Nobel Prize in Literature 50718 222703163 2008-06-30T18:24:30Z 32X 541756 commons: image was marked as duplicate [[Image:Sully-Prudhomme.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Sully Prudhomme|René-François-Armand Prudhomme]] (1839&ndash;1907), a [[France|French]] [[poet]] and [[List of essayists|essayist]], was the first person to win the Nobel Prize in Literature, in 1901, "in special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect."]] The '''[[Nobel Prize]] in Literature''' ([[Swedish language|Swedish]]: ''Nobelpriset i litteratur'') is awarded annually, since 1901, to an author from any country who has, in the words from the will of [[Alfred Nobel]], produced "the most outstanding work of an [[idealistic]] tendency" (original Swedish: ''den som inom litteraturen har producerat det utmärktaste i idealisk riktning'').<ref name='nobelorglit'>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/ |title=The Nobel Prize in Literature |accessdate=2007-10-13 | work=nobelprize.org}}</ref><ref name='swedishref'>{{cite news | author=John Sutherland | title=Ink and Spit | publisher=[[The Guardian]] | url =http://books.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,,2189673,00.html | work =Guardian Unlimited Books |date=October 13, 2007 | pages = | accessdate = 2007-10-13 | language = }}</ref> The "work" in this case refers to an author's work as a whole, though individual works are sometimes also cited. The [[Swedish Academy]] decides who, if anyone, will receive the prize in any given year and announces the name of the chosen laureate in early October.<ref name='swedac'>{{cite web|url=http://www.swedishacademy.org/Templates/Article0.aspx?PageID=f6b62c21-7e52-408c-86f7-7eacd9144a13 | title=The Nobel Prize in Literature | accessdate=2007-10-13 |publisher=[[Swedish Academy]]}}</ref> Nobel's choice of emphasis on "idealistic" or "ideal" (in English translation) in his criteria for the Nobel Prize in Literature has led to recurrent controversy. (In the original Swedish, the word ''idealisk'' can be translated as either "idealistic" or "ideal".<ref name='swedishref'/>) In the early twentieth century, the Nobel Committee interpreted the intent of the will strictly and did not award certain world-renowned authors of the time such as [[Leo Tolstoy]], [[Henrik Ibsen]] and [[Henry James]].<ref name=Espmark>{{Cite news |author=Kjell Espmark |title=The Nobel Prize in Literature | |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/articles/espmark/index.html |work=Nobelprize.org |date=1999-12-03 | accessdate=2006-08-14}}</ref> More recently, the wording has been interpreted more liberally, and the Prize is awarded both for lasting literary merit and for evidence of consistent idealism on some significant level, most recently a kind of idealism championing human rights on a broad scale, and hence more political, some would argue.<ref name='swedishref'/><ref name=NSmith/> "The highlight of the Nobel Prize Award Ceremony in Stockholm is when each Nobel Laureate steps forward to receive the prize from the hands of His Majesty the King of Sweden. ... Under the eyes of a watching world, the Nobel Laureate receives three things: a diploma, a medal and a document confirming the prize amount" ("What the Nobel Laureates Receive"). In 2007 the Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to [[Doris Lessing]], an [[England|English]] citizen of the [[United Kingdom]], cited as "that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny"; she receives a prize amount of 10,000,000 [[Swedish krona|SEK]] (slightly more than [[Euro|€]]1&nbsp;million, or [[United States dollar|US$]]1.4&nbsp;million). The Swedish Academy has attracted significant criticism in recent years. Some contend that many well-known writers have not been awarded the prize or even been nominated, whereas others contend that others, who are already well known, do not deserve it. There have also been controversies involving alleged political interests relating to the nomination process and ultimate selection of some of the recent literary Laureates.<ref name=NSmith/> ==Nomination procedure== Each year the [[Swedish Academy]] sends out requests for nominations of candidates for the Nobel Prize in [[Literature]]. Members of the Academy, members of literature academies and societies, professors of literature and language, former Nobel literature laureates, and the presidents of writers' organizations are all allowed to nominate a candidate. However, it is not permitted to nominate oneself.<ref name='nobnoma'>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nomination/literature/ |title=Nomination for the Nobel Prize in Literature | accessdate=2007-10-13 | work=nobelprize.org}}</ref> Thousands of requests are sent out each year, and about fifty proposals are returned. These proposals must be received by the Academy by [[February 1]], after which they are examined by the Nobel Committee. By April, the Academy narrows the field to around twenty candidates, and by summer the list is reduced further to some five names. The subsequent months are then spent in reviewing the works of eligible candidates. In October members of the Academy vote and the candidate who receives more than half of the votes is named the Nobel Laureate in Literature. The process is similar to that of other Nobel Prizes.<ref name='nobnomb'>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nomination/literature/process.html | title=Nomination and Selection of the Nobel Laureates in Literature | accessdate=2007-10-13 | work=nobelprize.org}}</ref> The prize money of the Nobel Prize has been fluctuating since its inauguration but at present stands at ten million [[Swedish kronor]].<ref name='prizemoneyref'>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/amount.html |title=The Nobel Prize Amount | accessdate=2007-10-13 |work=nobelprize.org}}</ref> The winner also receives a gold medal and a Nobel diploma and is invited to give a lecture during "Nobel Week" in [[Stockholm]]; the highlight is the prize-giving ceremony and banquet on December 10.