 1656, is considered by some to be the oldest continuously published newspaper, though it was forced to merge with the newspaper ''[[Haarlems Dagblad]]'' in 1942 by the German occupier. Since then the Haarlems Dagblad appears with the subtitle ''Oprechte Haerlemse Courant 1656'' and considers itself to be the oldest still-publishing newspaper in the world.
In the English-speaking world, [[Nathaniel Butter]] is often credited with the creation of the first news periodical in 1622. The earliest papers in the [[United Kingdom]] were devoted to politics and government proceedings. In 1702, the first daily newspaper called [[The Daily Courant]] was published.<ref>[http://www.british-library.uk/collections/brit18th.html#from1701 Concise History of the British Newspaper in the 18th Century: The British Library Newspaper Library<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> In [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] in 1690, [[Benjamin Harris]] published [[Publick Occurrences Both Forreign and Domestick]]. This is considered the first newspaper in the [[American colonies]] even though only one edition was published before the paper was suppressed by the government. In 1704, the governor allowed the [[Boston News-Letter]] to be published and it became the first “continuously published” newspaper in the colonies. Soon after, weekly papers began publishing in New York and Philadelphia. These early newspapers followed the British format and were usually four pages long. They mostly carried news from Britain and content depended on the editor’s interests. In 1783, the Pennsylvania Evening Post became the first American daily. In 1751, [[John Bushell]]’s [[Halifax Gazette]] became the first Canadian newspaper. By the early 19th century, many cities in Western and Eastern Europe, as well as North and South America, published newspaper-type publications though not all of them developed in the same way; content was vastly shaped by regional and cultural preferences.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9055609/newspaper newspaper - Britannica Online Encyclopedia<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
[[Image:KaiYuanZaBaoRemake.jpg|thumb|200px|A modern remake of ''[[Kai Yuan Za Bao]]'']]
Advances in printing technology during the [[Industrial Revolution]] were responsible for turning the newspaper into a widely circulated means of communication. In 1814, ''[[The Times]]'' of [[London]] acquired a printing press capable of making 1,100 impressions per minute.<ref>Meggs, Philip B. A History of Graphic Design. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1998. (pp 130–133)</ref> Soon, it was adapted to print on both sides of a page at once. This innovation made newspapers cheaper and thus available to a larger part of the population. In 1833, [[Benjamin Day]] printed the first [[penny press]] newspaper, ''[[The New York Sun (historical)|The New York Sun]]''. Penny press papers cost about one sixth the price of other newspapers and appealed to a wider audience.<ref name="bird">Bird, S. Elizabeth. ''For Enquiring Minds: A Cultural Study of Supermarket Tabloids''. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1992: 12-17.</ref>
Recent developments on the Internet are, however, posing major challenges to the business model of many newspapers. Paid circulation is declining in most countries, and advertising revenue, which makes up the bulk of most newspapers’ income, is shifting from print to online, resulting in a general decline in newspaper profits. This has led to some predictions that newspapers will shrink or even disappear, although new media technologies such as radio and television never supplanted print media.
==Categories==
A '''daily newspaper''' is issued every day, sometimes with the exception of Sundays and some [[List of holidays by country|national holidays]]. Saturday and, where they exist, Sunday editions of daily newspapers tend to be larger, include more specialized sections and advertising inserts, and cost more. Typically, the majority of these newspapers’ staff work Monday to Friday, so the Sunday and Monday editions largely depend on content done in advance or content that is syndicated. Most daily newspapers are published in the morning. Afternoon or evening papers are aimed more at commuters and office workers.
'''[[Weekly newspaper]]s''' are common and tend to be smaller than daily papers. In some cases, there also are newspapers that are published twice or three times a week. In the United States, such newspapers are generally still classified as weeklies.
