Nothofagus
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Thoasp
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{{Taxobox
| name = ''Nothofagus''
| image = Nothofagus obliqua.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = ''Nothofagus obliqua''
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Fagales]]
| familia = '''Nothofagaceae'''
| familia_authority = [[Ludmila Andreevna Kuprianova|Kuprian.]]
| genus = '''''Nothofagus'''''
| genus_authority = [[Carl Ludwig Blume|Blume]]
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = See text
}}
[[Image:Nothofagus obliqua Shoot LeavesCupules.jpg|thumb|Shoots, leaves, and cupules of ''N''. ''obliqua'']]
[[Image:Nothofagus nervosa.jpg|thumb|right|''N''. ''alpina'', rauli beech]]
'''''Nothofagus''''', also known as the '''southern beeches''', is a genus of about 35 [[species]] of [[tree]]s and [[shrub|shrubs]] native to the temperate oceanic to tropical [[Southern Hemisphere]] in southern [[South America]] ([[Chile]], [[Argentina]]) and [[Australasia]] (east & southeast [[Australia]], [[Tasmania]], [[New Zealand]], [[New Guinea]] and [[New Caledonia]]).
In the past they were included in the family [[Fagaceae]], but genetic tests by the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]] revealed them to be genetically distinct, and they are now included in a family their own, the [[Nothofagaceae]].
The [[leaf|leaves]] are toothed or entire, [[evergreen]] or [[deciduous]]. The [[fruit]] is a small, flattened or triangular [[nut (fruit)|nut]], borne in cupules containing 2-7 nuts.
''Nothofagus'' species are used as food plants by the [[larva]] of [[Hepialidae|hepialid]] [[moth]]s of the genus ''[[Aenetus]]'' including ''A. eximia'' and ''A. virescens''.
Many individuals are extremely old, and at one time it was believed that some populations could not reproduce in present-day conditions at the location where they were growing, except by [[sucker]]ing ([[clonal reproduction]]), being remnant forest from a cooler time. It has since been shown that [[sexual reproduction]] may occur[http://cgi.cse.unsw.edu.au/~lambert/cgi-bin/clim/2005/07/], but distribution in cool, [[isolated high-altitude environment]]s at [[temperate]] and [[tropical]] [[latitude]]s is consistent with the theory that the species was more prolific in a cooler age.[http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-Bio14Tuat01-t1-body-d1.html] The [[pattern of distribution]] around the southern [[Pacific Ocean rim]] has fed speculation that the dissemination of the genus dates to the time when [[Antarctica]], Australia and [[South America]] were connected, the hypothetical common land-mass referred to as [[Gondwanaland]].[http://www.nativeforest.org/campaigns/gondwana/index.htm]
==Taxonomy==
The genus is classified in the following sections:<ref>[http://nothofagus.free.fr/sommaire.htm ''Nothofagus'' website] (in French)</ref>
;Sect. ''Brassospora'' (type ''Nothofagus brassi'')
*''[[Nothofagus aequilateralis]]'' (New Caledonia)
*''[[Nothofagus balansae]]'' (New Caledonia)
*''[[Nothofagus baumanniae]]'' (New Caledonia)
*''[[Nothofagus brassii]]'' (New Guinea)
*''[[Nothofagus carrii]]'' (New Guinea)
*''[[Nothofagus codonandra]]'' (New Caledonia)
*''[[Nothofagus crenata]]'' (New Guinea)
*''[[Nothofagus discoidea]]'' (New Caledonia)
*''[[Nothofagus flaviramea]]'' (New Guinea)
*''[[Nothofagus grandis]]'' (New Guinea)
*''[[Nothofagus nuda]]'' (New Guinea)
*''[[Nothofagus perryi]]'' (New Guinea)
*''[[Nothofagus pseudoresinosa]]'' (New Guinea)
*''[[Nothofagus pullei]]'' (New Guinea)
*''[[Nothofagus resinosa]]'' (New Guinea)
*''[[Nothofagus rubra]]'' (New Guinea)
*''[[Nothofagus starkenborghii]]'' (New Guinea)
*''[[Nothofagus stylosa]]'' (New Guinea)
*''[[Nothofagus womersleyi]]'' (New Guinea)
;Sect. ''Fuscospora'' (type ''Nothofagus fusca'')
*''[[Nothofagus alessandri]]'' (Central Chile)
*''[[Nothofagus fusca]]'' (New Zealand)
*''[[Nothofagus gunnii]]'' (Australia: Tasmania)
*''[[Nothofagus solandri]]'' (New Zealand)
*''[[Nothofagus truncata]]'' (New Zealand)
;Sect. ''Lophozonia'' (type ''Nothofagus menziesii'')
*''[[Nothofagus alpina]]'' (=''N. procera'') (Central Chile)
*''[[Nothofagus cunninghamii]]'' (Australia: Victoria, New South Wales, Tasmania)
*''[[Nothofagus glauca]]'' (Central Chile)
*''[[Nothofagus macrocarpa]]'' (Central Chile)
*''[[Nothofagus menziesii]]'' (New Zealand)
*''[[Nothofagus moorei]]'' (Australia: New South Wales, Queensland)
*''[[Nothofagus obliqua]]'' (South America)
;Sect. ''Nothofagus'' (type ''Nothofagus antarctica'')
*''[[Nothofagus antarctica]]'' (South America)
*''[[Nothofagus betuloides]]'' (South America)
*''[[Nothofagus dombeyi]]'' (Central Chile and Andean Patagonia)
*''[[Nothofagus nitida]]'' (South America)
*''[[Nothofagus pumilio]]'' (South America)
==References==
{{commons|Nothofagus}}
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Nothofagaceae]]
[[Category:Fagales of Australia]]
[[Category:Flora of New Zealand]]
[[Category:Flora of Argentina]]
[[Category:Flora of Chile]]
[[ca:Nothofagus]]
[[da:Sydbøg]]
[[de:Scheinbuchen]]
[[es:Nothofagus]]
[[fr:Nothofagus]]
[[gd:Faidhbhile deasach]]
[[it:Nothofagus]]
[[he:אשור דרומי]]
[[lt:Notofaginiai]]
[[no:Sydbøkfamilien]]
[[pl:Bukan]]
[[pt:Nothofagus]]
[[simple:Nothofagus]]
[[sv:Sydbokssläktet]]
[[zh:南青岡科]]
{{Fagales-stub}}