<ref name='lectureref'> {{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/award_ceremonies/ |title=The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies |accessdate=2007-10-13 | work=nobelprize.org}}</ref> ==Non-laureates and controversies== The Prize in [[Literature]] has a history of controversial awards. From 1901 to 1912, the committee was characterized by an interpretation of the "ideal direction" stated in Nobel's will as "a lofty and sound idealism", which caused [[Leo Tolstoy]], [[Henrik Ibsen]], [[Émile Zola]] and [[Mark Twain]] to be rejected.<ref name=Espmark/> During World War I and its immediate aftermath, the committee adopted a policy of neutrality, favouring writers from non-combatant countries.<ref name=Espmark/> Some attribute [[W. H. Auden]]'s not being awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature to errors in his translation of 1961 [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace Prize]] winner [[Dag Hammarskjöld]]'s ''Vägmärken'' ("Markings")<ref name=Orlans>Harold Orlans, [http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-62828416.html "Self-Centered Translating: Why W. H. Auden Misinterpreted 'Markings' When Translating It from Swedish to English"], ''[[Change (magazine)|Change]]: The Magazine of Higher Learning'' (published by [[Heldref Publications]] for [[The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching]]), [[May 1]], [[2000]], ''Highbeam Encyclopedia'', ''encyclopedia.com'', accessed [[April 26]], [[2008]]: "Swedish dismay at the mangled translation may have cost Auden the Nobel prize in literature."</ref> and to statements that Auden made during a Scandinavian lecture tour suggesting that Hammarskjöld was (like Auden) a [[homosexual]].<ref name=Hunnicutt>Alex Hunnicutt, [http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/hammarskjold_d.html "Dag Hammarskjöld"], ''[[LGBT|glbtq]]: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture'' ([[Heldref Publications]], 2004), ''glbtq.com'', accessed [[August 11]], [[2006]]: "Unless some hidden manuscript surfaces or an aging lover suddenly feels moved to revelation, it seems unlikely the world will ever know for sure the details of Hammarskjöld's sexual experience. [[W. H. Auden]], who translated Markings, was convinced of his [Hammarsköld's] homosexuality; it is thought that saying so publicly during a lecture tour of Scandinavia may have cost Auden the Nobel Prize for Literature that he was widely expected to receive in the 1960s."</ref> In 1964 [[Jean-Paul Sartre]] was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature, but he declined it, stating that "It is not the same thing if I sign Jean-Paul Sartre or if I sign Jean-Paul Sartre, Nobel Prize winner. A writer must refuse to allow himself to be transformed into an institution, even if it takes place in the most honorable form." The winner in 1970, [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]], did not attend the Nobel Prize ceremony in Stockholm for fear that the [[U.S.S.R.]] would prevent his return afterwards (his works there were circulated in ''[[samizdat]]'' — clandestine form). After the Swedish government refused to honor Solzhenitsyn with a public award ceremony and lecture at its Moscow embassy, Solzhenitsyn refused the award altogether, commenting that the conditions set by the Swedes (who preferred a private ceremony) were "an insult to the Nobel Prize itself." Solzhenitsyn did not accept the award, and prize money, until [[December 10]] [[1974]], after he was deported from the Soviet Union.<ref name=Fredrikson>Stig Fredrikson, [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/articles/fredrikson/index.html "How I Helped Alexandr Solzhenitsyn Smuggle His Nobel Lecture from the USSR"], ''nobelprize.org'', [[February 22]], [[2006]], accessed [[October 12]], [[2006]].</ref> In 1974 [[Graham Greene]], [[Vladimir Nabokov]], and [[Saul Bellow]] were considered but rejected in favor of a joint award for Swedish authors [[Eyvind Johnson]] and [[Harry Martinson]], both Nobel judges themselves. Bellow would win the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1976; neither Greene nor Nabokov was awarded the Prize.<ref name=Smith>{{Cite news | author=Alex Duval Smith | title=A Nobel Calling: 100 Years of Controversy | work=[[The Independent]] |publisher=''news.independent.co.uk'' |url=http://news.independent.co.uk/europe/article319509.ece |date=2005-10-14 | accessdate=2008-04-26 |quote=Not many women, a weakness for Anglo-Saxon literature and an ostrich-like ability to resist popular or political pressure. Alex Duval Smith reports from Stockholm on the strange and secret world of the Swedish Academy.}}</ref> [[Jorge Luis Borges]] was nominated for the Prize several times but, as Edwin Williamson, Borges's biographer, states, the Academy did not award it to him, perhaps because of his political activities, which, according to Tóibín's review of Williamson's ''Borges: A Life'', had complex social and personal contexts.<ref name='jorgesref'> {{Cite news |author=[[Colm Tóibín]] |url=http://www.lrb.co.uk/v28/n09/toib01_.html | title=Don’t Abandon Me | work=[[The London Review of Books]] | date=2006-05-11 |accessdate=2007-10-13}}</ref> Swedish children's author [[Astrid Lindgren]] has also been overlooked, with some critics complaining that the Academy does not adequately recognize children's literature.<ref name='astridref'>{{Cite news | author= | title=Pippi Longstocking Wreaks Havoc at the Ballet | publisher= |url=http://www.thelocal.se/1425/20050513/ | work=The Local | pages= |date=2005-05-13 |accessdate=2007-10-13 | language = }}</ref> The award to [[Dario Fo]] in 1997 was initially considered "rather lightweight" by some critics, as he was seen primarily as a performer and had previously been censured by the [[Roman Catholic Church]].<ref name=Carroll>Julie Carroll, [http://www.catholic.org/printer_friendly.php?id=23190&section=Cathcom "&nbsp;'Pope and Witch' Draws Catholic Protests"], ''The Catholic Spirit'', [[February 27]], [[2007]], accessed [[October 13]], [[2007]].</ref> [[Salman Rushdie]] and [[Arthur Miller]] had been strongly favored to receive the Prize, but the Nobel organisers were later quoted as saying that they would have been "too predictable, too popular."