Nomad 89908 225638243 2008-07-14T17:57:34Z Pigman 285310 clean up, typos fixed: mongolian → Mongolian using [[Project:AutoWikiBrowser|AWB]] {{other uses||Nomad (2006 film)}} {{Refimprove|date=July 2006}} [[Image:Nomads near Namtso.jpg|thumb|250px|Pastoral nomads camping near [[Namtso]] in 2005]] [[Image:Prokudin-Gorskii-18.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Kazakhs|Kazakh]] nomads in the steppes of the Russian Empire, by pioneer color photographer [[Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky]], ca. 1910]] '''Nomadic people''', also known as '''nomads''', are communities of people that move from one place to another, rather than [[Settler|settling down]] in one location. There are an estimated 30-40 million nomads in the world.<ref>[http://www.newint.org/issue266/facts.htm NOMADS - The FACTS]</ref> Many cultures have been traditionally nomadic, but traditional nomadic behavior is increasingly rare in [[industrialization|industrialized]] countries. There are three kinds of nomads, [[hunter-gatherer]]s moving between hunting grounds, [[pastoralism|pastoral nomads]] moving between pastures, and "peripatetic nomads" moving between customers. Nomadic hunter-gatherers have by far the longest-lived subsistence method in human history, following seasonally available wild plants and game. Pastoralists raise herds and move with them so as not to deplete pasture beyond recovery in any one area. Peripatetic nomads are more common in industrialized nations, traveling from one territory to another and offering a trade wherever they go. == Nomadic hunter-gatherers == {{Main|Hunter-gatherer}} For more than one million years before domestication{{Fact|date=November 2007}}, nomadic hunter-gatherers (also known as foragers) moved from campsite to campsite, following [[Game (food)| game]] and wild [[Fruit| fruits]] and [[Vegetable| vegetables]]. '''Examples of nomadic hunter-gatherers''' * Various groups of [[Pygmies]], such as the [[Mbuti]] of the [[Ituri Rainforest]] in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] * The [[Bushmen]] (also known as Basarwa or San) of [[southern Africa]] * Most [[Indigenous Australians]] prior to Western contact * The [[Negritos]] of [[Southeast Asia]] * Some [[Adivasi]] tribal people of [[India]] * Many [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]], such as the [[Nukak|Nukak-Makú]] of the [[Amazon Rainforest]], the [[Yana people|Yahi]] of [[California]], indigenous inhabitants of [[Tierra del Fuego]], or early people of Montana located at [[Barton Gulch]] == Pastoral nomads == [[Image:Mongolian nomads.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Mongol]]ian herders moving to their autumn encampment, [[Khövsgöl Province|Khövsgöl aimag]], 2006]] {{Main|Pastoralism|Transhumance}} :''See also [[nomadic pastoralism]]'' This nomadic [[pastoralism]] is thought to have developed in three stages that accompanied [[population growth]] and an increase in the complexity of [[social organization]]. Karim Sadr has proposed the following stages: *'''Pastoralism:''' This is a [[mixed economy]] with a [[symbiosis]] within the family. *'''Agropastoralism:''' This is when symbiosis is between segments or clans within an [[ethnic group]]. *'''True Nomadism:''' This is when symbiosis is at the regional level, generally between specialized nomadic and agricultural populations. The pastoralists are sedentary to a certain area, as they move between the permanent spring, summer, autumn and winter pastures for their [[livestock]]. The nomads moved depending on the availability of resources. [[Image:Gurvger.jpg|thumb|250px|A [[yurt]] in front of the [[Gurvansaikhan Mountains]]]] === Origin of nomadic pastoralism === Nomadic pastoralism seems to have developed as a part of the [[secondary products revolution]] proposed by [[Andrew Sherratt]], in which early [[Neolithic|pre-pottery Neolithic]] cultures that had used animals as live meat ("on the hoof") began also using animals for their secondary products, for example, [[milk]] and its associated [[dairy