Nikolai Kudryavtsev 2780111 219473266 2008-06-15T11:54:52Z Vsmith 84417 + links - year links, rmv under construction ext link w/no content, rmv tacked on fiction bit '''Nikolai Alexandrovich Kudryavtsev''' {{lang-ru|Николай Александрович Кудрявцев}} ([[Opochka]], [[October 21]], [[1893]] - [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]], [[December 12]], [[1971]]) was a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[Russia]]n [[petroleum]] [[geologist]]. He is the founding father of modern [[abiogenic petroleum origin|abiogenic theory]] for origin of petroleum, which states that [[petroleum]] is formed from non-biological sources of [[hydrocarbons]] located deep in the [[Earth's crust]] and [[Mantle (geology)|mantle]]. [[Image:Kudryavtsev.jpg|thumb|Prof. Nikolai A. Kudryavtsev (1893-1971)]] He graduated from Leningrad Mining Institute in 1922, obtained a Dr.Sc. in Geology and Mineralogy in 1936, and become professor in 1941. Started his geological career in 1920 at the USSR Geological Committee. In 1929-1971 worked for All-Union Geological Research Institute (VNIGRI). He suffered from political repressions during [[Stalin]]’s regime for his unorthodox thinking, spending several years in [[GULAG]] camps in the Transpolar European Russia as “enemy of the people”. After that, he was prohibited from living or staying in central cities of USSR. His only son died defending the [[Brest Fortress]] in the beginning of Nazi aggression against USSR. Kudryavtsev conducted regional geological studies that resulted in discoveries of commercial oil and gas in the [[Grozny]] district (Chechnya Autonomy), Central Asia, Timan-Pechora, and other regions of the Soviet Union. He led reconnaissance exploration research in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], and compiled the program of key exploration wells in the West [[Siberia]] in 1947 that paved the way to the new era of oil and gas production in Russia that started with first [[oil gusher|gas gusher]] near [[Berezovo]] in 1953. == Kudryavtsev's Rule == '''Kudryavtsev's Rule''' states that any region in which hydrocarbons are found at one level will also have hydrocarbons in large or small quantities at all levels down to and into the basement rock. Thus, where oil and gas deposits are found, there will often be coal seams above them. Gas is usually the deepest in the pattern, and can alternate with oil. All petroleum deposits have a capstone generally impermeable to carbon's upward migration, and this capstone leads to the accumulation of the hydrocarbon === Development of the Rule === Russian geologist Nikolai Kudryavtsev was also a prominent and forceful advocate of the abiogenic theory. He argued that no petroleum resembling the chemical composition of natural crudes has ever been made from plant material in the laboratory under conditions resembling those in nature. He gave many examples of substantial and sometimes commercial quantities of petroleum being found in crystalline or metamorphic basements, or in sediments directly overlying those. He cited cases in [[Kansas]], [[California]], western [[Venezuela]] and [[Morocco]]. He also pointed out that oil pools in sedimentary strata are often related to fractures in the basement directly below. This is evidenced by the [[Ghawar]] supergiant oil field ([[Saudi Arabia]]); the Panhandle Field in [[Kansas]] ([[United States]]), which also produces [[helium]]; the Tengiz Field ([[Kazakhstan]]); the White Tiger Field ([[Vietnam]]); and innumerable others. The Lost Soldier Field in [[Wyoming]] has oil pools, he stated, at every horizon of the geological section, from the [[Cambrian]] sandstone overlying the basement to the upper [[Cretaceous]] deposits. A flow of oil was also obtained from the basement itself. Hydrocarbon gases, he noted, are not rare in igneous and metamorphic rocks of the Canadian Shield. Petroleum in Precambrian [[gneiss]] is encountered in wells on the eastern shore of [[Lake Baikal]]. Kudryavtsev concluded that commercial accumulations are simply found where permeable zones are overlaid by impermeable ones. Kudryavtsev introduced a number of other relevant observations into the argument about the theory of [[abiogenic petroleum origin]]. * Columns of flames have been seen during the eruptions of some [[volcano]]es, sometimes reaching 500 meters in height, such as during the eruption of [[Mount Marapi]] in [[Sumatra]] in 1932. (There have been several other instances subsequently.) * The eruptions of [[mud-volcano]]es have liberated such large quantities of methane that even the most prolific gasfield underneath should have been exhausted long ago. * The quantities of mud deposited in some cases would have required eruptions of much more gas than is known in any gasfield anywhere. * The water in mud volcanoes in some instances carries such substances as [[iodine]], [[bromine]] and [[boron]] that could not have been derived from local sediments, and that exceed the concentrations in seawater one hundredfold. * Mud volcanoes are often associated with lava volcanoes, and the typical relationship is that where they are close, the mud volcanoes emit incombustible gases, while the ones further away emit methane. * He knew of the occurrence of oil in basement rocks of the Kola Peninsula, and of the surface seeps of oil in the [[Siljan (lake)|Siljan Ring]] formation of central [[Sweden]]. He noted as mentioned above that the enormous quantities of hydrocarbons in the Athabasca [[tar sands]] in Canada would have required vast amounts of source rocks for their generation in the conventional discussion, when in fact no source rocks have been found. === Selected publications === * Kudryavtsev N.A., 1959. Geological proof of the deep origin of Petroleum. Trudy ''Vsesoyuz. Neftyan. Nauch. Issledovatel Geologoraz Vedoch. Inst.'' No.132, pp. 242-262 (In Russian) * Outlook of the West Siberian petroleum potential. Kudryavtsev N.A., Ed. - Moscow and Leningrad, GosGeolIzdat. - 307 p. (in Russian) * Kudryavtsev N.A., 1951. Against the organic hypotesis of oil origin. Oil Economy Jour. [Neftyanoe khoziaystvo], no. 9. - pp. 17-29 (in Russian) * Kudryavtsev N.A., 1955. Recent state of the origin of petroleum problem. ''In'': Discission on the problem of oil origin and migration. - Kiev, Ukrainian SSR Ac. Sci. Publ. - p. 38-89 (in Russian) * Kudryavtsev N.A., 1959. Oil, gas, and solid bitumens in the igneous and metamorphic rocks. VNIGRI Proc. no. 142. - Leningrad, GosTopTechIzdat Publ. - 278 p. (in Russian) * Kudryavtsev N.A., 1963. Deep Faults and Oil Deposits. - Leningrad, GosTopTekhIzdat. – 220 p. (in Russian) * Kudryavtsev N.A., 1964. Factors governing distribution of oil and gas fields in the Earth's crust. ''In'': Petroleum Geology [Geologiya nefti]. Papers of XXII Geological Congress presented by Soviet geologists. - Nedra Press (in Russian) * Kudryavtsev N.A., 1966. On haloid metasomatism. ''In'': Problems of oil origin. Porfiriev V.B., Ed. - Kiev, Naukova Dumka Publ. - pp. 144-173 (in Russian) * Kudryavtsev N.A., 1967. Closing speech. ''In'': Proc. Conference on Distribution regularities and formation conditions for oil and gas fields in the West Siberia Plain. - Moscow, Nedra Press. - pp. 246-249. (in Russian) * Kudryavtsev N.A., 1973. Genesis of oil and gas. - Leningrad, Nedra Press. - 216 p. (in Russian) ==See also== * [[Abiogenic petroleum origin]] ==External links== *http://www.gasresources.net/Introduction.htm {{DEFAULTSORT:Kudryavtsev, Nikolai}} [[Category:Russian geologists]] [[Category:Soviet geologists]] [[Category:1893 births]] [[Category:1971 deaths]] [[pt:Nikolai Alexandrovitch Kudryavtsev]]