<ref>[http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/62/016.html "Nobel Stuns Italy's Left-wing Jester"], ''[[The Times]]'', [[October 10]], [[1997]], rpt. in Archives of a list at ''hartford-hwp.com'', accessed [[October 17]], [[2007]].</ref> There was also criticism of the academy's refusal to express support for [[Salman Rushdie]] in 1989, after [[Ayatollah]] [[Ruhollah Khomeini]] issued a [[fatwa]] calling for Rushdie to be killed, and two members of the Academy resigned over its refusal to support Rushdie.<ref name=bbcref2>{{Cite news | title=Nobel Judge Steps Down in Protest | publisher=[[BBC]] | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/arts/4329962.stm |work=BBC News Online |date=2005-10-11 | accessdate=2007-10-13}}</ref><ref name=msnbc1>[[Associated Press]], [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/9665122/ "Who Deserves Nobel Prize? Judges Don't Agree"], ''[[MSNBC]]'', [[October 11]], [[2005]], accessed [[October 13]], [[2007]].</ref> The choice of the 2004 winner, [[Elfriede Jelinek]], was protested by a member of the Swedish Academy, [[Knut Ahnlund]], who had not played an active role in the Academy since 1996; Ahnlund resigned, alleging that selecting Jelinek had caused "irreparable damage" to the reputation of the award.<ref name=bbcref2/><ref name=msnbc1/> The selection of [[Harold Pinter]] for the Prize in 2005 was delayed for a couple of days, apparently due to Ahnlund's resignation, and led to renewed speculations about there being a "political element" in the Swedish Academy's awarding of the Prize.<ref name=NSmith>{{Cite news |author=Neil Smith | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/4339096.stm |title='Political element' to Pinter Prize |work=[[BBC News]] |publication=''bbc.co.uk'' |date=2005-10-13 |accessdate=2008-04-26 |quote=Few people would deny Harold Pinter is a worthy recipient of the 2005 Nobel Prize for Literature. As a poet, screenwriter and author of more than 30 plays, he has dominated the English literary scene for half a century. However, his outspoken criticism of [[United States|US]] [[foreign policy]] and opposition to [[2003 invasion of Iraq|the war in Iraq]] undoubtedly make him one of the more controversial figures to be awarded this prestigious [[honour]]. Indeed, the Nobel academy's decision could be read in some quarters as a selection with an inescapably political element. 'There is the view that the Nobel literature prize often goes to someone whose political stance is found to be sympathetic at a given moment,' said Alan Jenkins, deputy editor of [[The Times Literary Supplement|the Times Literary Supplement]]. 'For the last 10 years he has been more angry and vituperative, and that cannot have failed to be noticed.' However, Mr Jenkins insists that, though Pinter's political views may have been a factor, the award is more than justified on artistic criteria alone. 'His dramatic and literary achievement is head and shoulders above any other British writer. He is far and away the most interesting, the best, the most powerful and most original of English playwrights.'}}</ref> The issue of the recipients' "political stance" was also raised in response to the awards of the Nobel Prize in Literature to [[Orhan Pamuk]] and [[Doris Lessing]] in 2006 and 2007, respectively.<ref name=Kellum>Dan Kellum, [http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/10/12/opinion/main3361514.shtml "Lessing's Legacy of Political Literature:] The Nation: Skeptics Call It A Nonliterary Nobel Win, But Academy Saw Her Visionary Power", ''[[CBS News]]'', rpt. from ''[[The Nation]]'' (column), [[October 14]], [[2007]], accessed [[October 17]], [[2007]].</ref> ==List of Laureates== In the table below, the language is the language of the Laureate's works. (Source: The [[Nobel Foundation]].) {| class="wikitable sortable" |- bgcolor="#505050" ! Year ! Name ! Nationality ! Language(s) ! class="unsortable" | Citation |- | 1901 | [[Sully Prudhomme]] | [[France]] | [[French language|French]] | "in special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect." |- | 1902 | [[Theodor Mommsen]] | [[Germany]] | [[German language|German]] | "the greatest living master of the art of historical writing, with special reference to his monumental work, ''[[History of Rome (Mommsen)|A History of Rome]]''." |- | 1903 | [[Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson]] | [[Norway]] | [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] | "as a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile poetry, which has always been distinguished by both the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of its spirit." |- | 1904* | [[Frédéric Mistral]] | [[France]] | [[Occitan language|Occitan]] | "in recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people, and, in addition, his significant work as a Provençal philologist." |- | 1904* | [[José Echegaray]] | [[Spain]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] | "in recognition of the numerous and brilliant compositions which, in an individual and original manner, have revived the great traditions of the Spanish drama." |- | 1905 | [[Henryk Sienkiewicz]] | [[Poland]] | [[Polish language|Polish]] | "because of his outstanding merits as an epic writer." |- | 1906 | [[Giosuè Carducci]] | [[Italy]] | [[Italian language|Italian]] | "not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces." |- | 1907 | [[Rudyard Kipling]] | [[United Kingdom]] | [[English language|English]] | "in consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration which characterize the creations of this world-famous author." |- | 1908 | [[Rudolf Christoph Eucken]] | [[Germany]] | [[German language|German]] | "in recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of vision, and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic philosophy of life." |- | 1909 | [[Selma Lagerlöf]] | [[Sweden]] | [[Swedish language|Swedish]] | "in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings." |- | 1910 | [[Paul Heyse]] | [[Germany]] | [[German language|German]] | "as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories." |- | 1911 | [[Maurice Maeterlinck]] | [[Belgium]] | [[French language|French]] | "in