products]], [[wool]] and other animal hair, hides and consequently [[leather]], [[manure]] for [[fuel]] and [[fertilizer]], and traction. The first nomadic pastoral society developed in the period from 8500-6500 BC in the area of the southern [[Levant]]. There, during a period of increasing aridity, PPNB cultures in the Sinai were replaced by a nomadic, pastoral pottery-using culture, which seems to have been a cultural fusion between a newly arrived [[Mesolithic]] people from Egypt (the [[Harifian]] culture), adopting their nomadic hunting lifestyle to the raising of stock. This lifestyle quickly developed into what Jaris Yurins has called the circum-[[Arabian]] nomadic pastoral techno-complex and is possibly associated with the appearance of [[Semitic languages]] in the region of the [[Ancient Near East]]. The rapid spread of such nomadic pastoralism was typical of such later developments as of the [[Yamnaya]] culture of the horse and cattle nomads of the [[Eurasian steppe]], or of the [[Turkic peoples|Turko]]-[[Mongol]] spread of the later [[Middle Ages]].<ref>[http://anthro.palomar.edu/subsistence/sub_3.htm Patterns of Subsistence: Pastoralism]</ref> ===Increased nomadism in the former Soviet Union=== One of the consequences of the break-up of the [[Soviet Union]] and the subsequent political independence and economic collapse of its [[Central Asian]] republics is the resurgence of pastoral nomadism.{{Fact|date=February 2008}} Taking the [[Kyrgyz]] people as a representative example, nomadism was the center of their economy prior to Russian colonization at the turn of the C19/C20, when they were settled into agricultural villages. The population became increasingly [[urbanized]] after [[World War II]], but some people continued to take their herds of horses and cows to the high pasture (''jailoo'') every summer, i.e. a pattern of [[transhumance]]. Since the 1990s, as the cash economy shrunk, unemployed relatives were absorbed back on the family farm, and the importance of this form of nomadism has increased. The symbols of nomadism, specifically the crown of the grey felt tent known as the [[yurt]], appears on the national flag, emphasizing the centrality of their nomadic history and past in the creation of the modern nation of [[Kyrgyzstan]]. === List === [[Image:PazyrikHorseman.JPG|thumb|170px|A [[Scythian]] horseman from the general area of the [[Ili river]], [[Pazyryk]], c.[[300 BCE]].]] [[Image:Bedouinnasserwadirum.jpg|thumb|180px|A young [[Bedouin]] lighting a camp fire in [[Wadi Rum]], [[Jordan]]]] <!-- PLEASE NOTE: Broad groups, especially if they are now mainly settled such as "Turks", need to be qualified as to which sub-groups were nomadic and in which periods--> {{col-begin}}{{col-2}} * [[Ababdeh]] * [[Bedouin]] [[Arab]]s *[[Chukchi people|Chukchi]] * [[Dzungars]] * [[Fula people|Fulanis]] * [[Himba]] * [[H'mong]] * [[Indo-Aryans]] (certain groups) ** [[Gujar]]s (Göçer) ** [[Mitanni]] ** [[Germanic peoples]] (ancient, early medieval age) ** [[Slavic peoples]] (ancient, early medieval age) ** [[Dhangar]]s ** [[Rigvedic tribes]] ** [[roma people|Roma]] (Gypsies) * [[Iranian peoples|Iranians]] (certain groups) ** [[Alans]] ** [[Dahae]] ** [[Bakhtiari]] of [[Iran]] ** [[Hephthalites]] ** [[Hunas]] ** [[Kuchis]] (Kochai) ** [[Parni]] ** [[Parthia]]ns ** [[Sarmatians]] ** [[Scythians]] * [[Kalmyks]] * [[Kuchis]] * [[Kurumbar]] * [[Kurds]] * [[Maasai]] (originally, now settled or semi-nomadic) {{col-break}} * [[Magyars]] (ancient, early medieval age) * [[Moken]] * [[Mongols]] <!