Nuclear energy policy 2459254 224845747 2008-07-10T17:57:24Z Andrewa 8846 /* Norway */ rem text {{main|Nuclear power}} '''Nuclear energy policy''' is a national and international [[policy]] concerning some or all aspects of [[nuclear energy]], such as [[mining]] for [[nuclear fuel]], extraction and processing of nuclear fuel from the ore, [[electricity generation|generating electricity]] by [[nuclear power]], [[nuclear fuel cycle|enriching and storing]] [[spent nuclear fuel]] and [[nuclear fuel reprocessing]]. Nuclear energy policies often include the regulation of energy use and standards relating to the [[nuclear fuel cycle]]. Other measures include efficiency standards, safety regulations, [[emission standard]]s, [[fiscal policy|fiscal policies]], and [[legislation]] on energy trading, transport of [[nuclear waste]] and [[contamination|contaminated]] materials, and their storage. Governments might subsidize nuclear energy and arrange international treaties and trade agreements about the import and export of [[nuclear technology]], [[electricity]], [[nuclear waste]], and [[uranium]]. Since nuclear energy and [[nuclear weapon]]s technologies are closely related, [[military]] aspirations can act as a factor in energy policy decisions. The fear of [[nuclear proliferation]] influences some international nuclear energy policies. ==The global picture== [[Image:Nuclear power stations.png|thumb|300px|right|The status of nuclear power globally. Nations in dark green have reactors and are constructing new reactors, those in light green are constructing their first reactor, those in dark yellow are considering new reactors, those in light yellow are considering their first reactor, those in blue have reactors but are not constructing or decommissioning, those in light blue are considering decommissioning and those in red have decommissioned all their commercial reactors.]] Installed nuclear capacity rose relatively quickly since the 1950s, but since the late 1980s capacity has risen much more slowly, reaching 366 GW in 2005, primarily due to Chinese expansion of nuclear power. Between around 1970 and 1990, more than 50 GW of capacity was under construction (peaking at over 150 GW in the late 70s and early 80s). The [[growth]] slowed in the 1980s because of [[environmentalist]] opposition, high [[interest rate]]s, and [[energy conservation]] prompted by the [[1973 energy crisis|oil shock in 1973]], the [[1979 energy crisis|energy crisis in 1979]] and the [[Three Mile Island accident]] and [[Chernobyl disaster]]. In 1983 an unexpected fall in fossil fuel prices stopped most new construction of [[nuclear power plant]]s.{{Fact|date=November 2007}} [[Electricity liberalization]] in the United States and Europe during the 1980s and 1990s increased the financial risk of investing in [[nuclear power]]. More than two-thirds of all nuclear plants ordered after January [[1970]] were eventually canceled.<ref name=iaea>{{cite paper | title = 50 Years of Nuclear Energy | publisher = International Atomic Energy Agency | url = http://www.iaea.org/About/Policy/GC/GC48/Documents/gc48inf-4_ftn3.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 2007-07-13}}</ref> Nuclear power plants, however, do not directly generate any greenhouse gases, some governments have therefore returned to nuclear power as part of their strategies on tackling [[global warming]] and [[climate change]]. The use of nuclear energy is limited to a relatively small number of countries in the world. As of 2007, only 31 countries, or 16% of the 191 [[United Nations]] Member States, operated nuclear power plants.<ref>[http://www.greens-efa.org/cms/topics/dokbin/206/206749.pdf The World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2007] p. 6.</ref> In 1999 the countries that relied most on nuclear energy were [[France]] (with 75% of its electricity generated by nuclear power stations), [[Lithuania]] (73%), [[Belgium]] (58%), [[Bulgaria]], [[Slovakia]] and [[Sweden]] (47%), [[Ukraine]] (44%) and [[South Korea]] (43%). The largest producer of nuclear capacity was the [[USA]] with 28% of worldwide capacity, followed by France (18%) and Japan (12%).<ref name=wec/> In 2000, there were 438 commercial nuclear generating units throughout the world, with a total capacity of about 351 gigawatts. According to [[IAEA]], nuclear power is projected to increase to 17% share of the world's electricity production by 2020. They predict 60 new plants will be installed over the next 15 years.<ref name=iaea2>{{cite paper | title = Energy, Electricity and Nuclear Power Estimates for the Period up to 2030 | publisher = [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] | url = http://www.iaea.org/OurWork/ST/NE/Pess/assets/RDS1-24%20AG.pdf | format = PDF |date=July [[2004]] | accessdate = 2007-07-13}}</ref> ==Policy options== {{seealso|Energy policy|Nuclear power controversy}} ===Nuclear power phase-out=== A nuclear power phase-out is the discontinuation of usage of [[nuclear power]] for energy production. Often initiated because of [[nuclear power controversy|concerns about nuclear power]], phase-outs usually include shutting down [[nuclear power plants]] and looking towards other fuels or [[alternative energy]]. In 1980s, a [[Anti-nuclear movement|popular movement against nuclear power]] gained strength in the Western world, based on the fear of a possible [[List of nuclear and radiation accidents|nuclear accident]] and on fears of latent [[ionizing radiation|radiation]]. The 1979 [[Three Mile Island accident]] and the 1986 [[Chernobyl disaster]] played a key role in stopping new plant construction and starting nuclear power phase out in several countries. Germany is seven years into a nuclear exit programme for its 17 reactors, which is due to be completed in 2021.<ref>[http://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKL1014804320080110 Germany to remain anti-nuclear stronghold]</ref> ===Nuclear energy renaissance=== After a period of decline in the use of nuclear technology following the accidents in the Three Mile Island and Chernobyl, there has more lately been renewed interest in nuclear energy. Some policymakers have returned to the 'nuclear option' because they see it as potentially able to address [[Hubbert peak|dwindling global oil reserves]] and [[global warming]] with less [[greenhouse gas]] emissions than [[fossil fuel]]. The parliamentary decision in 2002 in [[Finland]] to grant a license for the construction of a [[List of nuclear reactors#Finland|fifth]] nuclear power station was seen as very significant in that it was the first such decision to build a new nuclear power plant in Western Europe for more than a decade.