appreciation of his many-sided literary activities, and especially of his dramatic works, which are distinguished by a wealth of imagination and by a poetic fancy, which reveals, sometimes in the guise of a fairy tale, a deep inspiration, while in a mysterious way they appeal to the readers' own feelings and stimulate their imaginations." |- | 1912 | [[Gerhart Hauptmann]] | [[Germany]] | [[German language|German]] | "primarily in recognition of his fruitful, varied and outstanding production in the realm of dramatic art." |- | 1913 | [[Rabindranath Tagore]] | [[India]] | [[Bengali language|Bengali]] | "because of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West." |- | 1914 | [no award] | | | |- | 1915 | [[Romain Rolland]] | [[France]] | [[French language|French]] | "as a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described different types of human beings." |- | 1916 | [[Verner von Heidenstam]] | [[Sweden]] | [[Swedish language|Swedish]] | "in recognition of his significance as the leading representative of a new era in our literature." |- |- | 1917* | [[Karl Adolph Gjellerup]] | [[Denmark]] | [[Danish language|Danish]] | "for his varied and rich poetry, which is inspired by lofty ideals." |- | 1917* | [[Henrik Pontoppidan]] | [[Denmark]] | [[Danish language|Danish]] | "for his authentic descriptions of present-day life in Denmark." |- | 1918 | [no award] | | | |- | 1919 | [[Carl Spitteler]] | [[Switzerland]] | [[German language|German]] | "in special appreciation of his epic, ''Olympian Spring''." |- | 1920 | [[Knut Hamsun]] | [[Norway]] | [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] | "for his monumental work, ''[[Growth of the Soil]]''." |- | 1921 | [[Anatole France]] | [[France]] | [[French language|French]] | "in recognition of his brilliant literary achievements, characterized as they are by a nobility of style, a profound human sympathy, grace, and a true Gallic temperament." |- | 1922 | [[Jacinto Benavente]] | [[Spain]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] | "for the happy manner in which he has continued the illustrious traditions of the Spanish drama." |- | 1923 | [[William Butler Yeats]] | [[Ireland]] | [[English language|English]] | "for his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation." |- | 1924 | [[Władysław Reymont]] | [[Poland]] | [[Polish language|Polish]] | "for his great national epic, ''[[Chłopi|The Peasants]]''." |- | 1925 | [[George Bernard Shaw]] | [[Ireland]] | [[English language|English]] | "for his work which is marked by both idealism and humanity, its stimulating satire often being infused with a singular poetic beauty." |- | 1926 | [[Grazia Deledda]] | [[Italy]] | [[Italian language|Italian]] | "for her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general." |- | 1927 | [[Henri Bergson]] | [[France]] | [[French language|French]] | "in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented." |- | 1928 | [[Sigrid Undset]] | [[Norway]] | [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] | "principally for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages." |- | 1929 | [[Thomas Mann]] | [[Germany]] | [[German language|German]] | "principally for his great novel, ''[[Buddenbrooks]]'', which has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature." |- | 1930 | [[Sinclair Lewis]] | [[United States]] | [[English language|English]] | "for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humour, new types of characters." |- | 1931 | [[Erik Axel Karlfeldt]] | [[Sweden]] | [[Swedish language|Swedish]] | "The poetry of Erik Axel Karlfeldt" |- | 1932 | [[John Galsworthy]] | [[United Kingdom]] | [[English language|English]] | "for his distinguished art of narration which takes its highest form in ''[[The Forsyte Saga]]''." |- | 1933 | [[Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin|Ivan Bunin]] | [[Russia]] (in exile) | [[Russian language|Russian]] | "for the strict artistry with which he has carried on the classical Russian traditions in prose writing." |- | 1934 | [[Luigi Pirandello]] | [[Italy]] | [[Italian language|Italian]] | "for his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art." |- | 1935 | [no award] | | | |- | 1936 | [[Eugene O'Neill]] | [[United States]] | [[English language|English]] | "for the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy." |- | 1937 | [[Roger Martin du Gard]] | [[France]] | [[French language|French]] | "for the artistic power and truth with which he has depicted human conflict as well as some fundamental aspects of contemporary life in his novel cycle ''[[Les Thibault]]''." |- | 1938 | [[Pearl S. Buck]] | [[United States]] | [[English language|English]] | "for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces." |- | 1939 | [[Frans Eemil Sillanpää]] | [[Finland]] | [[Finnish language|Finnish]] | "for his deep understanding of his country's peasantry and the exquisite art with which he has portrayed their way of life and their relationship with Nature." |- | 1940-'43 | [no award] | | | |- | 1944 | [[Johannes Vilhelm Jensen]] | [[Denmark]] | [[Danish language|Danish]] | "for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style." |- | 1945 | [[Gabriela Mistral]] | [[Chile]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] | "for her lyric poetry which, inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world." |- | 1946 | [[Hermann Hesse]] | [[Germany]],<ref name="Hesse-citizenship"> {{cite web | author = Herman Hesse | authorlink = Herman Hesse | title = Hermann Hesse: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1946 | work = nobelprize.org |date=1946 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1946/hesse-autobio.html | accessdate = 2007-08-13 | quote = In 1923, I resigned German and acquired Swiss citizenship. }} </ref> 1923: [[Switzerland]]<ref name="Hesse-citizenship"> {{cite web | author = Herman Hesse | authorlink = Herman Hesse | title = Hermann Hesse: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1946: Autobiography | work = nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1946/hesse-autobio.html |date=1946 | accessdate = 2007-08-13 | quote = In 1923, I resigned German and acquired