Most nations have at least one newspaper that circulates throughout the whole country: a '''national newspaper''', as contrasted with a '''local newspaper''' serving a city or region. In the [[United Kingdom]], there are numerous national newspapers, including ''[[The Independent]]'', ''[[The Times]]'', ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', ''[[The Guardian]]'', ''[[The Observer]]'', ''[[The Daily Mail]]'', ''[[The Sun (newspaper)|The Sun]]'', ''[[The Daily Express]]'' and ''[[The Daily Mirror]]''. In the [[United States]] and [[Canada]], there are few truly national newspapers, with the notable exceptions ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' and ''[[USA Today]]'' in the US and ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'' and ''[[National Post|The National Post]]'' in Canada. Large metropolitan newspapers with expanded distribution networks such as ''[[The New York Times]]'' and ''[[Washington Post|The Washington Post]]'' can fill the role of ''de facto'' national newspapers.
As [[English language|English]] has become the international language of business and technology, many newspapers formerly published only in non-English languages have also developed English-language editions. In places as varied as [[Jerusalem]] and [[Bombay]] ([[Mumbai]]), newspapers are printed to a local and international English-speaking public. The advent of the [[Internet]] has also allowed the non-English newspapers to put out a scaled-down English version to give their newspaper a global outreach.
There is also a small group of newspapers which may be characterised as '''international newspapers'''. Some, such as ''[[Christian Science Monitor]]'' and ''The [[International Herald Tribune]]'', have always had that focus, while others are repackaged national newspapers or “international editions” of national-scale or large metropolitan newspapers. Often these international editions are scaled down to remove articles that might not interest the wider range of readers.
Job titles within the newspaper industry vary greatly. In the United States, the overall manager of the newspaper — sometimes also the owner — may be termed the [[publisher]]. This usage is less common outside the U.S., but throughout the English-speaking world the person responsible for content is usually referred to as the [[editing|editor]]. Variations on this title such as editor-in-chief, executive editor, and so on, are common.
While most newspapers are aimed at a broad spectrum of readers, usually geographically defined, some focus on groups of readers defined more by their interests than their location: for example, there are daily and weekly business newspapers and sports newspapers. More specialist still are some weekly newspapers, usually free and distributed within limited areas; these may serve communities as specific as certain immigrant populations, or the local gay community.
Newspapers often refine distribution of ads and news through zoning and editioning. Zoning occurs when advertising and editorial content change to reflect the location to which the product is delivered. The editorial content often may change merely to reflect changes in advertising — the quantity and layout of which affects the space available for editorial — or may contain region-specific news. In rare instances, the advertising may not change from one zone to another, but there will be different region-specific editorial content. As the content can vary widely, zoned editions are often produced in parallel.
Editioning occurs in the main sections as news is updated throughout the night. The advertising is usually the same in each edition (with the exception of zoned regionals, in which it is often the ‘B’ section of local news that undergoes advertising changes). As each edition represents the latest news available for the next press run, these editions are produced linearly, with one completed edition being copied and updated for the next edition. The previous edition is always copied to maintain a Newspaper of Record and to fall back on if a quick correction is needed for the press. For example, both the ''[[New York Times]]'' and ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'' offer a regional edition, printed through a local contractor, and featuring locale specific content. The Journal’s global advertising [[rate card]] provides a good example of editioning.[http://advertising.wsj.com/rates/index.html]
== Format ==
[[Image:Newspapers.jpg|thumb|Israeli broadsheet Haaretz seen in its [[Hebrew]] and [[English language|English]] editions]]
Most modern newspapers are in one of three sizes:
* [[Broadsheet]]s: 600 mm by 380 mm (23½ by 15 [[inch]]es), generally associated with more [[intellectual]] newspapers, although a trend towards “compact” newspapers is changing this.
* [[Tabloid]]s: half the size of broadsheets at 380 mm by 300 mm (15 by 11¾ inches), and often perceived as [[sensationalism|sensationalist]] in contrast to broadsheets. Examples: [[The Sun]], [[The National Enquirer]], [[The National Ledger]], [[The Star Magazine]], [[New York Post]], [[The Globe]].