<ref name="inf76">{{cite web| url=http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf76.html| title=Nuclear Energy in Finland.| year=November[[2007]] | accessdate=2008-02-13 | publisher=World Nuclear Association}}</ref> After the Finnish decision several other countries announced their intention to consider construction of new nuclear reactors. Since that time, both the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Italy]] have announced pro-nuclear policies.<ref>[http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/nuclearPolicies/Nuclear_power_is_vital_to_Britain_100108.shtml World Nuclear News, Nuclear power is 'vital' to Britain]</ref><ref>[http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NP-Italian_government_set_to_reintroduce_nuclear_energy-2305083.html World Nuclear News, Italian government set to reintroduce nuclear energy]</ref> The prospect of a nuclear renaissance has revived debates about nuclear waste and safety issues. Some developing countries which plan to go nuclear have very poor industrial safety records and problems with political corruption.<ref>[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2008/01/20/MN0JUDQ44.DTL Safety issues cloud nuclear renaissance: Developing nations' track record gives cause for concern]</ref> Most countries with nuclear power agree that burying spent fuel deep underground is the best option for waste disposal, but no such long-term waste repositories yet exist.<ref>[http://en.epochtimes.com/news/7-10-4/60394.html Nuclear Power's New Dawn]</ref><ref>[http://uk.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idUKL2214163420080122 Nuclear power rebirth revives waste debate]</ref> Some commentators also voice concerns that a nuclear renaissance will lead to a significantly increased risk of [[nuclear proliferation|nuclear weapons proliferation]] and [[nuclear terrorism]].<ref>[http://www.oxfordresearchgroup.org.uk/publications/briefing_papers/pdf/nuclear_renaissance.pdf Consequences of a Nuclear Renaissance]</ref> ===Energy security=== For some countries, nuclear power affords energy independence. In the case of nuclear power phase-out the alternatives for energy generation are needed if they don't want to become dependent on imports. In the words of the French, "We have no [[coal]], we have no [[petroleum|oil]], we have no [[natural gas|gas]], we have no choice."<ref>[http://www.platts.com/Nuclear/Resources/News%20Features/nukeinsight/index.html Nucleonics Week, "Nuclear Energy Faces Realities"]</ref>Therefore, the discussion of a future for nuclear energy is intertwined with a discussion of [[energy security]] and use of energy mix, including [[renewable energy development]]. The most discussed alternatives to nuclear power include [[hydroelectricity]], [[fossil energy]], [[solar energy]], and [[biomass]].{{Fact|date=July 2007}} A comprehensive public opinion survey, performed in May and June 2006 in the European Union member countries, concluded that EU citizens perceive great future promise in the use of renewable energies, but despite majority opposition, nuclear energy also has its place in the future energy mix.<ref name=SpecialEurobarometer2007>{{cite paper | title = Special Eurobarometer 262: Energy Technologies: Knowledge, Perception, Measures | publisher = European Commission | url = http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_262_en.pdf | format = PDF |date=January [[2007]] | accessdate = 2007-07-14}}</ref> Nuclear power has been relatively unaffected by [[embargo]]es, and uranium is mined in reliable countries, including Australia and Canada.<ref name=platts>{{cite web | publisher= Platts |url= http://www.platts.com/Nuclear/Resources/News%20Features/nukeinsight/ | title = Nuclear renaissance faces realities | accessdate=2007-07-13}}</ref><ref name=esat>{{cite web | publisher= Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Departement of Electrical Engineering of the Faculty of Engineering | author=L. Meeus, K. Purchala, R. Belmans | url= http://www.esat.kuleuven.ac.be/electa/publications/fulltexts/pub_1225.pdf | title = Is it reliable to depend on import? | format=PDF | accessdate=2007-07-13}}</ref> Nuclear power also has a high [[EROEI|energy return on energy investment]]. Using life cycle analysis, it takes 4 to 5 months of energy production from the nuclear plant to fully pay back the initial energy investment.<ref name="inf11">{{cite web| url=http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf11.html | title=Energy Analysis of Power Systems|date=March [[2006]] | publisher=World Nuclear Association| accessdate=2006-05-19}}</ref> ===Nuclear policy arguments=== Policymakers must balance their decisions so that the concerns surrounding nuclear power are addressed.{{Fact|date=May 2008}} These include the problem of storing [[radioactive waste]] for indefinite periods, the potential for severe [[radioactive contamination]] by accident or sabotage, and the possibility that its use could in some countries lead to the [[nuclear proliferation|proliferation]] of [[nuclear weapons]].{{Fact|date=May 2008}} Proponents, including some national governments, claim that these risks are small and can be lessened with new technology. They note that [[France]] and all of the industrialised economies of [[Asia]] see nuclear power as a key economic strategy, that the safety record is already good when compared to other energy forms, that it releases much less pollution than coal power, and that nuclear power is a [[sustainable energy]] or even [[Renewable energy#Nuclear power|renewable energy]] source. {{Fact|date=May 2008}} Opponents, including some national governments and many [[List of environmental organizations|environmental groups]], claim nuclear power is an uneconomic, unsound and potentially dangerous energy source and dispute whether the costs and risks can be reduced through new technology. They note that [[Germany]], [[Spain]], and [[Australia]] are commercializing [[renewable energy]] and [[energy efficiency]] technologies.{{Fact|date=May 2008}} ==Policies by territory== {{mainarticle|Nuclear power by country}} {{seealso|List of nuclear reactors}} [[Image:Nuclear plant at Grafenrheinfeld.jpg|thumb|300px|right|A nuclear power plant at Grafenrheinfeld, [[Germany]]. All German nuclear plants are scheduled to be shut down by 2020.]] [[Argentina]], [[Brazil]], [[Canada]], [[China]], [[Finland]], [[India]], [[Iran]], [[Lithuania]], [[North Korea]], [[Romania]], [[Russia]], [[Pakistan]], [[Japan]], [[South Korea]], [[Taiwan]], [[Ukraine]], and the U.S. are currently planning or building new nuclear reactors or reopening old ones. [[Bulgaria]], [[Czech Republic]], [[Egypt]], [[France]], [[Indonesia]], [[Israel]], [[Slovakia]], [[South Africa]], [[Turkey]], and [[Vietnam]] are considering doing this. [[Armenia]], [[Belgium]], [[Germany]], [[Hungary]], [[Mexico]], [[Netherlands]], [[Slovenia]], [[Spain]], [[Sweden]], [[Switzerland]], and [[United Kingdom]] have nuclear reactors but currently no advanced proposals for expansion.