Swiss citizenship. }} </ref> | [[German language|German]] | "for his inspired writings which, while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style." |- | 1947 | [[André Gide]] | [[France]] | [[French language|French]] | "for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight." |- | 1948 | [[T. S. Eliot]] | [[United States]],<ref name="TSEliot-bio"> {{cite web | title = T.S. Eliot: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1948: Biography | work = nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1948/eliot-bio.html |date=1948 | accessdate = 2007-08-13 | quote = Thomas Stearns Eliot (1888-1965) was born in St. Louis, Missouri ... In 1927, Eliot became a British citizen and about the same time entered the Anglican Church. }} </ref> 1927: [[United Kingdom]]<ref name="TSEliot-bio"> {{cite web | title = T.S. Eliot: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1948: Biography | work = nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1948/eliot-bio.html |date=1948 | accessdate = 2007-08-13 | quote = Thomas Stearns Eliot (1888-1965) was born in St. Louis, Missouri ... In 1927, Eliot became a British citizen and about the same time entered the Anglican Church. }} </ref> | [[English language|English]] | "for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry." |- | 1949 | [[William Faulkner]] | [[United States]] | [[English language|English]] | "for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel." |- | 1950 | [[Bertrand Russell]] | [[United Kingdom]] | [[English language|English]] | "in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought." |- | 1951 | [[Pär Lagerkvist]] | [[Sweden]] | [[Swedish language|Swedish]] | "for the artistic vigour and true independence of mind with which he endeavours in his poetry to find answers to the eternal questions confronting mankind." |- | 1952 | [[François Mauriac]] | [[France]] | [[French language|French]] | "for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life." |- | 1953 | [[Winston Churchill]] | [[United Kingdom]] | [[English language|English]] | "for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values." |- | 1954 | [[Ernest Hemingway]] | [[United States]] | [[English language|English]] | "for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in ''[[The Old Man and the Sea]]'', and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style." |- | 1955 | [[Halldór Laxness]] | [[Iceland]] | [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]] | "for his vivid epic power which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland." |- | 1956 | [[Juan Ramón Jiménez]] | [[Spain]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] | "for his lyrical poetry, which in Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity." |- | 1957 | [[Albert Camus]] | [[France]] | [[French language|French]] | "for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times." |- | 1958 | [[Boris Pasternak]] (declined the prize)<small><sup>[http://nobelprize.org/literature/laureates/1958/press.html]</small></sup> | [[Soviet Union]] | [[Russian language|Russian]] | "for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition." |- | 1959 | [[Salvatore Quasimodo]] | [[Italy]] | [[Italian language|Italian]] | "for his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times." |- | 1960 | [[Saint-John Perse]] | [[France]] | [[French language|French]] | "for the soaring flight and the evocative imagery of his poetry which in a visionary fashion reflects the conditions of our time." |- | 1961 | [[Ivo Andrić]] | [[Yugoslavia]] | [[Serbo-Croatian language|Serbo-Croat]] | "for the epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human destinies drawn from the history of his country." |- | 1962 | [[John Steinbeck]] | [[United States]] | [[English language|English]] | "for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception." |- | 1963 | [[Giorgos Seferis]] | [[Greece]] | [[Greek language|Greek]] | "for his eminent lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic world of culture." |- | 1964 | [[Jean-Paul Sartre]] (declined the prize)<small><sup>[http://nobelprize.org/literature/laureates/1964/press.html]</small></sup> | [[France]] | [[French language|French]] | "for his work which, rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth, has exerted a far-reaching influence on our age." |- | 1965 | [[Michail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov|Mikhail Sholokhov]] | [[Soviet Union]] | [[Russian language|Russian]] | "for the artistic power and integrity with which, in his epic of the Don, he has given expression to a historic phase in the life of the Russian people." |- | 1966* | [[Shmuel Yosef Agnon]] | [[Israel]] | [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] | "for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people." |- | 1966* | [[Nelly Sachs]] | [[Germany]],<ref name="NellySachs-citizenship"> {{cite web | title = Nelly Sachs Biography | publisher = Art Directory GmbH | url = http://www.nelly-sachs.com/ | accessdate = 2007-08-13 | quote = The German writer and poet Nelly Sachs, whose original name was Leonie Sachs, was born to Jewish parents on December 10, 1891 in Berlin-Schöneberg. ... Due to the threat of Nazism Nelly Sachs and her mother decided to emigrate to Sweden in 1940. ... In 1950 Nelly's mother died and she wrote poems dealing with the loss. Two years later Sachs received Swedish citizenship. }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Nelly Sachs | publisher = [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] | url = http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9064652 | accessdate = 2007-11-25 | quote = In 1940, after learning that she was destined for a forced-labour camp, she escaped to Sweden with the help of the Swedish novelist Selma Lagerlöf, with whom she had corresponded and who interceded with the Swedish royal family on her behalf. }}</ref> 1952: [[Sweden]]<ref name="NellySachs-citizenship" /> | [[German language|German]] | "for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel's destiny with touching strength." |- | 1967 | [[Miguel Ángel Asturias]] | [[Guatemala]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] | "for