-- [[Moors]] were included here but this needs some qualification as to which period, which group since the Spanish moors were settled city-builders--> * [[Mrazig]] of [[Tunisia]] * [[Nenets people|Nenets]]es * [[Nuer]] * [[Sarakatsani]] * [[Somali people|Somali]]s * [[Tibetans]] * [[Toubou]] * [[Tuareg]]s * [[Turkic peoples|Turks]] (ancient, medieval age) ** [[Eurasian Avars|Avars]] ** [[Bulgars]] ** [[Crimean Tatars]] (certain groups) ** [[Cumans]] ** [[Huns]] ** [[Kipchaks]] ** [[Khazars]] ** [[Pechenegs]] ** [[Seljuks]] ** [[Wu Hu]] * [[Turkic peoples|Turks]] (present) ** [[Kazakhs]] ** [[Kyrgyz]] ** [[Nogais]] ** [[Qashqai]] ** [[Turkmens]] ** [[Yörük]] * [[Trekboers]] * Some [[reindeer]]-herding [[Sami people|Sami]] communities {{col-end}} == Peripatetic nomads== {{see|Nomadic peoples of Europe}} "Peripatetic nomads" are mobile populations moving among settled populations offering a [[craft]] or [[trade]]. * [[Roma people|Roma]] (Gypsies) ** [[Kalderash]] ** [[Gitano]] (AKA [[Cale]]) ** [[Manush]] (AKA [[Sinti]]) ** [[Romnichal]] * [[Irish Travellers]] * [[Yeniche]] * [[Quinqui]] == Nomadism unique to industrialized nations == * [[RV lifestyle]] * [[Technomad]] * [[Perpetual traveler]] == See also == *[[Eurasian nomads]] for the historically and pre-historically important Horse People *[[Itinerant]] *[[Kochari]] *[[Mongol Empire]] *[[Transhumance]] *[[Snowbird (people)]] *[[Seasonal human migration]] *[[Uncontacted peoples]] == References == {{Reflist}} == Further reading == *Sadr, Karim. ''The Development of Nomadism in Ancient Northeast Africa'', University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991. ISBN 0-8122-3066-3 *[[Gregory Cowan|Cowan, Gregory]]. "Nomadology in Architecture: Ephemerality, Movement and Collaboration" University of Adelaide 2002 (available: http://hdl.handle.net/2440/37830 [http://thesis.library.adelaide.edu.au/public/adt-SUA20060904.161630/]) *[[Bruce Chatwin|Chatwin, Bruce]]. ''[[The Songlines]]'' (1987) *[[Gilles Deleuze|Deleuze]] and [[Félix Guattari|Guattari]], ''[[A Thousand Plateaus]]'' (1980) *[[Melvyn Goldstein]]: [http://www.cwru.edu/affil/tibet/booksAndPapers/Impact_China_Reform_Policy.html The Impact of China's Reform Policy on the Nomads of Western Tibet] *[http://www.cwru.edu/affil/tibet/booksAndPapers/Remote%20World%20of%20Tibet%27s%20Nomads.html The Remote World of Tibet's Nomads] *[[René Grousset|Grousset, René]]. ''L'Empire des Steppes'' (1939) {{fr icon}} *Michael Haerdter [http://neme.org/main/137/nomadism Remarks on modernity, mobility, nomadism and the arts] *[[Nikolay Kradin|Kradin, Nikolay]]. Nomadic Empires in Evolutionary Perspective. In ''Alternatives of Social Evolution''. Ed. by N.N. Kradin, A.V. [[Korotayev]], [[Dmitri Bondarenko]], V. de Munck, and P.K. Wason (p. 274-288). [[Vladivostok]]: Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; reprinted in: The Early State, its Alternatives and Analogues. Ed. by [[Leonid Grinin]] et al. (р. 501-524). Volgograd: Uchitel', 2004. * Michael Haerdter [http://neme.org/main/137/nomadism Remarks on modernity, mobility, nomadism and the arts] * Kradin, Nikolay N. 2002. [http://jwsr.ucr.edu/archive/vol8/number3/pdf/jwsr-v8n3-kradin.pdf Nomadism, Evolution, and World-Systems: Pastoral Societies in Theories of Historical Development. ''Journal of World-System Research'' 8: 368-388]. * Kradin, Nikolay N. 2003. Nomadic Empires: Origins, Rise, Decline. In ''Nomadic Pathways in Social Evolution''. Ed. by N.N. Kradin, [[Dmitri Bondarenko]], and T. [[Barfield]] (p. 73-87). Moscow: Center for Civilizational Studies, [[Russian Academy of Sciences]]. * Kradin, Nikolay N. 2006. [http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/SF/Complex_lat-1.doc Cultural Complexity of Pastoral Nomads. ''World Cultures'' 15: 171-189]. * Beall, Cynthia and Goldstein, Melvyn: ''Past becoming future gor Mongolian nomads'' [[National Geographic Magazine]] May 1993 [[Category:Nomads|*]] [[Category:Itinerant living| ]] [[Category:Cultural anthropology]] [[Category:Simple living]] [[Category:Demography]] [[Category:Population]] [[bs:Nomadi]] [[bg:Номад]] [[ca:Nomadisme]] [[de:Nomade]] [[es:Nómada]] [[eo:Nomado]] [[fa:عشایر]] [[fr:Nomadisme]] [[gl:Nómade]] [[hr:Nomadi]] [[id:Nomaden]] [[it:Popoli nomadi]] [[kk:Көшпенді халықтар]] [[lv:Nomadi]] [[hu:Vándorlás]] [[nl:Nomade]] [[ja:遊牧民]] [[no:Nomade]] [[nn:Nomade]] [[pl:Nomada]] [[pt:Povo nômade]] [[ro:Popoare migratoare]] [[ru:Кочевые народы]] [[simple:Nomadic people]] [[sl:Nomadi]] [[sr:Номадизам]] [[sh:Nomad]] [[fi:Nomadit]] [[sv:Nomader]] [[tr:Göçebe]] [[zh:遊牧民族]]