Nogai language
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{{Infobox Language
|name=Nogai
|familycolor=Altaic
|nativename=Ногай тили (Nogay tili)
|states=[[Russia]]
|region=[[Caucasus]]
|speakers=90,000
|fam1=[[Altaic languages|Altaic]]<ref>"[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=90009] Ethnologue"</ref> ([[Altaic language#Controversy|controversial]])
|fam2=[[Turkic languages|Turkic]]
|fam3=[[Kypchak languages|Kypchak]]
|fam4=Kypchak-Nogay
|iso2=nog|iso3=nog}}
'''Nogai''' (also '''Nogay''' or '''Nogai Tatar'''), is a [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] language spoken in southwestern [[Russia]]. Three distinct dialects are recognized: '''Qara-Nogay''' (Black or Northern Nogay), spoken in [[Dagestan]]; '''Nogai Proper''', in [[Stavropol]]; and '''Aqnogay''' (White or Western Nogay), by the [[Kuban River]], its tributaries in [[Karachay-Cherkessia]], and in the [[Mineralnye Vody District]]. Qara-Nogay and Nogai Proper are very close linguistically, while Aqnogay shows more differences.
Nogai is generally classified into the Kypchak-Nogay branch of [[Kypchak languages|Kypchak]] [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]. This family also includes [[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]], [[Karakalpak language|Karakalpak]] in [[Uzbekistan]], [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]] in [[Kazakhstan]], and [[Kirgiz language|Kirgiz]] in [[Kyrgyzstan]].
==History==
The [[Nogais|Nogai]], descended from the peoples of the [[Golden Horde]], take their name and that of their language from the grandson of [[Genghis Khan]], [[Nogai Khan]], who ruled the [[Mongols|nomadic people]] west of the [[Danube]] toward the end of the [[13th century]]. They then settled along the [[Black Sea]] coast of present-day [[Ukraine]].
Originally, the Nogai written language was based on the [[Arabic alphabet]]. In 1928, the [[Latin alphabet]] was introduced. This [[orthography|orthographic]] system was compiled by the Nogay academic A. Dzhanibekov (Canibek), following principles adopted for all [[Turkic languages]].
In 1938, a transition to the [[Russian alphabet]] began. The [[orthography]] based on the Latin alphabet had allegedly been an impediment to learning Russian.
The expulsion of the Nogai from Ukraine in the nineteenth century separated Nogai speakers into several geographically isolated groups. Some went to [[Turkey]] and [[Romania]], while others stayed within the [[Imperial Russia|Russian Empire]], settling in northern [[Dagestan]] and neighbouring areas of [[Chechnya]] and [[Stavropol Kray]].
Assimilation and government education policy have resulted in a rapid decline in the language in Turkey. Today it is mostly spoken by the older generation. In the [[Soviet Union]] the language of instruction in schools was Russian and the number of speakers declined there also. Recent estimates place the total number of Nogai speakers at about 80,000.
In 1973, two small Nogai-language newspapers were being published, one in Karachay-Cherkessia and another in the Dagestan Autonomous SSR (''Ленин йолы''), but because of poor communications these papers did not reach Nogai villages.
Nogai is now part of the school curriculum from the 1st to the 10th year in the Nogai District of Dagestan. It is also taught at the Karachayevo-Cherkess Pedagogical School and the national branch of the Pedagogical Institute.
==Alphabet==
===Arabic alphabet===
Before 1928 the alphabet used for the Nogai language was based on the [[Arabic alphabet]]. It included all the letters of the Arabic plus the additional symbols <div class="Unicode">
<font size="+2">ڮ, ۇ, ۋ, پ, ںُ, چ, ژ , گ</font>
</div> for the specific sounds of the Nogai. This alphabet was not widespread.
===Latin alphabet===
In 1928 the Nogail alphabet based on Latin as part of the Soviet-wide [[Romanization|Latinization]] campaign. A. Sh. Dzhanibekov, a<!---Ачикулакской средней школы---> high school teacher was the author of this alphabet.
{| style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS; font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | A a
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | B в
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ç ç
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | D d
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | E e
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ә ә
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | G g
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ƣ ƣ
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | I i
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | K k
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | L l
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | M m
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | N n
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{Unicode|N̡ n̡}}
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | O o
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ө ө
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | P p
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Q q
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | R r
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | S s
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ş ş
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | T t
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | U u
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Y y
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | J j
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ь ь
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Z z
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | V v
|}
The letters '''{{Unicode|C c, I̡ ı̡, F f, H h, X x, Ƶ ƶ}}''' were added in 1931, and the letter '''{{Unicode|S̷ s̷}}''' in [[1933]]. In [[1936]] the letters '''{{Unicode|Ç ç, Ә ә, H h, I̡ ı̡}}''' were excluded from the alphabet.
===Cyrillic alphabet===
The Nogai alphabet based on [[Cyrillic]] was created in 1938. It included all of the [[Russian alphabet]] letters except '''Ё ё'''), and also the [[Digraph (orthography)|digraphs]] '''Гъ гъ, Къ къ, Нъ нъ'''. The digraphs '''Оь оь, Уь уь''' were added in the same year. In 1944 the digraphs '''Гъ гъ, Къ къ''' were excluded from the alphabet. The last reform of the Nogai alphabet took place in 1950, when it attained the current form.
{| style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS; font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | А а
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Аь аь
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Б б
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | В в
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Г г
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Д д
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Е е
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ё ё
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ж ж
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | З з
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | И и
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Й й
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | К к
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Л л
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | М м
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Н н
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Нъ нъ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | О о
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Оь оь
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | П п
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Р р
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | С с
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Т т
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | У у
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Уь уь
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ф ф
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Х х
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ц ц
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ч ч
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ш ш
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Щ щ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ъ ъ
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ы ы
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ь ь
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Э э
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ю ю
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Я я
|}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
*[http://www.eki.ee/books/redbook/nogays.shtml The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire]
*[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=nog Ethnologue entry on Nogay]
{{Altaic languages}}
{{Turkic languages}}
{{Turkic topics}}
[[Category:Languages of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Languages of Russia]]
[[Category:Languages of Uzbekistan]]
[[Category:Turkic languages]]
[[Category:Dagestan]]
[[Category:Karachay-Cherkessia]]
[[br:Nogaieg]]
[[ca:Nogai]]
[[cs:Nogajština]]
[[de:Nogaische Sprache]]
[[es:Idioma nogayo]]
[[eo:Nogaja lingvo]]
[[fr:Nogaï (langue)]]
[[ko:노가이어]]
[[mk:Ногајски јазик]]
[[pt:Língua nogai]]
[[ru:Ногайский язык]]
[[fi:Nogain kieli]]
[[th:ภาษาโนไก]]
[[tr:Nogayca]]