his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America." |- | 1968 | [[Yasunari Kawabata]] | [[Japan]] | [[Japanese language|Japanese]] | "for his narrative mastery, which with great sensibility expresses the essence of the Japanese mind." |- | 1969 | [[Samuel Beckett]] | [[Ireland]] | [[English language|English]]/[[French (language)|French]] | "for his writing, which - in new forms for the novel and drama - in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation." |- | 1970 | [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]] | [[Soviet Union]] | [[Russian language|Russian]] | "for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature." |- | 1971 | [[Pablo Neruda]] | [[Chile]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] | "for a poetry that with the action of an elemental force brings alive a continent's destiny and dreams." |- | 1972 | [[Heinrich Böll]] | [[West Germany]] | [[German language|German]] | "for his writing which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to a renewal of German literature." |- | 1973 | [[Patrick White]] | [[Australia]] | [[English language|English]] | "for an epic and psychological narrative art which has introduced a new continent into literature." |- | 1974* | [[Eyvind Johnson]] | [[Sweden]] | [[Swedish language|Swedish]] | "for a narrative art, farseeing in lands and ages, in the service of freedom." |- | 1974* | [[Harry Martinson]] | [[Sweden]] | [[Swedish language|Swedish]] | "for writings that catch the dewdrop and reflect the cosmos." |- | 1975 | [[Eugenio Montale]] | [[Italy]] | [[Italian language|Italian]] | "for his distinctive poetry which, with great artistic sensitivity, has interpreted human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no illusions." |- | 1976 | [[Saul Bellow]] | [[Canada]],<ref> {{cite web | author = Michael J. Bandler | title = Author Saul Bellow Dead At 89: Nobel laureate Was One of America's Great 20th Century Novelists | url = http://usinfo.state.gov/xarchives/display.html?p=washfile-english&y=2005&m=April&x=20050407155318EAifas0.2259485 | publisher = [[U.S. Department of State]] |date=April 7, 2005 | accessdate = 2007-08-13 | quote = Canadian by birth — the son of a Russian émigré businessman and a social worker — and Chicagoan by residence and perspective and affection for most of his life, Bellow, a naturalized U.S. citizen, was part of the generation of writers...}} </ref> 1941: [[United States]].<ref name=Slater>Elinor Slater and Robert Slater, [http://books.google.com/books?id=T91sokr_nJYC&pg=PA41&vq=saul+bellow&dq=%22saul+bellow%22+naturalized+citizen&sig=Z1uJ1PxtO0mB-Zh_Fnzvv17WQgI "Saul Bellow: Winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature"], ''Great Jewish Men'' (Jonathan David Company, 1996) 41, ISBN 0824603818: "Bellow became a naturalized American citizen in 1941."</ref> | [[English language|English]] | "for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work." |- | 1977 | [[Vicente Aleixandre]] | [[Spain]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] | "for a creative poetic writing which illuminates man's condition in the cosmos and in present-day society, at the same time representing the great renewal of the traditions of Spanish poetry between the wars." |- | 1978 | [[Isaac Bashevis Singer]] | [[Poland]],<ref name="IBSinger-citizenship"> {{cite web | title = Isaac Bashevis Singer: Biographical Sketch | publisher = Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center at the University of Texas at Austin | url = http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/research/fa/singer.bio.html | accessdate = 2007-08-13 | quote = Isaac Bashevis Singer was born Icek-Hersz Zynger on July 14, 1904, in Leoncin, Poland. ... In 1943, Singer became a United States citizen. }}</ref> 1943: [[United States]]<ref name="IBSinger-citizenship"> {{cite web | title = Isaac Bashevis Singer: Biographical Sketch | publisher = Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center at the University of Texas at Austin | url = http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/research/fa/singer.bio.html | accessdate = 2007-08-13 | quote = Isaac Bashevis Singer was born Icek-Hersz Zynger on July 14, 1904, in Leoncin, Poland. ... In 1943, Singer became a United States citizen. }}</ref> | [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] | "for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life." |- | 1979 | [[Odysseas Elytis]] | [[Greece]] | [[Greek language|Greek]] | "for his poetry, which, against the background of Greek tradition, depicts with sensuous strength and intellectual clear-sightedness modern man's struggle for freedom and creativeness." |- | 1980 | [[Czesław Miłosz]] | [[Poland]], 1970: [[United States]],<ref> {{cite web | title = Czeslaw Milosz | publisher = [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] | url = http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9052756/Czeslaw-Milosz | accessdate = 2007-08-14 | quote = Milosz became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1970. }} </ref> 1992: [[Lithuania]] (honorary)<ref> {{cite web | title = Czeslaw Milosz | publisher = [[University of California]] | url = http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/senate/inmemoriam/czeslawmilosz.htm | accessdate = 2007-08-14 | quote = He was made an honorary citizen of Lithuania in 1992... }} </ref> | [[Polish language|Polish]] | "who with uncompromising clear-sightedness voices man's exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts." |- | 1981 | [[Elias Canetti]] | [[Bulgaria]],<ref name="ECanetti-citizenship"> {{cite web | title = Elias Canetti: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1981: Curriculum Vitae | work = nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1981/canetti-cv.html | accessdate = 2007-08-14 | quote = 1905 Born on 25 July in Ruse, Bulgaria. 1952 Receives British citizenship. }} </ref> 1952: [[United Kingdom]]<ref name="ECanetti-citizenship"> {{cite web | title = Elias Canetti: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1981: Curriculum Vitae | work = nobelprize.org | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1981/canetti-cv.html | accessdate = 2007-08-14 | quote = 1905 Born on 25 July in Ruse, Bulgaria. 