Nobel Prize in Chemistry 21660 226065789 2008-07-16T17:56:05Z Jarszick 1107800 [[Image:Vant Hoff.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff]] (1852 – 1911) was the first person to receive the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, for his discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and [[osmotic pressure]] in solutions.]] The '''Nobel Prize in Chemistry''' ([[Swedish language|Swedish]]: ''Nobelpriset i kemi'') is awarded once a year by the [[Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]]. It is one of the five [[Nobel Prize]]s established by the will of [[Alfred Nobel]] in 1895, awarded for outstanding contributions in [[physics]], [[chemistry]], [[literature]], [[peace]], and [[physiology]] or [[medicine]] since 1901. This award is administered by the [[Nobel Foundation]] and widely regarded as the most prestigious award that a scientist in the various fields of chemistry can receive. The first Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded in 1901 to [[Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff]], of the [[NLD|Netherlands]], "for his discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and [[osmotic pressure]] in solutions." The award is presented in [[Stockholm]] at an annual ceremony on December 10, the [[anniversary]] of Nobel's death. In 2007 the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to [[Gerhard Ertl]] (of [[Germany]]) "for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces"; he was awarded the prize amount of 10,000,000 [[Swedish krona|SEK]] (slightly more than [[Euro|€]]1&nbsp;million, or [[United States dollar|US$]]1.4&nbsp;million). ==Award ceremony== {{main|Nobel Prize}} The committee and institution serving as the selection board for the prize typically announce the names of the laureates in October. The prize is then awarded at formal ceremonies held annually on [[December 10]], the anniversary of [[Alfred Nobel]]'s death. "The highlight of the Nobel Prize Award Ceremony in Stockholm is when each Nobel Laureate steps forward to receive the prize from the hands of His Majesty the King of Sweden. ... Under the eyes of a watching world, the Nobel Laureate receives three things: a diploma, a medal and a document confirming the prize amount" ("What the Nobel Laureates Receive"). Later the ''Nobel Banquet'' is held in [[Stockholm City Hall]]. A maximum of three laureates and two different works may be selected. The award can be given to a maximum of three recipients per year. It consists of a gold medal, a diploma, and a cash grant. The grant is currently approximately 10&nbsp;million&nbsp;[[Swedish krona|SEK]], slightly more than [[Euro|€]]1&nbsp;million ([[United States dollar|US$]]1.4&nbsp;million). ==Nomination and selection== {{main|Nobel Prize}} Compared with some other prizes, the Nobel Prize nomination and selection process is long and rigorous, a key reason why it has become the most important prize in chemistry. The [[Nobel Laureate]]s in chemistry are selected by a committee that consists of five members elected by [[The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]]. In its first stage, several thousand people are asked to nominate candidates. These names are scrutinized and discussed by experts until only the winners remain. This slow and thorough process, insisted upon by [[Alfred Nobel]], is arguably what gives the prize its importance. Forms, which amount to a personal and exclusive invitation, are sent to about three thousand selected individuals to invite them to submit nominations. The names of the nominees are never publicly announced, and neither are they told that they have been considered for the Prize. Nomination records are sealed for fifty years. In practice some nominees do become known. It is also common