Nitra
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2008-07-10T14:46:45Z
AlleborgoBot
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robot Modifying: [[it:Nitra]]
:''If you were looking for a chemical, see [[nitre]] or [[nitro]].''
{{Geobox | Settlement
<!-- ** * Heading ** * -->
| name = Nitra
| category = City
<!-- ** * Image ** * -->
| image = Nitra view from above.jpg
| image_caption =
<!-- ** * Symbols *** -->
| flag =
| symbol = Nitra CoA.svg
| symbol_type = Coat of arms
<!-- *** Name *** -->
| etymology =
| official_name =
| motto =
| nickname =
<!-- *** Country etc. *** -->
| country = Slovakia
| country_flag = 1
| state =
| region = [[Nitra Region|Nitra]]
| district = [[Nitra District|Nitra]]
| commune =
| municipality =
<!-- *** Family *** -->
| part =
| river = Nitra River
<!-- *** Locations *** -->
| location =
| elevation = 190
| lat_d = 48
| lat_m = 18
| lat_s = 25
| lat_NS = N
| long_d = 18
| long_m = 05
| long_s = 11
| long_EW = E
| coordinates_type = region:SK_type:city
| highest =
| highest_elevation = 587
| highest_lat_d =
| highest_long_d =
| lowest =
| lowest_elevation = 138
| lowest_lat_d =
| lowest_long_d =
<!-- *** Dimensions *** -->
| area = 100.48
| area_round = 2
<!-- *** Population *** -->
| population = 84800
| population_date = 2006-12-31
| population_density = auto
<!-- *** History & management *** -->
| established = 828
| established_type = First mentioned
| mayor = Jozef Dvonč
<!-- *** Codes *** -->
| timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset = +1
| timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset_DST = +2
| postal_code = 949 01
| area_code = +421-37
| code = NR
| code_type = [[Slovak car registration plates|Car plate]]
<!-- *** Free fields *** -->
| free =
<!-- *** Maps *** -->
| map = Slovakia - outline map.svg
| map_background = Slovakia - background map.png
| map_caption = Location in Slovakia
| map_locator = Slovakia
| map1 = Nitra Region - outline map.svg
| map1_background = Nitra Region - background map.png
| map1_caption = Location the Nitra Region
| map1_locator = Nitra Region
| map1_size = 192
<!-- *** Websites *** -->
| commons = Nitra
| statistics = [http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/prvav2.jsp?txtUroven=420403&lstObec=500011&Okruh=zaklad MOŠ/MIS]
| website = [http://www.nitra.sk www.nitra.sk]
<!-- *** Footnotes *** -->
| footnotes =
<!-- Processed by Geoboxer 3.0 on 2007-10-27T16:28:18+02:00 --> }}
'''Nitra''' ({{Audio|Nitra.ogg|pronunciation}}; {{lang-de|Neutra}} ({{Audio|De-Neutra.ogg|pronunciation}}); {{lang-hu|Nyitra}} / ''Nyitria'' [archaic]) is a city in western [[Slovakia]], situated at the foot of [[Zobor]] Mountain in the [[Nitra River]] valley. With a population of 85,000, it is the fifth largest city in Slovakia. Nitra is also one of the oldest cities in Slovakia and the country's earliest political and cultural center. Today, it is a seat of a ''[[Regions of Slovakia|kraj]]'' ([[Nitra Region]]) and an ''[[Districts of Slovakia|okres]]'' ([[Nitra District]]).
==History==
Inhabited for 6,000 years,<ref>[http://eng.nitra.sk/?id_menu=5654&firmy_slovenska_flag=0 History of Nitra from the municipal website]</ref> Nitra has been a city of extraordinary historic importance. A large [[Celt]]ic settlement was founded in the 4th century BCE in the locality Martinský vrch. Nitra is later (396 CE) mentioned in connection to the Germanic tribe of [[Quadi]], as their possible capital.