<ref name="inf17">{{cite web| url=http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf17.html | title=Plans For New Reactors Worldwide |date=May [[2007]] | publisher=World Nuclear Association| accessdate=2007-07-13}}</ref><ref name="reactors">{{cite web | url=http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/reactors.htm | title=World Nuclear Power Reactors 2006-07 and Uranium Requirements | date = [[2007-05-31]] | publisher=World Nuclear Association| accessdate=2007-07-13}}</ref><ref name="wired">{{cite web | url=http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/12.09/china.html | title=Let a Thousand Reactors Bloom | date = [[2004-09-12]] | publisher=WIRED magazine | accessdate=2007-07-13}}</ref> [[Australia]], [[Austria]], [[Denmark]], [[Greece]], [[Ireland]] and [[Norway]] have no nuclear plants and have restricted new plant constructions. [[Poland]] stopped the construction of a plant. [[Belgium]], [[Germany]], [[Netherlands]], [[Spain]] and [[Sweden]] decided not to build new plants or intend to phase out nuclear power, although still mostly relying on nuclear energy. On [[31 July]] [[2007]], [[Pope Benedict XVI]] in his message marking the 50th anniversary of the founding of the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] backed the increased peaceful use of nuclear energy to promote development for the world's poor. "The Holy See, fully approving of the IAEA's goal, has been a member from the organization's foundation and continues to support its activity," Pope Benedict XVI said.<ref name="catholicnews">{{cite web | url=http://www.cathnews.com/news/707/171.php | title=Pope calls for disarmament, backs nuke energy | date = [[2007-07-31]] | publisher=Catholic News | accessdate=2007-08-01}}</ref> ===Africa=== ====Algeria==== Since 1995 Algeria operates research reactors at Draria and Ain Ouessara. It signed nuclear cooperation agreements with Russia in January 2007, with the United States in June 2007, and with China in March 2008.<ref name="nip102"> {{cite web | url = http://www.uic.com.au/nip102.htm | title = Emerging Nuclear Energy Countries. Briefing Paper 102 |date=May 2008 | publisher = Uranium Information Centre | accessdate=2008-05-24}} </ref><ref name=wnnmiddle> {{cite news | http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NP-Middle_Eastern_nations_do_nuclear_diplomacy_250308.html?terms=Bahrain | publisher=World Nuclear News | date=2008-03-25 | title= Middle Eastern nations do nuclear diplomacy | accessdate=2008-05-18}} </ref> Algeria has discussed nuclear cooperation also with France. ====Egypt==== In [[1964]], a 150 MWe and in [[1974]] a 600 MWe nuclear power stations were proposed. The Nuclear Power Plants Authority (NPPA) was established in 1976, and in 1983 the El Dabaa site on the Mediterranean coast was selected.<ref name="nip102"/> Egypt's nuclear plans were frozen after the Chernobyl accident. In [[2006]], Egypt announced it will revive its civilian nuclear power programme, and within next 10 years to build a 1,000 megawatt nuclear power station at El Dabaa. It estimated to cost US$1.5bn, and it will be constructed in participation of foreign investors.<ref name=bbc2>{{cite web| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5376860.stm | publisher=BBC | date=[[2006-09-25]]| title=Egypt unveils nuclear power plan | accessdate=2007-08-04}}</ref> In March 2008, Egypt signed with Russia an agreement on the peaceful uses of nuclear energy.<ref name=wnnmiddle/> ====Ghana==== In April 2007, the Government of Ghana announced that it planned to introduce nuclear power to avoid energy crisis. It operates a small Chinese research reactor since [[1994]].<ref name="nip102"/> ====Libya==== In [[2006]]. Libya and France signed an agreement on peaceful uses of atomic energy, and in July 2007, they signed a memorandum of understanding related to building a mid-sized nuclear plant with Areva reactor for seawater desalination. This deal was opposed by Germany.<ref name=bbc3>{{cite web| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6919248.stm | publisher=[[BBC]] | date=[[2007-07-27]]| title=Germans attack Libya nuclear deal | accessdate=2007-08-04}}</ref> ====Morocco==== Morocco constructs a 2 MW Triga research reactor. The government has plans to build a nuclear power plant in 2016-2017 at [[Sidi Boulbra]] in cooperation with Russia's [[Atomenergoprom|Atomstroyexport]], and desalination plant at Tan-Tan on the Atlantic coast in cooperation with China.<ref name="nip102"/> ====Nigeria==== Since 2004 Nigeria has a Chinese-origin research reactor at [[Ahmadu Bello University]], and has sought the support of the International Atomic Energy Agency to develop plans for up to 4000 MWe of nuclear capacity by [[2027]] according to the National Program for the Deployment of Nuclear Power for Generation of Electricity.<ref name="nip102"/> Nigeria hopes to begin construction in 2011 and start nuclear power production in 2017.<ref name=thisday>{{cite web| author=Juliana Taiwo | url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200707270217.html | publisher=This Day | date=[[2007-07-27]]| title=Nigeria: Country's Nuclear Power Plant Begins 2011 | accessdate=2007-08-04}}</ref> On [[27 July]] [[2007]] Nigeria's President [[Umaru Yar'Adua]] has urged the country to embrace nuclear power in order to meet its growing energy needs.<ref name=wnnnigeria>{{cite web| url=http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/nuclearPolicies/Nigeria_needs_nuclear_energy-270707.shtml | publisher=World Nuclear News | date=[[2007-07-27]]| title=Nigerian president says country needs nuclear energy | accessdate=2007-08-04}}</ref> ====South Africa==== South Africa is the only country in [[Africa]] with nuclear power plants and it currently has an expansion policy based upon the [[Pebble bed reactor|Pebble Bed Modular Reactor (PBMR)]].<ref name="nip88">{{cite web| url = http://www.uic.com.au/nip88.htm | title = Nuclear Power in South Africa. Briefing Paper 88 |date=June [[2007]] | publisher = Uranium Information Centre | accessdate=2007-08-04}}</ref> Power company [[Eskom]] plans to build 20 GW of nuclear power by 2025. The first plant with capacity of between 3300 and 4000 MW could be completed by 2017.<ref name=powerengineering> {{Cite news | title = South Africa announces plans to build 20 GW of nuclear capacity by 2025 | publisher = Power Engineering International | date = [[2008-01-10]] | url= http://pepei.pennnet.com/display_article/316606/6/ARTCL/Display/none/1/South-Africa-announces-plans-to-build-20-GW-of-nuclear-capacity-by-2025/ | accessdate =2008-01-13}}</ref> Several groups, including [[Earthlife Africa]] and [[Koeberg Alert]], oppose these measures.