for publicists to make such a claim, founded or not. The nominations are screened by committee, and a list is produced of approximately two hundred preliminary candidates. This list is forwarded to selected experts in the field. They remove all but approximately fifteen names. The committee submits a report with recommendations to the appropriate institution. While posthumous nominations are not permitted, awards can occur if the individual died in the months between the nomination and the decision of the prize committee. The award in chemistry require that the significance of achievements being recognized is "tested by time." In practice it means that the lag between the discovery and the award is typically on the order of 20 years and can be much longer. As a downside of this approach, not all scientists live long enough for their work to be recognized. Some important scientific discoveries are never considered for a Prize, as the discoverers may have died by the time the impact of their work is realized. ==List of Laureates== The following chart is assembled from the official list on the website of the Nobel Foundation ("All Nobel Laureates in Chemistry"). {| class="wikitable" |- bgcolor="#cccccc" !Year ! style="width:23%" |Name ! style="width:18%" |Country !Citation |- |1901 |[[Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff]] |[[Netherlands]] |"for his discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and [[osmotic pressure]] in solutions" |- |1902 |[[Hermann Emil Fischer]] |[[Germany]] |"for his work on [[sugar]] and [[purine]] syntheses" |- |1903 |[[Svante Arrhenius|Svante August Arrhenius]] |[[Sweden]] |"for his [[Electrolyte|electrolytic]] theory of dissociation" |- |1904 |Sir [[William Ramsay]] |[[United Kingdom]] |"for his discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system" |- |1905 |[[Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer]] |[[Germany]] |"for his work on organic dyes and hydro[[aromatic]] compounds" |- |1906 |[[Henri Moissan]] |[[France]] |"for his investigation and isolation of the element [[fluorine]], and for the electric furnace named after him" |- |1907 |[[Eduard Buchner]] |[[Germany]] |"for his biochemical research and his discovery of cell-free [[fermentation (biochemistry)|fermentation]]" |- |1908 |[[Ernest Rutherford]] |[[New Zealand]]<br />[[United Kingdom]] |"for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of [[radioactivity|radioactive substances]]" |- |1909 |[[Wilhelm Ostwald]] |[[Germany]] |"his work on [[catalysis]] and for his investigations into [[chemical equilibrium|chemical equilibria]] and rates of [[chemical reaction|reaction]]" |- |1910 |[[Otto Wallach]] |[[Germany]] |"for his work in the field of [[alicyclic compound]]s" |- |1911 |[[Marie Curie|Maria Skłodowska-Curie]] |[[Poland]]<br />[[France]] |"for her discovery of [[radium]] and [[polonium]] " |- |rowspan=2|1912 |[[Victor Grignard]] |[[berlin]] |"for his the discovery of the [[Grignard reagent]]" |- |[[Paul Sabatier (chemist)|Paul Sabatier]] |[[France]] |"for his method of [[hydrogenation|hydrogenating]] organic compounds" |- |1913 |[[Alfred Werner]] |[[Switzerland]] |"for his work on the linkage of atoms in [[molecule]]s" |- |1914 |[[Theodore William Richards]] |[[United States of America]] |"for his determinations of the [[atomic weight]] of a large number of elements" |- |1915 |[[Richard Martin Willstätter]] |[[Germany]] |"for his research on plant [[pigment]]s" |- |1916 | ''no award'' | | |- |1917 | ''no award'' | | |- |1918 |[[Fritz Haber]] |[[Germany]] |"for his synthesis of [[ammonia]]" |- |1919 | ''no award'' | | |- |1920 |[[Walther Hermann Nernst]] |[[Germany]] |"for his work in [[thermodynamics|thermochemistry]]" |- |1921 |[[Frederick Soddy]] |[[United Kingdom]] |"for his work on the