The first [[Slavic peoples|Slavs]] arrived in the 5th century. Nitra became the capital of the [[Principality of Nitra]], the oldest known independent state in the present-day Slovakia. The first known Christian church built by the Western or Eastern Slavs was consecrated in 828 at the seat of the ruling prince [[Pribina]], and in the same year the town was first mentioned as ''Nitrawa''.<ref>Lacika, "Nitra and its environs", p. 21</ref> In 833, Pribina was ousted from Nitra by the Moravian prince [[Mojmír I]] and both principalities were united into the early medieval empire of [[Great Moravia]]. The Principality of Nitra was usually given to the heir of the Great Moravian throne as an appanage. But the practice eventually threatened unity of Great Moravia. Using rich resources of Nitra, both Prince [[Svätopluk I]] and Prince [[Svätopluk II]] revolted against their formal sovereigns. The level of autonomy they enjoyed was considerable, as documented by the Papal correspondence, addressing Svätopluk I of Nitra in the same way as two contemporaneous rulers of independent countries ([[Rastislav]] of Great Moravia, and [[Koceľ]] of the [[Balaton Principality]]).
The city reached its height during the reign of Svätopluk I, who was the prince of Nitra from the 850s to 871 and then the king of Great Moravia until 894. The first known Christian [[bishopric]] in Slovakia was established in Nitra in 880 (with [[Wiching]] as the bishop) and the first monastery in Slovakia was built on the Zobor Mountain during 880–881. During Svätopluk's rule, Nitra consisted of five large fortified settlements and twenty specialized craftsmen's villages, making it a real metropolis of its times. Several churches, for example in the [[Nitra Castle]], Párovce, Nitrianska Blatnica, Lupka, Zobor, and [[Kostoľany pod Tribečom]] existed in and around today's Nitra during the 9th and 10th centuries. Located beyond the city limits are the Great Moravian settlements of Chrenová, Lupka, [[Branč]], [[Vráble]] and [[Zlaté Moravce]].
After the break-up of Great Moravia in 906/907, Nitra was conquered by a [[Magyars|Magyar]] chieftain [[Lehel]] around 925. The Great Moravian appanage system was adopted by the [[Árpád dynasty]] of the newly established [[Kingdom of Hungary]]. As with much of the present-day Slovakia, Nitra was conquered by the Polish king [[Boleslaus I of Poland|Boleslaus I]] in 1001 and stayed as part of Poland until 1030. As the seat of heir of the dynasty, Nitra kept its autonomous status until 1108. Even after the abolishment of the principality, Nitra remained the capital of the [[Nyitra county|Nitra county]] and a seat of a bishop (since 1110). The town survived the [[Battle of Mohi|invasion of Mongols]] in 1241. In 1248, [[Béla IV]] gave Nitra the privileges of a free royal town. However, the privileges lasted only for 40 years and became a landlord's town. During the course of time, Nitra was controlled by [[Matthew Csák]] in the early 14th century, was affected by insurrections against [[Sigismund of Luxembourg]] and was a target of [[Hussite]] attacks in the 15th century.<ref>Lacika, "Nitra and its environs", pp. 31–32</ref> After the Hungarian defeat at the [[Battle of Mohács]] in 1526 and subsequent Ottoman advances into the Hungarian territory, Nitra was under threat of Ottoman attacks. They failed to capture three times, before they conquered by it in 1663 and became center of the Litra [[sanjak]], which bounded to [[Nové Zámky|Uyvar]] eyalet. The town was reconquered in 1685.<ref>Lacika, "Nitra and its environs", pp. 33–35</ref> The town was also affected by anti-Habsburg uprisings, from [[Stephen Bocskay]] and [[Gabriel Bethlen]] uprisings in the 17th century to the [[Kuruc]] uprisings from 1703 to 1711, and the town burned out in 1708 as a result of fights.<ref>Lacika, "Nitra and its environs", pp. 34–36</ref> It was renovated in the 18th century in the [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]] style. As a consequence of the [[Revolutions of 1848]] and related events, Nitra got its own independent self-government for the first time since 1288 and wasn't dependent on the [[Diocese of Nitra]] and its bishops.<ref>Lacika, "Nitra and its environs", p. 37</ref> Until then an agricultural and handicraft town, Nitra also started to industrialize. Until World War I, distillery, agricultural machines factory, brewery, dairy and other works were established. The first indirect connection to a railway was a road built in 1850 to the closest station in [[Trnovec nad Váhom]].<ref>Lacika, "Nitra and its environs", pp. 39–40</ref> The railway finally arrived to Nitra in 1876, when a connection from [[Šurany]] was built. Later, lines were built to [[Topoľčany]], [[Hlohovec]] and [[Nové Zámky]]. As a part of [[Magyarization]], Nitra was from 1883 to 1919 seat of the Upper Hungarian Teaching Association (FEMKE), a government-sponsored association whose main goal was to apply Magyarization policies on Slovaks.