1952 Receives British citizenship. }} </ref> | [[German language|German]] | "for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power." |- | 1982 | [[Gabriel García Márquez]] | [[Colombia]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] | "for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent's life and conflicts." |- | 1983 | [[William Golding]] | [[United Kingdom]] | [[English language|English]] | "for his novels which, with the perspicuity of realistic narrative art and the diversity and universality of myth, illuminate the human condition in the world of today." |- | 1984 | [[Jaroslav Seifert]] | [[Czechoslovakia]] | [[Czech (language)|Czech]] | "for his poetry which endowed with freshness, and rich inventiveness provides a liberating image of the indomitable spirit and versatility of man." |- | 1985 | [[Claude Simon]] | [[France]] | [[French language|French]] | "who in his novel combines the poet's and the painter's creativeness with a deepened awareness of time in the depiction of the human condition." |- | 1986 | [[Wole Soyinka]] | [[Nigeria]] | [[English language|English]] | "in a wide cultural perspective and with poetic overtones fashions the drama of existence." |- | 1987 | [[Joseph Brodsky]] | [[Soviet Union]],<ref name="JBrodsky-citizenship"> {{cite web | title = Joseph Brodsky 1940–1996 | publisher = eNotes | url = http://www.enotes.com/contemporary-literary-criticism/brodsky-joseph-vol-100 | accessdate = 2007-08-13 | quote = Often called the best Russian poet of his generation, Brodsky was born and raised in the former Soviet Union and became an American citizen in 1977. }}</ref> 1977: [[United States]]<ref name="JBrodsky-citizenship"> {{cite web | title = Joseph Brodsky 1940–1996 | publisher = eNotes | url = http://www.enotes.com/contemporary-literary-criticism/brodsky-joseph-vol-100 | accessdate = 2007-08-13 | quote = Often called the best Russian poet of his generation, Brodsky was born and raised in the former Soviet Union and became an American citizen in 1977. }}</ref> | [[Russian language|Russian]]/[[English language|English]] | "for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity." |- | 1988 | [[Naguib Mahfouz]] | [[Egypt]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] | "who, through works rich in nuance - now clear-sightedly realistic, now evocatively ambiguous - has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind." |- | 1989 | [[Camilo José Cela]] | [[Spain]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] | "for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man's vulnerability." |- | 1990 | [[Octavio Paz]] | [[Mexico]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] | "for impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterized by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity." |- | 1991 | [[Nadine Gordimer]] | [[South Africa]] | [[English language|English]] | "who through her magnificent epic writing has - in the words of Alfred Nobel - been of very great benefit to humanity." |- | 1992 | [[Derek Walcott]] | [[Saint Lucia]] | [[English language|English]] | "for a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment." |- | 1993 | [[Toni Morrison]] | [[United States]] | [[English language|English]] | "who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality." |- | 1994 | [[Kenzaburo Oe]] | [[Japan]] | [[Japanese language|Japanese]] | "who with poetic force creates an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today." |- | 1995 | [[Seamus Heaney]] | [[Ireland]]<ref> {{cite web | title = Seamus Heaney: The Nobel Prize in Literature 1995: Biography | work = nobelprize.org |date=1995 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1995/index.html | accessdate = 2007-10-23 }} </ref> <ref> {{cite web | title = Seamus Heaney: He's seen it all | url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?view=DETAILS&grid=&xml=/arts/2007/09/09/sm_seamusheaney.xml | accessdate = 2007-10-26 | quote = Heaney was born in [[Northern Ireland]] (part of the [[United Kingdom]]), but lives full time in [[Dublin]] in the [[Republic of Ireland]] and has taken Irish citizenship. He is an avowed Irish nationalist and is referenced as Irish by the Nobel committee in their citation. }} </ref> | [[English language|English]] | "for works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth, which exalt everyday miracles and the living past." |- | 1996 | [[Wisława Szymborska]] | [[Poland]] | [[Polish language|Polish]] | "for poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality." |- | 1997 | [[Dario Fo]] | [[Italy]] | [[Italian (language)|Italian]] | "who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden." |- | 1998 | [[José Saramago]] | [[Portugal]] | [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] | "who with parables sustained by imagination, compassion and irony continually enables us once again to apprehend an elusory reality." |- | 1999 | [[Günter Grass]] | [[Germany]] | [[German language|German]] | "whose frolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of history." |- | 2000 | [[Gao Xingjian]] | [[People's Republic of China]],<ref> {{cite web | title = Gao Xingjian: The Nobel Prize in Literature 2000: Biography | work = nobelprize.org |date=2000 | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2000/gao-bio.html | accessdate = 2007-08-13 }} </ref><ref name="GX-citizenships"> {{cite web | title = Gao Xingjian 1940- | publisher = eNotes | url = http://www.enotes.com/contemporary-literary-criticism/xingjian-gao | accessdate = 2007-08-13 | quote = Gao Xingjian (pronounced gow shing-jen) was born on January 4, 1940, in Ganzhou, China. ... His next plays received negative reactions from the Chinese government, causing Gao to emigrate to France in 1987 during a trip to Germany on an artistic fellowship. ... He became a naturalized French citizen in 1998... }} </ref> 1998: [[France]]<ref name="GX-citizenships"> {{cite web | title = Gao Xingjian 1940- | publisher = eNotes | url = http://www.enotes.com/contemporary-literary-criticism/xingjian-gao | accessdate = 