Nonvolatile acid
529082
178344307
2007-12-16T19:25:53Z
Mikael Häggström
2615838
/* Reactions */ copyed
A '''nonvolatile acid''' (also known as a '''fixed acid''' or '''metabolic acid''') is an [[acid]] produced from sources other than [[carbon dioxide]], and is not excreted by the lungs. They are produced from e.g. an incomplete metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. All acids produced in the body are nonvolatile except [[carbonic acid]], which is the sole volatile acid. Common nonvolatile acids in humans are [[lactic acid]], [[phosphoric acid]], [[sulfuric acid]], [[acetoacetic acid]], and [[beta-hydroxybutyric acid]]. Humans produce about 1 - 1.5 mmoles of H+ per kilogram per day.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.anaesthesiamcq.com/AcidBaseBook/ab2_1.php | title= Acid-Base Physiology | accessdate= 2007-05-30}}</ref> The nonvolatile acids are excreted by the [[kidney]]s. Lactic acid is usually completely metabolized by the body, and is thus not excreted from the body.
==Reactions==
The following reactions result in nonvolatile acids:
* [[sulfur]]-containing amino acid [[oxidation]]s: <ref name=boron846> {{cite book |author=Walter F., PhD. Boron |title=Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch |publisher=Elsevier/Saunders |location= |year= |pages= |isbn=1-4160-2328-3 |oclc= |doi=}} Page 846 </ref>
e.g. [[methionine]] or [[cysteine]] --> Urea + CO<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> --> 2H<sup>+</sup> + SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup>
* [[phosphorus]]-containing compound metabolism<ref name=boron846/> --> H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> --> H<sup>+</sup> + H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup>
* cationic amino acid oxidation<ref name=boron846/>:
e.g. [[lysine]] or [[arginine]] -->Urea + CO<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O + H<sup>+</sup>
* Non-metabolizable organic acid production<ref name=boron846/>:
HA --> H<sup>+</sup> + A<sup>-</sup>
* Incomplete metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins<ref name=boron846/> --> e.g. [[lactic acid]] or [[keto-acid]]s
==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Physiology]]