After [[World War I]] and disintegration of [[Austria-Hungary]], the [[Czechoslovak Legions]] occupied the town on 10 December 1918 and became part of [[Czechoslovakia]]. Nitra continued to be the seat of the Nitra county, until it was dissolved in 1928. After break-up of Czechoslovakia, Nitra became a part of the [[First Slovak Republic]] and became again a seat of Nitra county until 1945, when it was conquered by the Soviet [[Red Army]] and Czechoslovakia was restored. The Communist period from 1948 to 1989 was marked by extensive growth, building of house estates and annexing of formerly independent villages. After the [[Velvet Revolution]] of 1989 and [[dissolution of Czechoslovakia]], Nitra became part of newly established Slovakia and became a seat of the [[Nitra Region]] in 1996.
==Geography==
Nitra lies at an altitude of {{convert|190|m|ft|0}} [[above mean sea level|above sea level]] and covers an area of {{convert|100.48|km2|sqmi|1|lk=on}}.<ref name="statistics">{{cite web | title = Municipal Statistics | publisher = Statistical Office of the Slovak republic | date = | url = http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html | accessdate = 2007-05-03}}</ref> It is located in the [[Nitra River]] valley in the [[Danubian Lowland]], where the bigger part of the city is located. A smaller part is located at the southernmost reaches of the [[Tribeč]] mountains, more precisely at the foothill of the Zobor mountain (587 m). It is around half-way between Slovak capital [[Bratislava]], {{convert|92|km|mi|0}} away and central Slovak city of [[Banská Bystrica]], {{convert|118|km|mi|0}} away. Other towns in the surroundings include [[Trnava]] to the west (53 km), [[Topoľčany]] to the north (35 km), [[Levice]] to the east (42 km), and [[Nové Zámky]] (37 km) and [[Komárno]] (71 km) to the south. A national natural reservation called ''Zoborská lesostep'' is located within the city's boundaries.
===Climate===
Nitra lies in the [[Temperate|north temperate zone]] and has a [[continental climate]] with four distinct seasons. It is characterized by a significant variation between hot summers and cold, snowy winters. The city is located in the warmest and driest part of Slovakia.
{{-}}
{{Infobox Weather
|metric_first= Yes
|single_line= Yes
|location = Nitra
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|source =MSN Weather<ref name=msn>{{cite web
| url = http://weather.msn.com/monthly_averages.aspx?&wealocations=wc%3a23446&setunit=C | title = Monthly Averages for Nitra, Slovakia | accessdate = 21 January | accessyear = 2008
| publisher = MSN }}</ref>
|accessdate = 2008-01-21}}
==Demographics==
[[Image:View from Castle.JPG|thumb|right|View from the south side of Tte Nitra Castle (in focus 3 church steeples)]]
Nitra has a population of 85,172 (as of December 31, 2005). According to the 2001 [[census]], 95.4% of inhabitants were [[Slovaks]], 1.7% [[Hungarians]], 0.9% [[Czechs]], and 0.4%
[[Roma people|Roma]]. The religious make-up was 74.2% [[Roman Catholics]], 17.2% people with no religious affiliation, and 2.8% [[Lutherans]].<ref name="statistics"/>
==Economy==
Nitra is the seat of the Nitra Region, which is an agricultural region. Food (brewery), mechanical and furniture industries are based in the city.<ref name='urbanaudit'>{{cite web|url=http://www.urbanaudit.org/CityProfiles.aspx |title=Urban Audit |accessdate=2007-12-14}}</ref> [[GDP per capita]] in 2001 was [[Euro|€]]3,643, which was below Slovakia's average (€4,400).<ref name='urbanaudit'/>
The city plans to have in 2008 a balanced budget of 1.1 billion [[Slovak koruna]]s (almost €34 million as of March 2008).<ref name="budget">{{cite web|url=http://www.msunitra.sk/download_file_f.php?id=34979|title=Rozpočet mesta Nitry na rok 2008 v programovej štruktúre|accessdate=2008-03-23|format=doc|publisher=Mestský úrad Nitra|language=Slovak}}</ref>