chemistry of radioactive substances and investigations into [[Radionuclide|isotopes]]" |- |1922 |[[Francis William Aston]] |[[United Kingdom]] |"for his discovery of [[Stable isotope|isotopes]] in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his whole-number rule" |- |1923 |[[Fritz Pregl]] |[[Austria]] |"for his invention of the method of [[microanalysis|micro-analysis]] of organic substances" |- |1925 |[[Richard Adolf Zsigmondy]] |[[Germany]] |"for his demonstration of the heterogeneous nature of [[colloid]] solutions and the methods used" |- |1926 |[[Theodor Svedberg]] |[[Sweden]] |"for his work on [[colloid|disperse systems]]" |- |1927 |[[Heinrich Otto Wieland]] |[[Germany]] |"for his investigations of the [[bile acid]]s and related substances" |- |1928 |[[Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus]] |[[Germany]] |"for his research into [[sterol]]s and their connection with [[vitamin]]s" |- |1929 |[[Arthur Harden]]<br />[[Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin]] |[[United Kingdom]]<br />[[Sweden]] |"for their investigations on the [[Fermentation (biochemistry)|fermentation]] of sugar and fermentative [[enzyme]]s" |- |1930 |[[Hans Fischer]] |[[Germany]] |"for his research into [[haemin]] and [[chlorophyll]]" |- |1931 |[[Carl Bosch]]<br />[[Friedrich Bergius]] |[[Germany]]<br />[[Germany]] |"for their contributions to chemical [[high pressure]] methods" |- |1932 |[[Irving Langmuir]] |[[United States]] |"for his work in [[surface chemistry]]" |- |1934 |[[Harold Clayton Urey]] |[[United States]] |"for his discovery of [[deuterium|heavy hydrogen]]" |- |1935 |[[Frédéric Joliot]]<br />[[Irene Joliot-Curie]] |[[France]]<br />[[France]] |"for their synthesis of new [[radionuclide|radioactive]] elements" |- |1936 |[[Peter Debye|Petrus (Peter) Josephus Wilhelmus Debye]] |[[Netherlands]] |"for his work on molecular structure through investigations on [[dipole]] moments and the [[X-ray crystallography| diffraction of X-rays]] and electrons in gases" |- |rowspan=2|1937 |[[Walter Norman Haworth]] |[[United Kingdom]] |"for his work on [[carbohydrate]]s and [[vitamin C]]" |- |[[Paul Karrer]] |[[Switzerland]] |"for his work on [[carotenoid]]s, [[flavin]]s and vitamins [[vitamin A|A]] and [[Riboflavin|B2]]" |- |1938 |[[Richard Kuhn]] |[[Germany]] |"for his work on [[carotenoid]]s and [[vitamin]]s" |- |rowspan=2|1939 |[[Adolf Butenandt]] |[[Germany]] |"for his work on [[sex hormone]]s" |- |[[Lavoslav Ružička|Leopold Ružička]] |[[Croatia]] / [[Switzerland]] |"for his work on polymethylenes and higher [[terpene]]s" |- |1940 | ''no award'' | | |- |1941 | ''no award'' | | |- |1942 | ''no award'' | | |- |1943 |[[George de Hevesy]] |[[Hungary]] |"for his work on the use of isotopes as [[radioactive tracer|tracers]] to study chemical processes" |- |1944 |[[Otto Hahn]] |[[Germany]] |"for his discovery of the [[nuclear fission|fission]] of heavy [[Atomic nucleus|nuclei]]" |- |1945 |[[Artturi Ilmari Virtanen]] |[[Finland]] |"for his research and inventions in [[Agricultural chemistry|agricultural]] and [[nutrition]] chemistry, especially for his [[fodder]] preservation method" |- |rowspan=2|1946 |[[James Batcheller Sumner]] |[[United States]] |"for his discovery that [[enzyme]]s can be crystallized" |- |[[John Howard Northrop]]<br />[[Wendell Meredith Stanley]] |[[United States]]<br />[[United States]] |"for their preparation of enzymes and [[molecular virology|virus proteins]] in a pure form" |- |1947 |[[Sir Robert Robinson]] |[[United Kingdom]] |"for his investigations on plant products, especially the [[alkaloid]]s" |- |1948 |[[Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius]] |[[Sweden]] |"for his research on [[electrophoresis]] and adsorption analysis" |- |1949 |[[William Francis Giauque]] |[[United States]] |"for his