2007-08-13 | quote = Gao Xingjian (pronounced gow shing-jen) was born on January 4, 1940, in Ganzhou, China. ... His next plays received negative reactions from the Chinese government, causing Gao to emigrate to France in 1987 during a trip to Germany on an artistic fellowship. ... He became a naturalized French citizen in 1998... }} </ref> | [[Chinese language|Chinese]] | "for an oeuvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity, which has opened new paths for the Chinese novel and drama." |- | 2001 | [[V. S. Naipaul]] | [[Trinidad and Tobago]],<ref> {{cite web | title = V. S. Naipaul 1932- | publisher = eNotes | url = http://www.enotes.com/short-story-criticism/naipaul-v-s | accessdate = 2007-08-13 | quote = Naipaul was born in Port of Spain, Trinidad, in 1932, the second generation descendant of an East Indian grandfather who came to the West Indies in the early 1900s as an indentured laborer in the British colonial administration. }} </ref> [[United Kingdom]] | [[English language|English]] | "for having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories." |- | 2002 | [[Imre Kertész]] | [[Hungary]] | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] | "for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history." |- | 2003 | [[J. M. Coetzee]] | [[South Africa]], 2006: [[Australia]]<ref>[http://www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=265916&area=/breaking_news/breaking_news__national/ "JM Coetzee Becomes an Australian Citizen"], ''[[Mail & Guardian]]'', [[March 6]], [[2006]], accessed [[August 14]], [[2007]].</ref> | [[English language|English]] | "who in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider." |- | 2004 | [[Elfriede Jelinek]] | [[Austria]] | [[German language|German]] | "for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society's clichés and their subjugating power." |- | 2005 | [[Harold Pinter]] | [[United Kingdom]] | [[English language|English]] | "who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms." |- | 2006 | [[Orhan Pamuk]] | [[Turkey]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] | "who in the quest for the melancholic soul of his native city has discovered new symbols for the clash and interlacing of cultures." |- | 2007 | [[Doris Lessing]] | [[United Kingdom]] | [[English language|English]] | "that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny." |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Years with multiple motivations for a Nobel Prize. == See also == * [[Nobel Prize]] * [[List of literary awards]] * [[Nobel Library]] * [[Nobel laureates by country]] * [[Praemium Imperiale]], awarded for other fine arts ==Notes== {{reflist|2}} ==External links== * [http://www.nobel.se/literature/laureates/index.html "All Nobel Laureates in Literature"] – Index page on the official site of the Nobel Foundation. *[http://nobelprize.org/award_ceremonies/ "The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies"] – Official hyperlinked webpage of the Nobel Foundation. *[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/medal.html "The Nobel Prize Medal for Literature"] – Official webpage of the Nobel Foundation. *[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medals/ "The Nobel Prize Medals and the Medal for the Prize in Economics"] – By Birgitta Lemmel; an article on the history of the design of the medals featured on the official site. *[http://nobelprize.org/award_ceremonies/prize.html "What the Nobel Laureates Receive"] – Featured link in "The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies" on the official site of the Nobel Foundation. {{Nobel Prizes}} {{Nobel Prize in Literature Laureate}} [[Category:Literary awards]] [[Category:Swedish literary awards]] [[Category:Nobel Prize| ]] {{Link FA|mk}} [[af:Nobelprys vir Letterkunde]] [[als:Nobelpreis für Literatur]] [[ar:جائزة نوبل في الأدب]] [[ast:Premiu Nobel de Lliteratura]] [[az:Nobel Ədəbiyyat Mükafatı]] [[bn:সাহিত্যে নোবেল পুরস্কার]] [[zh-min-nan:Nobel Bûn-ha̍k Chióng]] [[be-x-old:Нобэлеўская прэмія ў галіне літаратуры]] [[bs:Nobelova nagrada za književnost]] [[br:Priz Nobel al lennegezh]] [[bg:Нобелова награда за литература]] [[ca:Premi Nobel de Literatura]] [[cs:Nobelova cena za literaturu]] [[cy:Gwobr Llenyddiaeth Nobel]] [[da:Nobelprisen i litteratur]] [[de:Nobelpreis für Literatur]] [[et:Nobeli kirjandusauhind]] [[el:Βραβείο Νόμπελ Λογοτεχνίας]] [[es:Anexo:Premio Nobel de Literatura]] [[eo:Nobel-premio pri literaturo]] [[eu:Literaturako Nobel Saria]] [[fa:جایزه نوبل ادبیات]] [[fr:Prix Nobel de littérature]] [[fy:Nobelpriis foar de Literatuer]] [[ga:Duais Nobel sa Litríocht]] [[gd:Duais Nobel ann an Litreachas]] [[gl:Premio Nobel de Literatura]] [[ko:노벨 문학상]] [[hr:Nobelova nagrada za književnost]] [[io:Nobel-premiarii en literaturo]] [[ilo:Premio Nobel iti Literatura]] [[id:Daftar penerima Nobel Kesusastraan]] [[ia:Premio Nobel pro Litteratura]] [[is:Nóbelsverðlaun í bókmenntum]] [[it:Premio Nobel per la letteratura]] [[he:פרס נובל לספרות]] [[ka:ნობელის პრემიის ლაურეატები ლიტერატურის დარგში]] [[kk:Әдебиеттен Нобел сыйлығы]] [[sw:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fasihi]] [[la:Praemium Nobelianum Litteraturae]] [[lv:Nobela prēmija literatūrā]] [[lt:Nobelio literatūros premija]] [[hu:Irodalmi Nobel-díj]] [[mk:Нобелова награда за литература]] [[ms:Hadiah Nobel dalam Kesusasteraan]] [[nl:Nobelprijs voor de Literatuur]] [[ja:ノーベル文学賞]] [[no:Nobelprisen i litteratur]] [[nn:Nobelprisen i litteratur]] [[oc:Prèmi Nobel de literatura]] [[pl:Nagroda Nobla w dziedzinie literatury]] [[pt:Nobel de Literatura]] [[ro:Premiul Nobel pentru Literatură]] [[qu:Nobel Suñay Simi Kapchiypi]] [[ru:Нобелевская премия по литературе]] [[scn:Vincitura dû Nobel pâ littiratura (crunulòggicu)]] [[simple:Nobel Prize in Literature]] [[sk:Zoznam nositeľov Nobelovej ceny za literatúru]] [[sl:Nobelova nagrada za književnost]] [[sr:Нобелова награда за књижевност]] [[sh:Nobelova nagrada za književnost]] [[fi:Nobelin kirjallisuuspalkinto]] [[sv:Nobelpriset i litteratur]] [[th:รางวัลโนเบลสาขาวรรณกรรม]] [[vi:Giải Nobel Văn học]] [[tr:Nobel Edebiyat Ödülü]] [[uk:Нобелівська премія з літератури]] [[bat-smg:Nobelė literatūras premėjė]] [[zh:诺贝尔文学奖]]