==Landmarks==
[[Image:Grand Seminary.JPG|thumb|right|The Grand Seminary at Pribina's Square]]
Notable religious structures located in Nitra are the [[St. Emmeram Cathedral]], a [[Piarists|Piarist]] church, a [[Roman Catholic]] religious congregation founded by [[Joseph Calasanctius|Saint Joseph Calasanctius]] and a monastery founded in [[1701]]. The monastery church was completed in [[1716]], but was later destroyed by a fire and remodelled from [[1742]]-[[1748]] in [[baroque]] style. Two towers were also added onto the church. The interior was renovated in [[1940]] and three modern [[fresco]]s depicting themes from Slovak history of Nitra were created.
The old town (Staré Mesto) is dominated by a castle (''Hrad''), which is one of the most interesting ancient complexes of buildings in Slovakia. Archeological findings in the past decades indicate that a large fortified castle had already stood here at the time of [[Samo]]'s Empire, in the seventh century. Recent archeological findings prove the existence of a church from the ninth century beneath the younger, Gothic St. Emmeram Cathedral. The construction of the stone castle began during the 9th century during the reign of the Prince of Nitra Svätopluk. The castle currently serves as the seat of one of [[Diocese of Nitra|Roman-Catholic bishoprics in Slovakia]], which was founded in 880 as the first bishopric of western and eastern Slavs, ceased to exist in the 10th century and was refounded around 1110.
The [[Dražovce church]] is a remarkable example of the early [[Romanesque architecture]].
The most powerful medium wave transmitter of Slovakia, running on 1098 kHz, was situated in Nitra at [[Velke Kostolany transmitter|Velke Kostolany]] until recently. This transmitter could broadcast throughout all of Europe at night. Since 2003, however, it has operated on lower output to save energy cost, and has transmitted regional programming only.
The Virgin Mary's mission house (Calvary) was built in 1765 for Spanish order of Nazarens. They had to take care of the church and nomands. Later, the building served as orphanage. In 1878-85 this building was rebuilt into novoromanesque style and in 1925 one new floor was added to the building. The building as we know it today is a work of slovak architecture M. M. Harminec. Nowadays the whole building is mission house of [http://www.svd.sk/index.html The Divine Word Society]. There is a mission museum in this building.<br />
[https://www.st.fmph.uniba.sk/~candrakova1/indexEN.html 3D model of the building]
==Government==
[[Image:Svatopluks Square.JPG|thumb|right|Svätopluk's Square and the Nitra Museum with a large exhibition of Great Moravian artifacts]]
The city is governed by a [[mayor]] ({{lang-sk|primátor}}) and a [[city council]] (Slovak: ''mestské zastupiteľstvo''). The mayor is the head of the city and its chief executive. The term of office is for four years. The current mayor, [[Jozef Dvonč]], won the municipal election in 2006 and is supported by these political parties: [[Direction – Social Democracy|Smer-SD]], [[Christian Democratic Movement|KDH]], [[Slovak National Party|SNS]], [[Free Forum|SF]] and [[Movement for Democracy (Slovakia)|HZD]]. The city council is the legislative body, with 31 councillors.<ref name='urbanaudit'/>
The city is divided into 13 urban districts (boroughs): ''Dolné Krškany'', ''Horné Krškany'', ''Staré Mesto'', ''Čermáň'', ''Klokočina'', ''Diely'', ''Párovské Háje'', ''Kynek'', ''Mlynárce'', ''Zobor'', ''Dražovce'', ''Chrenová'' and ''Janíkovce''.
