Nola
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{{Infobox CityIT |
img_coa = Nola-Stemma.gif|
official_name =Comune di Nola|
name = Nola|
region = [[Campania]] |
province = [[Province of Naples|Naples]] (NA) |
elevation_m = |
area_total_km2 = 39 |
population_as_of = Dec. 2004 |
population_total = 32935|
population_density_km2 = 839|
timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]], [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]+1 |
coordinates = {{coor dm|40|56|N|14|32|E}}|
frazioni = Piazzolla, Polvica|
telephone = 081 |
postalcode = 80035 and 80037 |
gentilic = Nolani|
saint = San Felice Martyr|
day =[[November 15]] |
mayor = |
website = [http://www.comune.nola.na.it/ http://www.comune.nola.na.it]|
mapy = 14.54|
mapx = 40.9267 |
}}
{{otheruses|Nola (disambiguation)}}
'''Nola''' is a city of [[Campania]], [[Italy]], in the [[province of Naples]], situated in the plain between [[Mount Vesuvius]] and the [[Apennine Mountains|Apennines]]. It is served by the [[Circumvesuviana]] railway from Naples.
==History==
===Ancient history===
Nola in Bronze Age times was the site of a settlement that has yielded evidence of the destructive power of an eruption by [[Mount Vesuvius]] between 1700BC and 1600BC (the [[Avellino eruption]]) almost 2000 years before the eruption that buried Roman [[Pompeii]] & [[Herculaneum]]. Excavations revealed extensive evidence of a small village abandoned quickly by its occupants at the time of the eruption so that a wide range of pottery and other artifacts were left behind to survive with the imprint of buildings in the mud from the eruption. A short article [http://www.archaeology.org/0203/newsbriefs/bronzeage.html] published by the Archaeological Institute of America appears in Archaeology.
Called ''Nuvlana ''on the most ancient coins, was one of the oldest cities of Campania, Nola is variously said to have been founded by the [[Ausones]], the [[Chalcidians]] from [[Cumae]] and the [[Etruscans]]. The last-named were certainly in Nola about [[560 BC]]. At the time when it sent assistance to Neapolis against the Roman invasion ([[328 BC]]) it was probably occupied by Oscans in alliance with the Samnites. In the Samnite War (311 BC) the town was taken by the Romans, in the [[Second Punic War]] it thrice offered defiance to [[Hannibal]] ([[first Battle of Nola|first]], [[second Battle of Nola|second]], and [[third Battle of Nola]]) and on two occasions (215 and 214) was defended by Marcellus. In the [[Social War (91–88 BC)|Social War]] it was betrayed into the hands of the Samnites, who kept possession till Marius, with whom they had sided, was defeated by [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla|Sulla]], who in [[80 BC]] subjected it with the rest of [[Samnium]]. Seven years later it was stormed by [[Spartacus]], for which reason Augustus and Vespasian sent colonies there.
Nola, though losing much of its importance, remained a ''municipium'' with its own institutions and the use of the [[Oscan]] language. It became a Roman colony under [[Augustus]], who died there in 14 AD. Later it became an important site of Christian pilgrimage and hospitality, after the Christian senator [[Paulinus of Nola, Saint|Paulinus]] relocated to the town, eventually becoming bishop.
Nola lay on the ''Via Popilia'' from [[Capua]] to [[Nocera Inferiore]] and the south, and a branch road ran from it to [[Abella]] and [[Avellino]]. [[Mommsen]] (''Corp. inscr. Lat.'' X. 142) further states that roads must have run direct from Nola to [[Neapolis]] and [[Pompeii]], but [[Heinrich Kiepert|Kiepert]]'s map annexed to the volume does not indicate them.
===Middle Ages and Modern era===
In 410 AD Nola was sacked by [[Alaric I]], in [[453]] by [[Gaiseric]] and his [[Vandals]], in [[806]] and again in [[904]] by the [[Saracens]].
Captured by [[Manfred of Sicily]] in the [[13th century]], from the time of [[Charles I of Anjou]] to the mid-[[15th century]], Nola was a feudal possession of the [[Orsini]] baronal family. The [[battle of Nola (1459)]] is famous for the clever stratagem by which Stephen of Anjou defeated Alfonso of Aragon.
Damaged by earthquakes in the [[15th century|15th]] and [[16th century|centuries]], Nola lost much of its importance. The revolution of [[1820]] under General Pepe began at Nola.
The sculptor [[Giovanni Marliano]] was a native of the city; and some of his works are preserved in the cathedral.
===Nola today===
Nola today is an important town close to [[Naples]]. However, most of its territory and ecomony are well under the control of the [[Camorra]].