contributions in the field of [[Thermochemistry|chemical thermodynamics]]" |- |1950 |[[Otto Diels|Otto Paul Hermann Diels]]<br />[[Kurt Alder]] |[[West Germany]]<br />[[West Germany]] |"for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis. [[Diels-Alder reaction]]." |- |1951 |[[Edwin Mattison McMillan]]<br />[[Glenn T. Seaborg|Glenn Theodore Seaborg]] |[[United States]]<br />[[United States]] |"for their discoveries in the chemistry of [[transuranium elements]]" |- |1952 |[[Archer John Porter Martin]]<br />[[Richard Laurence Millington Synge]] |[[United Kingdom]]<br />[[United Kingdom]] |"for their invention of partition [[chromatography]]" |- |1953 |[[Hermann Staudinger]] |[[West Germany]] |"for his discoveries in the field of [[macromolecular chemistry]]" |- |1954 |[[Linus Pauling|Linus Carl Pauling]] |[[United States]] |"for his research into the nature of the [[chemical bond]]" |- |1955 |[[Vincent du Vigneaud]] |[[United States]] |"for his work on [[sulfur|sulphur]] compounds, especially the first synthesis of a [[polypeptide]] [[hormone]]" |- |1956 |Sir [[Cyril Norman Hinshelwood]]<br />[[Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov]] (Никола́й Никола́евич Семёнов) |[[United Kingdom]]<br />[[Soviet Union]] |"for their research into the mechanism of [[chemical reaction]]s" |- |1957 |[[Alexander R. Todd, Baron Todd|Sir Alexander Todd]] |[[United Kingdom]] |"for his work on [[nucleotide]]s and nucleotide [[co-enzyme]]s" |- |1958 |[[Frederick Sanger]] |[[United Kingdom]] |"for his work on the [[primary structure|structure]] of proteins, especially [[insulin]]" |- |1959 | [[Jaroslav Heyrovský]] | [[Czechoslovakia]] |"for his discovery and development of the [[polarography|polarographic]] methods of analysis" |- |1960 |[[Willard Libby|Willard Frank Libby]] |[[United States]] |"for his method to use [[carbon dating|carbon-14]] for age determination" |- |1961 |[[Melvin Calvin]] |[[United States]] |"for his research on [[carbon dioxide]] assimilation in [[plant]]s" |- |1962 |[[Max Ferdinand Perutz]]<br />[[John Kendrew|John Cowdery Kendrew]] |[[United Kingdom]]<br />[[United Kingdom]] |"for their studies of the structures of [[myoglobin|globular proteins]]" |- |1963 |[[Karl Ziegler]]<br />[[Giulio Natta]] |[[West Germany]]<br />[[Italy]] |"for their discoveries relating to high [[polymer]]s" |- |1964 |[[Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin]] |[[United Kingdom]] |"for her determinations by [[crystallography|X-ray techniques]] of the structures of important biochemical substances" |- |1965 |[[Robert Burns Woodward]] |[[United States]] |"for his achievements in [[organic synthesis]]" |- |1966 |[[Robert S. Mulliken|Robert Sanderson Mulliken]] |[[United States]] |"for his work concerning [[chemical bond]]s and the electronic structure of molecules" |- |rowspan=2|1967 |[[Manfred Eigen]] |[[West Germany]] |rowspan=2|"for their studies of extremely fast [[chemical reaction]]s, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy" |- |[[Ronald G. W. Norrish]]<br />[[George Porter]] |[[United Kingdom]]<br />[[United Kingdom]] |- |1968 |[[Lars Onsager]] |[[Norway]]<br />[[United States]] |"for the discovery of the [[Onsager reciprocal relations|reciprocal relations]] bearing his name" |- |1969 |[[Derek H. R. Barton]]<br />[[Odd Hassel]] |[[United Kingdom]]<br />[[Norway]] |"for their contributions to the development of the concept of [[tertiary structure|conformation]]" |- |1970 |[[Luis F. Leloir]] |[[Argentina]] |"for his discovery of sugar [[nucleotide]]s and their role in the biosynthesis of [[carbohydrate]]s" |- |1971 |[[Gerhard Herzberg]] |[[Canada]] |"for his contributions to electronic structure and the geometry of molecules, particularly [[free radical theory|free radicals]]" |- |rowspan=2|1972 |[[Christian