{{Fact|date=July 2007}} ====Tunisia==== Tunisia evaluates the possibility to build a 600 MWe nuclear plant. In December [[2006]] a cooperation agreement on peaceful use of nuclear energy was signed with France, focused on nuclear power and desalination.<ref name="nip102"/> ===Asia=== ====Armenia==== Armenia operates [[Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant|one Soviet-designed VVER-440 nuclear unit at Metsamor]], which supplies over 40% of the country's energy needs. The EU and Turkey have expressed concern about the continuing operation of the plant. The Armenian energy minister has announced that a US$2 billion feasibility study of a new 1000 MWe nuclear power plant to be carried out in cooperation with Russia, the USA and the IAEA. Russia has agreed to build the plant in return for minority ownership of it. Also the USA has signalled its commitment to help Armenia with preliminary studies.<ref name=wnnarmenia>{{cite web | publisher= World Nuclear News | url = http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/newNuclear/USA_supports_new_nuclear_build_in_Armenia-231107.shtml?jmid=1165903138 | title = USA supports new nuclear build in Armenia | date = [[2007-11-23]] | accessdate=2007-11-25}}</ref> ====Bangladesh==== [[Bangladesh]] considered building a nuclear power plant for the first time in 1961. Since then, several feasibility studies have been carried out, affirming the feasibility of the project. In 1963 the Rooppur site was selected. More recently, in 2001 Bangladesh adopted a national Nuclear Power Action Plan.<ref name="nip102"/> On 24 June 2007, Bangladesh's government announced it will build a nuclear power plant to meet electricity shortages.<ref name=energydaily1>{{cite web | publisher= Energy Daily | url = http://www.energy-daily.com/reports/Bangladesh_To_Build_Nuclear_Power_Plant_999.html | title = Bangladesh To Build Nuclear Power Plant | date = [[2007-06-24]] | accessdate=2007-07-15}}</ref> The first nuclear power plant with a generation capacity between 700 MW and 1000 MW will be installed by 2015 at Rooppur in Pabna district.<ref name=powerengineering-bangladesh> {{Cite news | title = Bangladesh to set up nuclear power plant by 2015 | publisher = Power Engineering International | date = [[2007-12-27]] | url= http://pepei.pennnet.com/display_article/315716/6/ARTCL/none/INDUS/1/Bangladesh-to-set-up-nuclear-power-plant-by-2015/ | accessdate =2008-01-13}}</ref> ====China==== {{main|Nuclear power in China}} [[China]] has 10 reactors operating, 5 reactors under construction, and is planning or proposing an additional 25.<ref name="reactors"/><ref name="nip19">{{cite web| url=http://www.uic.com.au/nip19.htm| title=Plans For New Reactors Worldwide - Nuclear Issues Briefing Paper 19| date= October [[2007]]| accessdate=2007-11-03}}</ref> ====Gulf states==== Six member states of the [[Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf|Gulf Cooperation Council]] ([[Kuwait]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Bahrain]], the [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Qatar]] and [[Oman]]) have announced that the Council is commissioning a study on the peaceful use of nuclear energy. In February 2007 they agreed with the IAEA to cooperate on a feasibility study for a regional nuclear power and desalination program, which according to Saudi Arabia may emerge about 2009.<ref name="nip102"/> The United Arab Emirates confirmed on [[January 14]], [[2008]] that the French company Total in cooperation with Suez and Areva would deploy two [[Generation III reactor]]s in the country.<ref name=reuters1>{{cite news | publisher= Reuters |url= http://www.reuters.com/article/rbssIndustryMaterialsUtilitiesNews/idUSPAC00909920080114 | title = Total confirms UAE nuclear project with Suez, Areva | date = 2008-01-14 | accessdate=2008-05-18}}</ref> On [[29 March]] [[2008]], Bahrain signed a memorandum of understanding on nuclear energy with the United States.<ref name=Bahrain>{{cite news | publisher= Bahrain News Agency |url= http://english.bna.bh/?ID=68429 | title = Bahrains need for nuclear energy is not a luxury | date = 2008-03-29 | accessdate=2008-05-18}}</ref> ====India==== {{main|Nuclear power in India}} [[India]] has 17 reactors operating, 6 reactors under construction, and is planning an additional 4, with 15 more proposed.<ref name="reactors"/><ref name=thehindubusinessline>{{cite web | publisher= The Hindu Business Line |url= http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/07/28/stories/2005072800021000.htm | author = M. Somasekhar | title = India-US pact: Energising India's nuclear programme | date = [[2005-07-28]] | accessdate=2007-07-13}}</ref> ====Indonesia==== {{main|Nuclear power in Indonesia}} In the mid 1990s, [[Indonesia]] conducted a feasibility study into constructing 12 nuclear power plants. The plan was postponed due to criticism from environmentalists and the Asian regional economic crisis in 1997.<ref name=Soentono>{{cite web | publisher = National Atomic Energy Agency, Indonesia | author=Soedyartomo Soentono | url= http://tauon.nuc.berkeley.edu/asia/1997/97ILP_Soentono.pdf | format=PDF | title = Nuclear power development in Indonesia | year = [[1997]] | accessdate=2007-07-15}}</ref><ref name=asiatimes2>{{cite web | publisher= Asia Times Online | author=Tom McCawley | url = http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/IE15Ae01.html | title = Indonesia looks to a nuclear future |date=2007-05-15 | accessdate=2007-07-15}}</ref> In 2006, Indonesian Government announced a plan to build its first major nuclear power plant on [[Mount Muria|Muria peninsula]], [[Jepara|Jepara district]], [[Central Java]] by 2015. However, this decision is not final yet.<ref name=dailytimes2>{{cite web | publisher= The Daily Times |url= http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2006%5C05%5C14%5Cstory_14-5-2006_pg4_8 | title = Indonesia plans to build nuclear power plant by 2015 |date=2006-05-14 | accessdate=2007-07-15}}</ref><ref name=antara2>{{cite web | publisher= Antara News |url= http://www.antara.co.id/en/arc/2007/6/23/plan-to-build-nuke-plant-in-muria-peninsula-not-yet-final-minister/ | title = Plan to build nuke plant in Muria peninsula not yet final: minister | date = [[2007-06-23]] | accessdate=2007-07-15}}</ref> This plan is heavily criticized by environmental organisations.