* [[Berliner (format)|Berliner]] or [[Midi (newspaper)|Midi]]: 470 mm by 315 mm (18½ by 12¼ inches) used by [[Europe]]an papers such as ''[[Le Monde]]'' in [[France]], ''[[La Stampa]]'' in [[Italy]], ''[[El Pais]]'' in [[Spain]] and, since 12 September 2005, ''[[The Guardian]]'' in the [[United Kingdom]].
Newspapers are usually printed on inexpensive, off-white paper known as newsprint. Since the 1980s, the newspaper industry has largely moved away from lower-quality [[letterpress printing]] to higher-quality, [[CMYK color model|four-color process]], [[offset printing]]. In addition, [[desktop computers]], [[word processor|word processing software]], [[graphics software]], [[digital cameras]] and digital [[prepress]] and [[typesetting]] technologies have revolutionized the newspaper production process. These technologies have enabled newspapers to publish color photographs and graphics, as well as innovative [[layout]]s and better design.
To help their titles stand out on newsstands, some newspapers are printed on coloured newsprint. For example, the ''[[Financial Times]]'' is printed on a distinctive salmon pink paper, and the Italian sports newspaper ''[[La Gazzetta dello Sport]]'' is printed on pink paper. [[Sheffield]]’s weekly sports publication derives its name, the “[[Green Un|Green ’Un]]”, from the traditional colour of its paper, while ''[[L'Équipe]]'' (formerly ''L’Auto'') is printed on yellow paper. Both the latter promoted major [[cycling]] races and their newsprint colours were reflected in the colours of the jerseys used to denote the race leader; thus, the leader in the [[Giro d'Italia]] wears a pink jersey.
===Online-only===
{{main|Online newspaper}}
With the introduction of the Internet, web-based “newspapers” have also started to be produced as online-only publications, like the ''[[Southport Reporter]]''<ref>Published in UK as the “UK’s only web-based newspaper” in January 2002 in hard copy magazine called “Web Pages Made Easy.”</ref>. To be a Web-Only newspaper they must be web published only and must not be part of or have any connection to hard-copy formats. To be classed as an Online Only Newspaper, the paper must also be regularly updated at a regular time and keep to a fixed news format, like a hardcopy newspaper. They must also be only published by professional media companies and regarded under the national/international press rules and regulations <ref>[http://www.journalism.co.uk/news/story3152.shtml Journalism Magazine] — “The UK [[PCC]] (Press Complaints Commission) before 2007 already regulated online editions of UK newspapers”</ref> unlike [[blog]] <ref>[http://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=en&defl=en&q=define:Blog&sa=X&oi=glossary_definition&ct=title Google Define Blog]</ref> sites and other news websites, it is run as a newspaper and is recognized by media groups in the UK, like the [[NUJ]] and/or the [[IFJ]]. Also they fall under the UK’s PCC rules.
=== Electronic paper ===
In 2006, the [[Flemish people|Flemish]] daily ''[[De Tijd]]'' of [[Antwerp]] field tested a version of the publication using [[electronic paper]] —in which text can be changed, like an online site, but is portable and show on a paper-like substrate— to a few hundred selected subscribers.[http://buziaulane.blogspot.com/2006/12/iliad-and-de-tijd-enewspaper-close.html]
== Circulation and readership ==
{{main|List of newspapers in the World by circulation|Newspaper circulation}}
The number of copies distributed, either on an average day or on particular days (typically Sunday), is called the newspaper’s circulation and is one of the principal factors used to set advertising rates. Circulation is not necessarily the same as copies sold, since some copies or newspapers are distributed without cost. Readership figures may be higher than circulation figures because many copies are read by more than one person, although this is offset by the number of copies distributed but not read (especially for those distributed free).
[[Image:Newspaper vendor.jpg|thumb|250px|Newspaper vendor, [[Paddington]], [[London]], February 2005]]
According to the ''[[Guinness Book of Records]]'', the daily circulation of the Soviet newspaper ''[[Trud (Russian newspaper)|Trud]]'' exceeded 21,500,000 in 1990, while the Soviet weekly ''[[Argumenty i fakty]]'' boasted the circulation of 33,500,000 in 1991.