B. Anfinsen]] |[[United States]] |"for his work on [[ribonuclease]], especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation" |- |[[Stanford Moore]]<br />[[William H. Stein]] |[[United States]]<br />[[United States]] |"for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and [[catalysis|catalytic activity]] of the active centre of the [[ribonuclease]] molecule" |- |1973 |[[Ernst Otto Fischer]]<br />[[Geoffrey Wilkinson]] |[[West Germany]]<br />[[United Kingdom]] |"for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds" |- |1974 |[[Paul Flory|Paul J. Flory]] |[[United States]] |"for his fundamental work, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of [[macromolecule]]s" |- |rowspan=2|1975 |[[John Warcup Cornforth]] |[[Australia]]<br />[[United Kingdom]] |"for his work on the [[stereochemistry]] of enzyme-catalyzed reactions" |- |[[Vladimir Prelog]] |[[Croatia]] / [[Switzerland]] |"for his research into the [[chirality (chemistry)|stereochemistry]] of organic molecules and reactions" |- |1976 |[[William Lipscomb|William Nunn Lipscomb, Jr.]] |[[United States]] |"for his studies on the structure of [[borane]]s illuminating problems of chemical bonding" |- |1977 |[[Ilya Prigogine]] |[[Belgium]] |"for his contributions to non-equilibrium [[thermodynamics]], particularly the theory of dissipative structures" |- |1978 |[[Peter D. Mitchell]] |[[United Kingdom]] |"for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the [[chemiosmosis|chemiosmotic theory]]" |- |1979 |[[Herbert C. Brown]]<br />[[Georg Wittig]] |[[United States]]<br />[[West Germany]] |"for their development of the use of [[boron]]- and [[phosphorus]]-containing compounds, respectively, into reagents in organic synthesis" |- |rowspan=2|1980 |[[Paul Berg]] |[[United States]] |"for his fundamental studies of the [[biochemistry]] of [[nucleic acid]]s, with particular regard to [[Recombinant DNA|recombinant-DNA]]" |- |[[Walter Gilbert]]<br />[[Frederick Sanger]] |[[United States]]<br />[[United Kingdom]] |"for their contributions concerning the determination of [[DNA sequence|base sequences]] in [[nucleic acid]]s" |- |1981 |[[Kenichi Fukui]] (福井謙一)<br />[[Roald Hoffmann]] |[[Japan]]<br />[[United States]] |"for their theories concerning the course of chemical reactions" |- |1982 |[[Aaron Klug]] |[[South Africa]]<br />[[United Kingdom]] |"for his development of [[crystallography|crystallographic]] [[electron microscope|electron microscopy]] and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes" |- |1983 |[[Henry Taube]] |[[United States]] |"for his work on the mechanisms of [[electron transfer]] reactions" |- |1984 |[[Robert Bruce Merrifield]] |[[United States]] |"for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a [[Peptide synthesis#Solid-phase synthesis|solid matrix]]" |- |1985 |[[Herbert A. Hauptman]]<br />[[Jerome Karle]] |[[United States]]<br />[[United States]] |"for their achievements in developing [[crystallography|direct methods]] for the determination of crystal structures" |- |1986 |[[Dudley R. Herschbach]]<br />[[Yuan T. Lee]] (李遠哲)<br />[[John C. Polanyi]] |[[United States]];<br />[[Republic of China|Taiwan]] /[[United States]]<br />[[Canada]] |"for their contributions concerning the [[Quantum chemistry#Chemical dynamics|dynamics]] of chemical elementary processes" |- |1987 |[[Donald J. Cram]]<br />[[Jean-Marie Lehn]]<br />[[Charles J. Pedersen]] |[[United States]]<br />[[France]]<br />[[United States]] |"for their development and use of molecules with [[Carcerand|structure-specific interactions]] of high selectivity" |- |1988 |[[Johann Deisenhofer]]<br />[[Robert Huber]]<br />[[Hartmut Michel]] |[[West Germany]]<br />[[West Germany]]<br />[[West Germany]] |"for their determination of the three-dimensional structure of a [[photosynthetic reaction