A major [[Camorra]]'s activity is the illegal treatment of urban, chemical and industrial wastes in the countryside located in the region between Nola, [[Acerra]] and [[Marigliano]]. This formerly rich and green countryside is sometimes now called the "Death Triangle".
The scientific journal ''[[The Lancet Oncology]]'' published in 2004 a study by the Italian researcher Alfredo Mazza, a physiologist at the Italian [[Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche|CNR]] (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche): this study revealed the terrible situation in the countryside around Marigliano and the negative impact on the people's health. He demonstrated that the deaths by cancer are much higher than average in that region with respect the European average.
==Main sights and ancient findings==
*The ancient [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] cathedral (restored in 1866, and again in 1870 after the interior was destroyed by fire), with its lofty tower.
*''Basilica di San Tommaso'', built in the 3rd century but renovated. It has frescoes from the 9th-11th centuries depicting stories of Christ.
*''Basilica of SS. Apostoli'', built, according to tradition, in 95 AD. Rebuilt in 1190, it was the city's cathedral until 1593. It was decorated in Baroque style in the 1740s.
*''Palazzo Orsini'' (built in 1470, although modified later).
*The Late-Renaissance church of ''San Biagio'', decorated with polychrome marbles and paintings from some of the most renowned 17th century Neapolitan painters.
*The seminary in which are preserved the famous Oscan inscription known as the ''Cippus Abellanus ''(from Abella, the modern [[Avella]]) and some [[Latin]] inscriptions relating to a treaty with Nola regarding a joint temple of [[Hercules]].
*Castle of Cicala, in the neighbourhood.
In the days of its independence Nola issued an important series of coins, and in luxury it vied with Capua. A large number of vases of Greek style were manufactured here and have been found in the neighbourhood. Their material is of pale yellow clay with shining black glaze, and they are decorated with skillfully drawn red figures. Of the ancient city, which occupied the same site as the modern town, hardly any thing is now visible, and the discoveries of the ancient street pavement have not been noted with sufficient care to enable us to recover the plan.
Numerous ruins, an [[amphitheatre]], still recognizable, a theatre, a temple of Augustus, etc., existed in the [[16th century]], and were then used for building material. A few tombs of the Roman period are preserved. The neighbourhood was divided into ''pagi'', the names of some of which are preserved to us (''Pagus Agrifanus'', ''Capriculanus'', ''Lanitanus''). Prehistoric findings are also housed in the Archaeological Museum.
There is also a monument to [[Giordano Bruno]], who was born at Castelcicala, a locality near Nola, in [[1548]].
==Famous people==
[[Augustus]] Caesar, the first emperor of [[Ancient Rome|Rome]], died in Nola on [[19 August]] [[14 AD]].
Nola was the birthplace of [[Luigi Tansillo]], [[Giovanni Merliano]], whose work is well represented in the cathedral, of the physician [[Ambrogio Leo]], and of the philosopher [[Nicola Antonio Stigliola]]. Nola is, however, best known as the hometown of the philosopher [[Giordano Bruno]], who often referred to himself as the "Nolano," and his philosophy as the "Nolana filosofia".
Nola was the home of Saint [[Felix of Nola]]. The city was also the episcopal see of [[Saint Paulinus of Nola]], a major theologian and writer of the late Western Roman Empire, and who is also credited with inventing the [[church bell]] (''campana'' in Italian, taking its name from Campania). The church erected by him in honour of St. Felix in the [[4th century]] is extant in part.
==Culture==
Two fairs are held in Nola, on [[June 14]] and [[November 12]]. [[June 22]] or the first Sunday after is devoted to a great festival ("La Festa Dei Gigli" or "The Festival of the Lillies") in honor of St. Paulinus.
==External links==
* [http://www.camera.it/_dati/leg13/lavori/doc/xxiii/046/d010.htm Relazione della Commissione Parlamentare], a relation about the camorra in Campania (October 2000). {{it icon}}
* [http://www.repubblica.it/2004/h/sezioni/cronaca/acerra/lancet/lancet.html "The Death Triangle"], published on the Italian newspaper Repubblica.it (2004) {{it icon}}
* [http://www.giglidinola.it/main.htm Website of the festival in honor of Paulinus].
==See also==
*[[Quadrelle]]
{{Province of Naples}}
{{1911}}
{{catholic}}
{{coor title dm|40|56|N|14|32|E|}}
[[Category:Roman sites of Campania]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Campania]]
[[Category:Castles in Italy]]
[[Category:History of the Camorra in Italy]]
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