According to [[United Nations]] data from 1995 [[Japan]] has three daily papers —the ''[[Yomiuri Shimbun]]'', ''[[Asahi Shimbun]]'', and ''[[Mainichi Shimbun]]'' — with circulations well above 5.5 million. [[Germany]]’s ''[[Bild-Zeitung|Bild]]'', with a circulation of 3.8 million, was the only other paper in that category.
In the [[United Kingdom]], ''[[The Sun (newspaper)|The Sun]]'' is the top seller, with around 3.2 million copies distributed daily (late-2004).
In [[India]], ''The [[Times of India]]'' is the largest English newspaper, with 2.14 million copies daily. According to the 2006 National Readership Study, the ''Dainik Jagran'' is the most-read, local-language (Hindi) newspaper, with 21.2 million readers [http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/holnus/001200608291820.htm].
In the U.S., ''[[USA Today]]'' has a daily circulation of approximately 2 million, making it the most widely distributed paper in the country.
A common measure of a newspaper’s health is market penetration, expressed as a percentage of households that receive a copy of the newspaper against the total number of households in the paper’s market area. In the 1920s, on a national basis in the U.S., daily newspapers achieved market penetration of 130 percent (meaning the average U.S. household received 1.3 newspapers). As other media began to compete with newspapers, and as printing became easier and less expensive giving rise to a greater diversity of publications, market penetration began to decline. It wasn’t until the early 1970s, however, that market penetration dipped below 100 percent. By 2000, it was 53 percent [http://www.stateofthenewsmedia.org/narrative_newspapers_audience.asp?cat=3&media=2 1].
Many paid-for newspapers offer a variety of subscription plans. For example, someone might want only a Sunday paper, or perhaps only Sunday and Saturday, or maybe only a [[workweek]] subscription, or perhaps a daily subscription.
Some newspapers provide some or all of their content on the Internet, either at no cost or for a fee. In some cases, free access is available only for a matter of days or weeks, after which readers must register and provide personal data. In other cases, free archives are provided.
== Advertising ==
Most newspapers make a majority of their income from [[advertising]]; the income from the customer’s payment at the news-stand is small in comparison. The portion of the newspaper that is not advertising is called ''editorial content'', ''editorial matter'', or simply ''editorial'', although the last term is also used to refer specifically to those articles in which the newspaper and its guest writers express their opinions.
Newspapers have been hurt by the decline of many traditional advertisers. Department stores and supermarkets could be relied upon in the past to buy pages of newspaper advertisements, but due to industry consolidation are much less likely to do so now.<ref>9</ref>[http://www.wallstreetcosmos.com/newspaper_iindustry_report.html]
In recent years, the [[advertorial]] emerged. Advertorials are most commonly recognized as an [[Editorial|opposite-editorial]] which third-parties pay a fee to have included in the paper. [[Advertorial]]s commonly [[advertise]] new products or techniques, such as a new design for golf equipment, a new form of laser surgery, or weight-loss drugs. The tone is usually closer to that of a [[press release]] than of an objective [[news story]].
== Journalism ==
Since newspapers began as a journal (record of current events), the profession involved in the making of newspapers began to be called ''[[journalism]]''.
In the [[yellow journalism]] era of the 19th century, many newspapers in the United States relied on sensational stories that were meant to anger or excite the public, rather than to inform. The restrained style of reporting that relies on fact checking and accuracy regained popularity around World War II.
Criticism of journalism is varied and sometimes vehement. Credibility is questioned because of anonymous sources; errors in facts, spelling, and [[grammar]]; real or perceived [[bias]]; and scandals involving [[plagiarism]] and fabrication.
In the past, newspapers have often been owned by so-called [[press baron]]s, and were used either as a rich man’s [[toy]], or a [[politics|political]] tool. More recently in the United States, a number of newspapers (and all of the largest ones) are being run by large media corporations such as [[Gannett]], [[The McClatchy Company]], [[Hearst Corporation]], [[Cox]], [[LandMark]], [[Morris Corporation]], [[Tribune Company|The Tribune Company]], [[Hollinger Inc.|Hollinger International]], [[News Corporation]], etc.