center|photosynthetic reaction centre]]" |- |1989 |[[Sidney Altman]]<br />[[Thomas R. Cech]] |[[Canada]] /[[United States]]<br />[[United States]] |"for their discovery of catalytic properties of [[RNA]]" |- |1990 |[[Elias James Corey]] |[[United States]] |"for his development of the theory and methodology of [[organic synthesis]]" |- |1991 |[[Richard R. Ernst]] |[[Switzerland]] |"for his contributions to the development of high resolution [[nuclear magnetic resonance]] (NMR) spectroscopy" |- |1992 |[[Rudolph A. Marcus]] |[[United States]] |"for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems" |- |rowspan=2|1993 |[[Kary Mullis|Kary B. Mullis]] |[[United States]] |"for his invention of the [[polymerase chain reaction]] (PCR) method" |- |[[Michael Smith (chemist)|Michael Smith]] |[[Canada]] |"for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies" |- |1994 |[[George A. Olah]] |[[Hungary]]<br />[[United States]] |"for his contribution to [[carbocation]] chemistry" |- |1995 |[[Paul J. Crutzen]]<br />[[Mario J. Molina]]<br />[[F. Sherwood Rowland]] |[[Netherlands]]<br />[[Mexico]]<br />[[United States]] |"for their work in [[atmospheric chemistry]], in particular [[ozone depletion]]" |- |1996 |[[Robert Curl]]<br />Sir [[Harold Kroto]]<br />[[Richard Smalley]] |[[United States]]<br />[[United Kingdom]]<br />[[United States]] |"for their discovery of [[fullerene]]s" |- |rowspan=2|1997 |[[Paul D. Boyer]]<br />[[John E. Walker]] |[[United States]]<br />[[United Kingdom]] |"for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of [[adenosine triphosphate]]" |- |[[Jens Christian Skou|Jens C. Skou]] |[[Denmark]] |"for his discovery of an [[Transmembrane ATPase|ion-transporting enzyme]], [[Na+/K+-ATPase|Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup>-ATPase]]" |- |rowspan=2|1998 |[[Walter Kohn]] |[[United States]] |"for his development of the [[density functional theory]]" |- |[[John Pople|John A. Pople]] |[[United Kingdom]] |"for his development of computational methods in [[quantum chemistry]]" |- |1999 |[[Ahmed H. Zewail]] |[[Egypt]]<br />[[United States]] |"for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using [[femtosecond]] [[spectroscopy]]" and plastic studies. |- |2000 |[[Alan J. Heeger]]<br />[[Alan MacDiarmid|Alan G MacDiarmid]]<br />[[Hideki Shirakawa]] (白川英樹) |[[United States]];<br />[[New Zealand]] <br />[[United States]];<br />[[Japan]] |"for their discovery and development of [[conductive polymer]]s" |- |rowspan=2|2001 |[[William S. Knowles]]<br />[[Ryoji Noyori]] (野依良治) |[[United States]]<br />[[Japan]] |"for their work on [[chirality (chemistry)|chirally]] catalysed [[hydrogenation]] reactions" |- |[[K. Barry Sharpless]] |[[United States]] |"for his work on chirally catalysed [[oxidation]] reactions" see [[Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation]] |- |rowspan=2|2002 |[[John B. Fenn]]<br />[[Koichi Tanaka]] (田中耕一) |[[United States]]<br />[[Japan]] |"for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules" |- |[[Kurt Wüthrich]] |[[Switzerland]] |"for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution" |- |rowspan=2|2003 |[[Peter Agre]] |[[United States]] |"for the discovery of [[Aquaporin|water channels]]" |- |[[Roderick MacKinnon]] |[[United States]] |"for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels" |- |2004 |[[Aaron Ciechanover]]<br />[[Avram Hershko]]<br />[[Irwin Rose]] |[[Israel]]<br />[[Israel]]<br />[[United States]] |"for the discovery of [[ubiquitin]]-mediated [[protein degradation]]" |- |2005 |[[Robert Grubbs]]<br />[[Richard Schrock]]<br />[[Yves Chauvin]] |[[United States]]<br />[[United States]]<br />[[France]] |"for the development of the [[olefin metathesis|metathesis]] method in [[organic synthesis]]" |- |2006 |[[Roger D. Kornberg]] |[[United