==Education==
[[Image:Pribinas Square.JPG|thumb|right|Pribina's Square]]
Nitra is the seat of two universities: [[University of Constantinus the Philosopher]], with 13,684 students, including 446 doctoral students.<ref name='uips17'>{{cite web|url=http://www.uips.sk/statis/pdf/VS_P17.PDF |title=Univerzita Konštantína Filozofa |accessdate=2008-02-21 |format=PDF |publisher=Ústav informácií a prognóz školstva |language=Slovak}}</ref> and of the [[Slovak University of Agriculture]], with 10,297 students, including 430 doctoral students.<ref name='uips41'>{{cite web|url=http://www.uips.sk/statis/pdf/VS_P41.PDF |title=Slovenská poľnohospodárska univerzita |accessdate=2008-02-21 |format=PDF |publisher=Ústav informácií a prognóz školstva |language=Slovak}}</ref>. The city's system of primary education consists of 14 public schools and three religious primary schools, enrolling in overall 6,945 pupils.<ref name='uips'>{{cite web | title=Prehľad základných škôl v školskom roku 2006/2007 | date= 2006 | publisher=Ústav informácií a prognóz školstva | url =http://www.uips.sk/statis/pdf/ZS_P4.PDF | accessdate = 2008-02-21 | language = Slovak}}</ref> Secondary education is represented by five gymnasia with 3,349 students,<ref name='uips2'> {{cite web|url=http://www.uips.sk/statis/pdf/GYM_P4.PDF |title=Prehľad gymnázií v školskom roku 2006/2007 |accessdate=2008-02-21 |format=PDF |publisher=Ústav informácií a prognóz školstva |language=Slovak}}</ref>, 8 specialized high schools with 3,641 students,<ref name='uips3'> {{cite web|url=http://www.uips.sk/statis/pdf/SOS_P4.PDF |title=Prehľad stredných odborných škôl v školskom roku 2006/2007 |accessdate=2008-02-21 |format=PDF |publisher=Ústav informácií a prognóz školstva |language=Slovak }}</ref> and 5 vocational schools with 3,054 students.<ref name='uips4'> {{cite web|url=http://www.uips.sk/statis/pdf/ZSS_P4.PDF |title=Prehľad združených stredných škôl v školskom roku 2006/2007 |accessdate=2008-02-21 |format=PDF |publisher=Ústav informácií a prognóz školstva |language=Slovak }}</ref><ref name='uips5'> {{cite web|url=http://www.uips.sk/statis/pdf/SOU_P4.PDF |title=Prehľad stredných odborných učilíšť a učilíšť v školskom roku 2006/2007 |accessdate=2008-02-21 |format=PDF |publisher=Ústav informácií a prognóz školstva |language=Slovak }}</ref>
==Transport==
[[Image:Sts. Cyril and Methodius Statue.JPG|thumb|right|The statue of [[Sts. Cyril and Methodius]] at the foot of the Nitra Castle]]
Nitra is connected to Trnava and Bratislava by a fast expressway ([[Motorroad R1 (Slovakia)|E58]]). There are also first-class road connections to Topoľčany, [[Zlaté Moravce]] (labelled as "Highway of Death")<ref>{{cite web | publisher = Spectacular Slovakia | url = http://travel.spectator.sk/ss2006/03_nitra.html | title = Nitra: Under the giant’s shoulders | date = 2007 | accessdate = 2008-03-24}}</ref>, [[Vráble]] and Nové Zámky. A planned bypass in direction to Banská Bystrica is planned to be completed by 2010.<ref>{{cite web | publisher = highways.sk | url = http://www.highways.sk/express/expressways.html | title = Rýchlostné cesty (Expressways) | author = Ján Gana | date = 2008 | accessdate = 2008-03-24 | language = Slovak}}</ref> The railway track from Nové Zámky/Šurany to [[Prievidza]] crosses the city, but it isn't one of the main tracks. There is a junction bit north of the town, connecting it with [[Leopoldov]], Topoľčany and [[Radošina]]. The closest international airport is the [[Bratislava Airport]].