<ref name=greenpeace2>{{cite web | publisher= Greenpeace |url= http://weblog.greenpeace.org/makingwaves/archives/2007/06/thousands_protest_nuclear_powe.html | title = Thousands protest against nuclear power in Indonesia | date = [[2007-06-13]] | accessdate=2007-07-15}}</ref> In June 2007 was announced that in [[Gorontalo]] will be set up 70 MW [[Russian floating nuclear power station|floating nuclear power plant of Russian origin]].<ref name=antara>{{cite web | publisher= Antara News |url= http://www.antara.co.id/en/arc/2007/6/18/gorontalo-may-build-nuclear-power-plant-in-2008/ | title = Gorontalo may build nuclear power plant in 2008 | date = [[2007-06-18]] | accessdate=2007-07-15}}</ref> ====Iran==== {{main|Nuclear program of Iran}} In the mid 1970s, [[Iran]] started construction of two PWR units at [Bushehr], but the project was suspended in 1979. In 1994, Russia agreed to complete unit 1 of Bushehr nuclear power plant and it is expected to be completed late in 2007. Also second reactor is planned at Bushehr. It also announced that a new nuclear power plant is to be built at Darkhovin in Khūzestān Province, where two plants were about to be constructed in 1970s.<ref name="nip102"/> ====Israel==== Israel has no nuclear power plants. However, in January 2007, Israeli Infrastructure Minister Binyamin Ben Eliezer said his country should consider producing nuclear power for civilian purposes.<ref name=israel>{{cite web | publisher= Agence France-Presse |url= http://www.energy-daily.com/reports/Israel_Should_Develop_Nuclear_Energy_999.html | title = Israel Should Develop Nuclear Energy | date = [[2007-01-23]] | accessdate=2007-07-14}}</ref> ====Japan==== {{mainarticle|Nuclear power in Japan}} [[Japan]] has 55 reactors of total capacity 47,577 MWe (49,580 MWe gross) on line, with 2 reactors (2,285 MWe) under construction and 12 reactors (16,045 MWe) planned. Nuclear energy accounts for about 30% of Japan's total electricity production, from 47.5 GWe of capacity (net). There are plans to increase this to 37% in 2009 and 41% in 2014.<ref name="nip79">{{cite web| url=http://www.uic.com.au/nip79.htm| title=Nuclear Power in Japan - Nuclear Issues Briefing Paper 79|date=August [[2007]]| accessdate=2007-09-09}}</ref> <!--59 reactors operating and 5 reactors under construction. <ref>Japanese Wikipedia [[http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E7%99%BA%E9%9B%BB%E6%89%80#.E6.97.A5.E6.9C.AC.E3.81.AE.E5.8E.9F.E5.AD.90.E5.8A.9B.E7.99.BA.E9.9B.BB.E6.89.80.E3.81.AE.E4.B8.80.E8.A6.A7]] 日本の原子力発電所の一覧 List of Japanes Reactors as of 2007 Sep.</ref>--> On 16 July 2007 a severe earthquake hit the region where Tokyo Electric's [[Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant]] is located. The plant with seven units is the largest single nuclear power station in the world. All of the reactors were shut down and are expected to remain closed for damage verification and repairs for at least one year.<ref name=mycle>[http://www.greens-efa.org/cms/topics/dokbin/206/206749.pdf The World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2007] p. 23.</ref> ====Jordan==== According to the country's energy minister, [[Jordan]] intends to build its first nuclear power plant by 2015. It will be used for electricity generation and desalination.<ref name=jordan>{{cite web | publisher= [[Haaretz]] | author=Yoav Stern |url= http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/844962.html | title = Jordan announces plans to build nuclear power plant by 2015 | date = [[2007-06-12]] | accessdate=2007-07-15}}</ref> The possible purchase of Candu heavy-water reactors has been discussed with Canada.<ref name=jordan2>{{cite web | publisher= [[The Globe and Mail]] | author = Mark MacKinnon |url= http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/LAC.20070712.JORDANNUCLEAR12/TPStory/TPInternational/Africa/ | title = Abdullah eyes Canadian nuclear reactor deal | date = [[2007-07-12]] | accessdate=2007-07-15}}</ref> ====Kazakhstan==== [[Kazakhstan]] shut down its only NPP in 1999. In 2003, the Minister of Energy and Mines announced plans for the construction of a new NPP within the next 15 years. The two–three unit NPP is to be established on the shores of [[Lake Balkhash]] in the Karaganda region of central Kazakhstan.<ref name=wec>{{cite paper | title = Survey of energy resources | publisher = World Energy Council | date = [[2004]] | url = http://www.worldenergy.org/documents/ser2004.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 2007-07-13}}</ref> ====North Korea==== [[North Korea]] had two [[Pressurized water reactor|PWR]]s at Kumho under construction until construction was suspended in November 2003. On [[September 19]], [[2005]] North Korea pledged to stop building [[North Korea and weapons of mass destruction|nuclear weapons]] and agreed to international inspections in return for energy aid. The agreement hinted that this aid might in future include one or more [[light water reactor]]s.{{Fact|date=July 2007}} ====South Korea==== {{main|Nuclear power in South Korea}} [[South Korea]] has [[List of nuclear reactors#South Korea|18 operational nuclear power reactors]], with two more under construction and scheduled to go online by 2004.{{Fact|date=July 2007}} ====Malaysia==== Although [[Malaysia]] has established Nuclear Agency and been actively involved in the periodic review of the nuclear option, currently there is no nuclear power generation plant neither is there a plan to embark on a nuclear power programme in the foreseeable future.<ref name=mint>{{cite web | title = Nuclear Energy Option and Energy Planning In Malaysia | publisher = Malaysian Nuclear Agency | url = http://www.mint.gov.my/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=100&Itemid=85 | accessdate = 2007-07-15}}</ref> ====Myanmar==== On 15 May 2007, [[Myanmar]] and Russia signed an agreement to construct a nuclear research center in Myanmar. The center will comprise a 10 MWt light water reactor working on 20%-enriched U-235, an activation analysis laboratory, a medical isotope production laboratory, silicon doping system, nuclear waste treatment and burial facilities.<ref name=wnn-myanmar>{{cite web | title = Russia to construct research reactor in Myanmar | publisher = World Nuclear News | date = [[2007-05-16]] | url = http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/newNuclear/160507-Russia_to_construct_research_reactor_in_Myanmar.shtml | accessdate = 2008-01-06}}</ref> ====Pakistan==== {{mainarticle|Nuclear power in Pakistan}} [[Pakistan]] operates two reactors, is building a third, and is considering two more. The current total nuclear generating capacity is 425 MWe.<ref name="inf108">{{cite web| url=http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf108.html | title=Nuclear Power in Pakistan |date=September [[2007]] | publisher=World Nuclear Association| accessdate=2008-01-06}}</ref> ====The Philippines==== In the [[Philippines]], in 2004, President [[Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo]] outlined her [[energy policy]]. It included plans to convert the [[Bataan Nuclear Power Plant]], one of their two reactors, into a gas powered facility.