Nuba
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Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/98.232.82.130|98.232.82.130]] to last version by Eubot (using [[WP:HG|Huggle]])
{{for|the region extending from southern Egypt to northern Sudan|Nubia}}
:''For the musical form, see [[Andalusi nubah]] or [[Nuubaat]]''.
'''Nuba''' is a collective term used here for the humans who inhabit the [[Nuba Mountains]], in [[Kordofan]] province, [[Sudan]], [[Africa]]. Although the term is used to describe them as if they composed a single group although the Nuba are comprised of different strains and use differing forms of speech. Estimates of the Nuba population vary widely; the Sudanese government estimated that they numbered 1.1 million in 1993.
[[Leni Riefenstahl]], better known for directing ''[[Triumph of the Will]]'' and ''[[Olympia_(film)|Olympia]]'', published a collection of her photographs of the humans titled ''The Last of the Nuba'' in 1976.
== Effect of private agriculture schemes ==<!-- This section is linked from [[History of Sudan]] -->
Between [[1973]] and [[1994]], the Sudanese government introduced programs to promote large-scale, privately owned agriculture to many regions including the Nuba Mountains. The efforts were redoubled as a result of [[IMF]] [[structural adjustment programs]] instituted in [[1978]]. Large-scale mechanized farms were introduced, which pushed small peasants into marginal land between semi-arid and lusher savanna areas. Sudanese governments during the period misperceived the Nuba as a unified ally of the [[Sudan People's Liberation Army]] (S.P.L.A.), which furthered the oppressive measures against the tribes. These measures were indiscriminately applied, even to groups having no connection to the S.P.L.A., such as the numerous Nuba Muslims. An example of these measures is the refusal to grant leases for undeveloped land that had been marked for future large-scale agricultural uses to peasants who were starving during the drought between [[1983]] and [[1985]]. By [[1999]], over one hundred thousand humans had been forcibly removed by the agriculture programs, many of whom moved to urban areas, and are forced to face the difficulty associated with that type of transition.
In the 1986 elections, the [[Umma Party]] lost several seats to the [[Nuba Mountains General Union]] and to the [[Sudan National Party]], due to the reduced level of support from the Nuba Mountains region. There is reason to believe that attacks by the government-supported militia, the [[Popular Defense Force]] (P.D.F.), on several Nuba villages were meant to be in retaliation for this drop in support, which was seen as signaling increased support of the S.P.L.A. The P.D.F. attacks were particularly violent, and have been cited as examples of [[crimes against humanity]] that took place during the [[Second Sudanese Civil War]] (Salih 1999).
== The War in the Mountains ==
After some earlier incursions by the SPLA, the sudanese civil war started full scale in the Nuba Mountains when the Volcano Battalion of the SPLA under the command of the Nuba [[Yusif Kwa Mekki]] and Abdel Aziz Adam al-Hillu entered the Nuba Mountains and began to recruit Nuba volunteers and send them to SPLA training facilities in Ethiopia.The volunteers walked to Ethiopia and back and many of them perished on the way. During the war, the SPLA generally held the Mountains, while the Sudanese Army held the towns and fertile lands at the feet of the Mountains, but was generally unable to dislodge the SPLA, even though the latter was usually very badly supplied. The Governments of Sudan under Sadiq al-Mahdi and Omar al-Bashir also armed militias of Baggara Arabs to fight the Nuba and transferred many Nuba forcibly to camps. 1998 Yousif Kuwa was diagnosed with cancer and died early 2001. Early 2002 the Government and the SPLA agreed on an internationally supervised ceasefire.
==See also==
* [[Dilling people]]
* [[Heiban Nuba]]
* [[Kadaru]]
* [[Katla people]]
* [[Kanga]]
* [[Karko]]
* [[Keiga]]
* [[Keiga Jirru]]
* [[Koalib Nuba]]
* [[Krongo Nuba]]
* [[Logol people]]
* [[Moro Nuba]]
* [[Nyimang]]
* [[Otoro Nuba]]
* [[Tagale]]
* [[Talodi]]
* [[Tira people]]
* [[Nuba fighting]]
==External links==
{{refimprove|date=November 2007}}
*[http://www.raceandhistory.com/historicalviews/nuba.htm The Nuba and their Homeland]
*[http://www.hf-fak.uib.no/institutter/smi/sa/tan/nuba.html Nuba Languages]
*[http://www.nubasurvival.com/Nuba%20Culture/Nuba%20Culture%20index.htm Nuba Culture]
*[http://www.sepnet.org/ Sudan Emancipation & Preservation Network (SEPNet)]
*[http://www.nubamountains.com The Nuba Mountains Homepage]
*[http://www.thenubian.net/settlement.php The Linguistic Settlement of the Nuba Mountains]
==References==
<references />
M.A. Mohamed Salih. ''Environment and Liberation in Contemporary Africa.'' Dordrecht, Boston and London: Klower Academic Publishers (1999)
Op´t Ende, Nanne ''Proud to be Nuba.'' Tilburg, Code X (2007)
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Sudan]]
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