Local public transport is based on buses with 30 lines, covering the whole city, as well as extending to the neighbouring municipalities of [[Lužianky]], [[Nitrianske Hrnčiarovce]], [[Štitáre]], [[Ivanka pri Nitre]] and [[Branč]] (as of March 2008).<ref>{{cite web | publisher = imhd.sk | url = http://www.imhd.sk/nr/index.php?w=f230212d372f2833ef3930212dea&m=262927eef0f1f3f0f8f0f0f2ef34252933 | title = Public transport in Nitra | date = 2008 | accessdate = 2008-03-24}}</ref>
There was a chairlift leading to the Zobor hill, however, it is closed since 1994.
==Famous people==
[[Image:Crowning Svätopluk as Prince of Nitra.JPG|thumb|right|Coronation of Svätopluk as Prince of Nitra at a medieval festival ''Nitra, milá Nitra'']]
* [[Béla I of Hungary]] (?-1063), Duke of Nitra, [[Kingdom of Hungary|King of Hungary]]
* [[Saint Bystrík]] (?-1046), Bishop of Nitra
* [[Vilmos Fraknói]] ([[1843]]-[[1924]]), Hungarian historian
* [[Oszkar Grosz]] ([[1896]]-[[1968]]), Shipowner in England
* [[Koceľ]], Prince of the [[Balaton Principality]]
* [[Juraj Kolník]] (1980-), ice hockey player
* [[Anton Lehmden]] (1929-), painter, draughtsman, and printmaker
* [[Branislav Mezei]] (1980-), ice hockey player
* [[Ľubomír Moravčík]] (1965-), football player
* [[Zita Pleštinská]], maiden name Kányaiová (1961-), member of the [[European Parliament]]
* [[Pribina]] (?-861), Prince of the [[Principality of Nitra|Nitra]] and Balaton principalities
* [[Boris Valabik]](1986-), ice hockey player
* [[Štefan Ružička]](1985-), ice hockey player
* [[Jozef Stümpel]] (1972-), ice hockey player
* [[Svatopluk I]] (830 - 894), Prince of Nitra, King of [[Great Moravia]]
* [[Svatopluk II]], Prince of Nitra
* [[János Bottyán]] (1643-1709), [[Hungarian]] [[kuruc]] general
* [[Ottokár Prohászka]] (1858-1927), Hungarian Roman Catholic theologian and [[Bishop]] of [[Székesfehérvár]]
==Sister cities==
* {{flagicon|Serbia}}[[Bački Petrovac]], [[Serbia]]
* {{flagicon|Czech Republic}}[[České Budějovice]], [[Czech Republic]]
* {{flagicon|Australia}}[[Gosford, New South Wales]], [[Australia]]
* {{flagicon|Czech Republic}}[[Kroměříž]], [[Czech Republic]]
* {{flagicon|USA}}[[Naperville, Illinois]], [[USA]]
* {{flagicon|Croatia}}[[Osijek]], [[Croatia]]
* {{flagicon|Slovakia}}[[Spišská Nová Ves]], [[Slovakia]]
* {{flagicon|Poland}}[[Zielona Góra]], [[Poland]]
* {{flagicon|Netherlands}}[[Zoetermeer]], [[Netherlands]]
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
===Literature===
*{{cite book
| last = Lacika
| first = Ján
| title = Nitra and its environs
| edition = 1st ed.
| series = Visiting Slovakia
| year = 2003
| publisher = [http://www.dajama.sk Dajama]
| location = Bratislava, Slovakia
| language = English
| isbn = 80-88975-53-0
}}
==External links==
* [http://www.nitra.sk Nitra.sk] – Official Website
* [http://www.panoramy.net/index.php?cat=4&lang=english Panoramic photo gallery of Nitra]
* [http://www.yesterdays.sk/kategorie.php?id=49 Historical photos of Nitra]
* [http://www.nitralive.sk Development news, photos, shopping centers]
{{Nitra District}}
[[Category:Cities and towns in Slovakia]]
[[Category:Great Moravia]]
[[Category:Nitra|!]]
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