Newspapers have, in the modern world, played an important role in the exercise of freedom of expression. Whistle-blowers, and those who “leak” stories of corruption in political circles often choose to inform newspapers before other mediums of communication, relying on the perceived willingness of newspaper editors to expose the secrets and lies of those who would rather cover them. However, there have been many circumstances of the political autonomy of newspapers being curtailed.
Opinions of other writers and readers are expressed in the [[op-ed|''op-ed'']] (“opposite the editorial page”) and [[letter to the editor|''letters to the editors'']] sections of the paper.
Some ways newspapers have tried to improve their credibility are: appointing [[ombudsman|ombudsmen]], developing ethics policies and training, using more stringent corrections policies, communicating their processes and rationale with readers, and asking sources to review articles after publication.
==Future==
The future of newspapers is cloudy, with overall readership slowly declining in most developed countries due to increasing competition from television and the Internet. The 57th annual World Newspaper Congress, held in [[Istanbul]] in June 2004, reported circulation increases in only 35 of 208 countries studied. Most of the increases came in developing countries, notably China and India.
[[Image:NYTimes-Page1-11-11-1918.jpg|right|260px|thumb|Front page of ''[[The New York Times]]'' on [[Armistice Day]], November 11, 1918.]]
A report at the gathering said circulation declined by an average of 2.2 percent across 13 of the 15 countries that made up the [[European Union]]. One growth area is the distribution of [[free daily newspaper]]s, which are not reflected in the above circulation data. Led by the Metro chain of newspapers, they grew 16 percent in 2003.
Newspapers also face increased competition from internet sites such as ''[[Craigslist]]'' for [[classified ad]]s, especially for jobs, real estate, and cars, the advertising of which has long been key sources of newspaper revenue as well as from online only newspapers. Already in the UK a newspaper called [[Southport Reporter]] started out in 2000 and remains online as a recognized newspaper, but only published online and others now exist through out the world. This opens the debate as to what constitutes a newspaper. {{see|Online Newspapers}}
==See also==
<div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;">
*[[List of newspapers]] (by country)
*[[List of online newspaper archives]]
*[[List of newspapers in the world by circulation]]
*[[Above the fold]]
*[[Alternative weekly]]
*[[List of fictional newspapers]]
*[[Freedom of the press]]
*[[Free daily newspaper]]
*[[Graphic design]]
*[[Gazette]]
*[[Gazetteer]]
*[[History of British newspapers]]
*[[History of American newspapers]]
*[[International Freedom of Expression Exchange]]
*[[Journalism]]
*[[List of journalism topics]]
*[[Magazine]]
*[[Mass media]]
*[[Muckraker]]
*[[Newspaper National Network LP]]
*[[Newspaper Association of America]]
*[[Newseum]]
*[[News design]]
*[[Newspaper circulation]]
*[[Newspaper of record]]
*[[Newspapers on demand]]
*[[Photojournalism]]
*[[Printing]]
*[[Propaganda model]]
*[[Student newspaper]]
*[[Telephone newspaper]]
*[[Underground press]]
*[[Weekly newspaper]]
*[[Yellow journalism]]
*[[World Association of Newspapers]]
</div>
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links ==
{{Wikibooks|How To Run A Newspaper}}
{{wiktionary}}
{{portalpar|Journalism|Portal.svg}}
* [http://news.google.com/archivesearch Google: Historic newspaper archive]
* [http://www.newseum.org/todaysfrontpages/ Daily showcase of newspaper front pages from around the world]
* [http://www.gutenberg-museum.de/index.php?id=32&language=e Exhibition on the Occasion of the 400th Anniversary of the Newspaper in the Gutenberg-Museum Mainz (Germany)]
* [http://www.newspaperarchive.com/ NewspaperARCHIVE.com], historical newspaper database
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