{{Fact|date=July 2007}} ====Syria==== [[Syria]] abandoned its plans to build a VVER-440 reactor after the Chernobyl accident.<ref name="nip102"/> The plans of nuclear program were revived at the beginning of 2000s when Syria negotiated with Russia to build a nuclear facility that would include a nuclear power plant and a seawater atomic [[desalination]] plant.<ref name=nti>{{cite paper | title = Syria Profile. Nuclear Overview | publisher = Nuclear Threat Initiative |date=November [[2006]] | url = http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/Syria/Nuclear/index.html | accessdate = 2007-07-15}}</ref> ====Taiwan==== {{main|Nuclear power in Taiwan}} [[Taiwan]] has three operational reactors, but support for nuclear energy is strongly split between the [[KMT]] and the [[Democratic Progressive Party]]. As long as the [[DPP]] is in power, no new reactors will be built.{{Fact|date=July 2007}} ====Thailand==== According to the energy minister of [[Thailand]], the state owned [[Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand]] will build its first two nuclear power plants by [[2021]]. This decision was criticized by Greenpeace, which suggested to focus on alternative power supplies from hydropower and smaller biofuel plants before risking nuclear.<ref name=thailand>{{cite web | publisher= Energy Daily | author=Nareerat Wiriyapong | url= http://www.energy-daily.com/reports/Thailand_To_Build_First_Nuclear_Plant_999.html | title = Thailand To Build First Nuclear Plant | date = [[2007-06-12]] | accessdate=2007-07-15}}</ref><ref name=thailand2>{{cite web | publisher= The Star Online | url= http://biz.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2007/6/12/business/17995921&sec=business | title = Thailand to build nuclear power plants | date = [[2007-06-12]] | accessdate=2007-07-15}}</ref> ====Vietnam==== In the 1980s [[Vietnam]] undertook two preliminary nuclear power studies, which stated need to introduce nuclear energy for satisfying the growth in the electricity demand. A national energy plan includes the nuclear power capacity to be commenced by 2010. In February 2006, the government announced the first nuclear power plant would be commissioned by 2017.<ref name="nip102"/> ====Yemen==== Yemen has called for establishing The Arab Atomic Energy Agency for nuclear researches and using them for peaceful means, especially generating electricity.<ref name=yemen>{{cite news | publisher= Saba |url= http://www.sabanews.net/en/news150603.htm | title = Yemen calls for establishing Arab atomic energy agency | date = 2008-03-30 | accessdate=2008-05-18}}</ref> ===Oceania=== ====Australia==== {{wikinews|Portal:Australia/Australian nuclear debate}} {{See also|Nuclear power in Australia}} {{See also|Anti-nuclear movement in Australia}} Australia has no nuclear power plants. However, Australia has up to 40% of the world's uranium deposits and is the world's second largest producer of [[uranium]] after [[Canada]].<ref name=wec/> At the same time Australia's extensive, low-cost [[coal]] and [[natural gas]] reserves have historically been used as strong arguments for avoiding nuclear power. In 2005, the Australian government threatened to use its [[constitution]]al powers to take control of the approval process for new [[Mining|mines]] from the [[anti-nuclear]] [[Northern Territory]] government. They are also negotiating with China to weaken safeguard terms so as to allow uranium exports there.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} States controlled by the [[Australian Labor Party]] are blocking the development of new mines in their jurisdictions under the ALP's "No New Mines policy." [[John Howard]] went to the [[Australian federal election, 2007|November 2007 federal election]] with a pro-nuclear power platform but his government was soundly defeated by Labor, which opposes nuclear power for Australia.<ref>[http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,20989451-601,00.html Support for N-power falls]</ref><ref>[http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2007/11/24/1195753376406.html Rudd romps to historic win]</ref> ====New Zealand==== [[New Zealand]] enacted the ''[[New Zealand Nuclear Free Zone, Disarmament, and Arms Control Act 1987]]'' which prohibits the stationing of nuclear weapons on the territory of New Zealand and the entry into New Zealand waters of nuclear armed or [[Nuclear marine propulsion|propelled]] ships. This Act of Parliament, however, does not prevent the construction of nuclear power plants, but a 2008 survey shows that relatively few New Zealanders favour nuclear power as the best energy source.<ref>The 2008 Shape NZ survey found that nuclear power is favoured by 19% of respondents as the best energy source for the country in the next 10 years, but the majority want wind and solar power. Seventy seven percent prefer wind as the best energy source, 69% solar, 47% geothermal, 40% wave power, 35% small and large scale hydro, 19% nuclear, 10% gas and 8% coal. See [http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/413551/1690587 Nuclear power backed by 19%].</ref> ===Europe=== ====Albania==== Albania presently has no nuclear power plants, but there are plans for the construction of a nuclear power plant at [[Durrës]]. In addition to meet the domestic energy demands, the plan foresees electricity export to neighbouring Balkan countries and Italy. The Albanian nuclear energy will be exported to Italy via an underwater cable, which will link the Italian and Albanian electricity networks.<ref name="albania">{{cite web | publisher = World Nuclear News | url = http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/nuclearPolicies/Albania_looks_to_nuclear_to_power_region-121107.shtml | title = Albania looks to nuclear to power region |date= [[2007-11-12]] | accessdate=2007-11-24}}</ref> ====Austria==== Austria has no operational nuclear power plants. A nuclear power station was built during the 1970s at [[Zwentendorf]], [[Austria]], but its start-up was prevented by a popular vote in 1978. On [[July 9]], [[1997]], the [[Parliament of Austria|Austrian Parliament]] voted unanimously to maintain the country's anti-nuclear policy.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/index.html?http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/478/aai.html| publisher=WISE News Communique| date = [[1997-09-26]] | title=Coalition of Nuclear-Free Countries| accessdate=2006-05-19}}</ref> ====Belarus==== Belarus presently has no nuclear power plants. However, in mid 2006, the Government of [[Belarus]] approved a plan for the construction of an initial 2000 MWe PWR nuclear power plant in the [[Mahilyow Voblast]]. In February 2007 it was announced that construction would start in 2008, for commissioning in 2014-2015 (later: 2015-2020).