States]] |"for his studies of the molecular basis of [[Transcription (genetics)#Eukaryotic transcription|eukaryotic transcription]]" |- |2007 |[[Gerhard Ertl]] |[[Germany]] |"for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces" |- |} == See also == * [[Nobel laureates by country]] * [[Wolf Prize in Chemistry]] * [[Priestley Medal]] * [[Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize]] == External links == *[http://www.nobel.se/chemistry/laureates/index.html "All Nobel Laureates in Chemistry"] – Index webpage on the official site of the [[Nobel Foundation]]. *[http://nobelprize.org/award_ceremonies/ "The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies"] – Official hyperlinked webpage of the Nobel Foundation. *[http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/specialcollections/coll/pauling/bond/pictures/nobel-chemistry-medal.html "Nobel Prize for Chemistry. Front and back images of the medal. 1954"]. "Source: Photo by Eric Arnold. Ava Helen and [[Linus Pauling]] Papers. Honors and Awards, 1954h2.1." "All Documents and Media: Pictures and Illustrations", ''Linus Pauling and The Nature of the Chemical Bond: A Documentary History'', the [[Valley Library]], [[Oregon State University]]. Accessed [[December 7]], [[2007]]. *[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry"] – Official site of the Nobel Foundation. *[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/medal.html "The Nobel Prize Medal for Physics and Chemistry"] – Official webpage of the Nobel Foundation. *[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medals/ "The Nobel Prize Medals and the Medal for the Prize in Economics"] – By Birgitta Lemmel; an article on the history of the design of the medals featured on the official site. *[http://nobelprize.org/award_ceremonies/prize.html "What the Nobel Laureates Receive"] – Featured link in "The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies". {{Nobel Prizes}} {{Nobel Chemistry}} [[Category:Chemistry awards]] [[Category:Nobel Prize| ]] [[Category:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]] [[af:Nobelprys vir Chemie]] [[ar:جائزة نوبل في الكيمياء]] [[ast:Premiu Nobel de Química]] [[zh-min-nan:Nobel Hòa-ha̍k Chióng]] [[bs:Nobelova nagrada za hemiju]] [[bg:Нобелова награда за химия]] [[ca:Premi Nobel de Química]] [[cs:Nobelova cena za chemii]] [[cy:Gwobr Cemeg Nobel]] [[da:Nobelprisen i kemi]] [[de:Nobelpreis für Chemie]] [[el:Βραβείο Νόμπελ Χημείας]] [[es:Anexo:Premio Nobel de Química]] [[eo:Nobel-premio pri kemio]] [[eu:Kimikako Nobel Saria]] [[fa:جایزه نوبل شیمی]] [[fr:Prix Nobel de chimie]] [[fy:Nobelpriis foar de Skiekunde]] [[gd:Duais Nobel ann an Ceimeagachd]] [[gl:Premio Nobel de Química]] [[ko:노벨 화학상]] [[hr:Nobelova nagrada za kemiju]] [[io:Nobel-premiarii en kemio]] [[id:Daftar penerima Nobel Kimia]] [[ia:Premio Nobel pro Chimia]] [[is:Nóbelsverðlaun í efnafræði]] [[it:Premio Nobel per la chimica]] [[he:פרס נובל לכימיה]] [[sw:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Kemia]] [[ku:Xelata Nobel a kîmyayê]] [[hu:Kémiai Nobel-díj]] [[ml:രസതന്ത്രത്തിനുള്ള നോബല്‍ സമ്മാനം]] [[nl:Nobelprijs voor de Scheikunde]] [[ja:ノーベル化学賞]] [[no:Nobelprisen i kjemi]] [[nov:Nobel Premie pri kemie]] [[oc:Prèmi Nobel de quimia]] [[pl:Nagroda Nobla w dziedzinie chemii]] [[pt:Nobel de Química]] [[ro:Premiul Nobel pentru Chimie]] [[qu:Nobel Suñay Chaqllisinchipi]] [[ru:Нобелевская премия по химии]] [[scn:Premiu Nobel pâ chìmica]] [[simple:Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] [[sl:Nobelova nagrada za kemijo]] [[sr:Нобелова награда за хемију]] [[su:Hadiah Nobel Kimia]] [[fi:Nobelin kemianpalkinto]] [[sv:Nobelpriset i kemi]] [[th:รางวัลโนเบลสาขาเคมี]] [[vi:Những người đoạt giải Nobel Hóa học]] [[tr:Nobel Kimya Ödülü]] [[uk:Нобелівська премія з хімії]] [[zh:诺贝尔化学奖]]