<ref name="nip102"/> The [[Belarusian Security Council]] made the final decision for construction on [[15 January]] [[2008]].<ref name=itar-tass>{{cite web| url = http://www.itar-tass.com/eng/level2.html?NewsID=12258438&PageNum=0 | title = Belarus makes final decision to build nuclear power plant |date=[[2008-01-15]] | publisher = ITAR-TASS | accessdate=2008-02-21}}</ref> ====Belgium==== In 2003 [[Belgian federal government|Belgium's Government]], then a coalition which included the [[Green party]] [[Groen!]], passed legislation which stipulated that no new reactors would be built and that [[List of nuclear reactors#Belgium|Belgium's seven reactors]] would close between 2015-2025.<ref name="wise3">{{cite web| url=http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/596-8/h3.php| title=Status of nuclear in current member states. Belgium| date=[[2003-11-14]]| publisher=World Information Service on Energy| accessdate=2007-07-13}}</ref><ref name="dailytimes">{{cite web| url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_30-1-2003_pg3_2 | author=M. V. Ramana | title=Op-ed: Phasing out nuclear power in Europe | date=[[2003-01-30]]| publisher=Daily Times| accessdate=2007-07-14}}</ref> When the law was being passed, there was speculation it would be overturned again as soon as an administration without Groen! was in power.<ref name="essential programme">{{cite web| url=http://www.scientific-alliance.org/pdf/essential_programme_to_underpin_government_policy_on_nuclear_power.pdf| title=An Essential Programme to Underpin Government Policy on Nuclear Power|date=July [[2003]]| publisher=Nuclear Task Force| first=Philip| last=Ruffles| coauthors=Michael Burdekin, Charles Curtis, Brian Eyre, Geoff Hewitt, William Wilkinson| format=PDF| accessdate=2006-05-19}}</ref> A report published in 2005 by the National Planning Bureau noted that in many parts of Belgium nuclear power makes up more than 50% of the electricity generated. It would therefore be difficult for Belgium to adhere to the emissions targets of the [[Kyoto Protocols]] without nuclear power.<ref name="expatica">{{cite web| url=http://www.expatica.com/source/site_article.asp?subchannel_id=48&story_id=21976&name=Addicted+to+nuclear+energy%3F| title=Addicted to nuclear energy?| date=[[2005-07-14]]| publisher=Expatica| accessdate=2007-07-13}}</ref> ====Bulgaria==== {{mainarticle|Nuclear power in Bulgaria}} Bulgaria operated 6 reactors, but four of them were deactivated in 2002 as a condition of joining the [[European Union]]. On [[18 January]] [[2008]] Atomstroyexport and Bulgaria's [[NEK EAD|National Electric Company (NEC)]] signed the contract for the design, construction and installation of two new units at the [[Belene Nuclear Power Plant]], which will be AES-92 VVER-1000 reactors, designed by Atomstroyexport and using control and automation systems from Carsib, a joint consortium of Areva and Siemens.<ref name="belene">{{cite web | publisher = World Nuclear News | url = http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/newNuclear/Belene_contract_opens_new_prospects_for_Russia_in_Europe_180108.shtml | title = Belene contract 'opens new prospects' for Russia in Europe |date= [[2008-01-18]] | accessdate=2008-01-26}}</ref> The total cost of the Belene project is now estimated to be around €7 billion (€4 billion for the power stations plus associated infrastructure development costs).<ref>[http://www.greens-efa.org/cms/topics/dokbin/206/206749.pdf The World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2007] pp. 31-32.</ref> Critics say the project is economically flawed, open to corruption and mismanagement, and will cement Russian dominance of Bulgaria's energy sector. The government says global energy pressures make the project necessary.<ref>[http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/10/30/business/renbulg.php Nuclear ambitions fan controversy in Bulgaria]</ref> ====Czech Republic==== {{main|Nuclear power in the Czech Republic}} The [[Czech Republic|Czech]] Energy Policy of 2004 envisages building two or more large reactors to replace [[Dukovany Nuclear Power Station|Dukovany power plant]] after 2020. The plans announced in 2006 envisage construction of one 1500 MWe unit at [[Temelín Nuclear Power Station|Temelín]] after 2020, and a second to follow.<ref name="czech">{{cite web| url = http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf90.html | title = Nuclear Power in Czech Republic |date=February [[2007]] | publisher = World Nuclear Association | accessdate=2007-07-15}}</ref> ====Denmark==== [[Denmark]] has no nuclear power plants. The Parliament determined in 1985 that nuclear power was not to be generated and that the sites that had been reserved for the construction of nuclear power plants were to be released. It was agreed that Danish energy planning should be based on the assumption that no new nuclear power plants would be built.<ref name=denmark>{{Cite journal | title = Regulatory and Institutional Framework for Nuclear Activities. Denmark | journal = Nuclear legislation in OECD countries | publisher = [[OECD]]/[[Nuclear Energy Agency|NEA]] | date =[[2007]] | url=http://www.nea.fr/html/law/legislation/denmark.pdf | format = PDF | id = ISSN 1727-3854 | accessdate =2007-07-14}}</ref> At the same time, about 9% of total consumed electricity is an imported nuclear energy.<ref name="nip99">{{cite web| url = http://www.uic.com.au/nip99.htm | title = Nuclear Power in Denmark. Briefing Paper 99 |date=December [[2005]] | publisher = Uranium Information Centre | accessdate=2007-07-14}}</ref> Three research reactors at [[Risø National Laboratory]] are in the process of being decommissioned.<ref name=denmark/> ====Finland==== {{mainarticle|Nuclear power in Finland}} [[Finland]]'s [[Nuclear power in Finland|program]] has [[List of nuclear reactors#Finland|four]] [[nuclear reactor]]s, which provides 27% of the country's electricity. Two [[VVER]]-440 [[pressurized water reactor]]s built by Soviet Atomenergoeksport and commissioned in 1977 and 1980, locate in [[Loviisa Nuclear Power Plant]]. They are operated by [[Fortum|Fortum Oyj]]. Two [[boiling water reactor]]s built by Swedish [[Asea-Atom]] (nowadays [[Westinghouse Electric Company]]) and commissioned n 1978 and 1980, locate in Olkiluoto plant in [[Eurajoki]], near [[Rauma, Finland|Rauma]]. They are owned and operated by [[Teollisuuden Voima]], a subsidiary of [[Pohjolan Voima|Pohjolan Voima Oy]]. In [[2002]], the cabinet's decision to allow the construction of fifth reactor (third in Olkiluoto) was accepted in the parliament. Economic, [[energy security]] and environmental grounds were given as reasons for the decision.{{Fact|date=July 2007}} The reactor will be the new [[European Pressurized Reactor]], built by French company [[Areva]], which is scheduled to go on line in 2011. Construction of Olkiluoto 3 started in August 2005. Two and a half years later the project is "over two years behind schedule and at least 50% over budget, the loss for the provider being estimated at €1.5 billion".<ref>[http://www.greens-efa.org/cms/topics/dokbin/206/206749.pdf The World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2007] p. 26.</ref> Energy companies have proposed also construction of sixth and seventh reactors, although no decision made yet.<ref name="inf76"/><ref name="m&c">{{cite web| url = http://news.monstersandcritics.com/energywatch/nuclear/news/article_1284079.php/Finnish_energy_groups_interested_in_building_sixth_nuclear_reactor | title = Finnish energy groups interested in building sixth nuclear reactor | date=[[2007-03-28]]| publisher = Deutsche Presse-Agentur | accessdate=2007-07-13}}</ref><ref name="afx">{{cite web| url = http://www.finanznachrichten.de/nachrichten-2007-04/artikel-8078210.asp | title = E.ON Finland to buy plot for new nuclear reactor | date=[[2007-04-17]] | publisher = AFX News | accessdate=2007-07-13}}</ref> Public opinion is against a sixth reactor, according to a 2008 poll. Fifty-three per cent of survey respondents opposed building the country’s sixth nuclear reactor, while 34 per cent supported it.<ref>[http://www.angus-reid.com/polls/view/30700/finns_oppose_sixth_nuclear_reactor Finns Oppose Sixth Nuclear Reactor]</ref> ====France==== {{mainarticle|Nuclear power in France}} After the oil crisis of the early 1970s, the French government decided in 1974 to move towards self-sufficiency in electricity production, primarily through the construction of [[Nuclear power in France|nuclear power]] stations. France today produces around 78.1% of its electricity through nuclear power.<ref name="uic28">{{cite web| url = http://www.uic.com.au/nip28.htm | title = Nuclear Power in France. Briefing Paper 28 |date=June 2007 | publisher = Uranium Information Centre | accessdate=2007-07-13}}</ref> Because France produces an overall electricity surplus, it exports nuclear-produced energy. Some of this goes to countries which are ostensibly against the use of nuclear energy, such as Germany.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} The Board of Electricité de [[France]] ([[Électricité de France|EDF]]) has approved construction of a 1630 MWe [[European Pressurized Reactor|EPR]] at Flamanville, Normandy. Construction is expected to begin in late 2007, with completion in 2012.<ref name=uic512>{{cite journal| url=http://www.uic.com.au/wns0512.htm| journal=Uranium Information Centre weekly digest| month=12 May| date=[[2006]]| title=Significant nuclear-related news items in perspective| id=ISSN 1326-4907| accessdate=2006-05-19| format={{Dead link|date=May 2008}}}}</ref> ====Germany==== {{mainarticle|Nuclear power in Germany}} {{See|Anti-nuclear movement in Germany}} In 2000, the [[Germany|German]] government, consisting of a coalition including the Green party [[Alliance '90/The Greens|Alliance -90]] officially announced its intention to phase out [[nuclear power in Germany]]. [[Jürgen Trittin]], the Minister of Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, reached an agreement with energy companies on the gradual shut down of [[List of nuclear reactors#Germany|the country's nineteen nuclear power plants]] and a cessation of civil usage of nuclear power by 2020. Legislation was enacted in the [[Nuclear Exit Law]]. The power plants in [[Stade]] and Obrigheim were turned off on [[November 14]], [[2003]], and [[May 11]], [[2005]], respectively. Dismantling of the plants is scheduled to begin in 2007.<ref name="terra">{{cite web| url = http://www.terradaily.com/2003/031114130333.jlvf6wjx.html | title = German nuclear energy phase-out begins with first plant closure | date=[[2003-11-14]] | publisher = Terra Daily | accessdate=2007-07-13}}</ref> But the Nuclear Exit Law did not ban enrichment stations - one in Gronau has received permission to extend operations. There have been concerns over the safety of the phase-out, particularly in terms of the transport of nuclear waste.<ref name="bmu">{{cite web| url = http://www.bmu.de/english/nuclear_safety/doc/3420.php | title = Nuclear phase-out in Germany and the Challenges for Nuclear Regulation. Address | author=Wolfgang Renneberg | date=[[2001-05-24]] | publisher = Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety | accessdate=2007-07-13}}</ref> In 2005 [[Angela Merkel]] won the [[German federal election, 2005|German federal election]] with the CDU party. She has subsequently announced to re-negotiate with energy companies the time limit for a shut down of nuclear power stations. But as part of her pact with the SPD, with whom the CDU form a coalition, the phase-out policy has for now been retained.<ref name="dw">{{cite web| url = http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,1760476,00.html | title = German Parties Set to Clash Over Nuclear Power | date=[[2005-10-30]] | publisher = Deutsche Welle | accessdate=2007-07-13}}</ref><ref name="cbc">{{cite web| url = http://www.cbc.ca/cp/world/051114/w111436.html | author=Geir Moulson | title = Top parties approve pact that will make Merkel Germany's first woman chancellor | date=[[2005-11-14]] | publisher = CBC News | accessdate=2007-07-13}}</ref> ====Greece==== Although [[Greece]] has established Atomic Energy Commission (GAEC), a decision has been made not to implement a nuclear power program to generate nuclear electricity. There is one operational nuclear research reactor and one sub-critical assembly.<ref name=greece>{{Cite journal | title = Regulatory and Institutional Framework for Nuclear Activities. Greece | journal = Nuclear legislation in OECD countries | publisher = [[OECD]]/[[Nuclear Energy Agency|NEA]] | date =[[2007]] | url = http://www.nea.fr/html/law/legislation/greece.pdf | format = PDF | id = ISSN 1727-3854 | accessdate = 2007-07-14}}</ref> ====Ireland==== [[Ireland]] presently has no nuclear power plants. However, a nuclear power plant was proposed in 1968. It was to be built during the 1970s at [[Carnsore Point]] in [[County Wexford]]. The plan envisioned four plants to be built at the site, but was dropped in 1981 after strong opposition from environmental groups and because of flattening energy demand, and Ireland has remained without nuclear power.{{Fact|date=July 2007}} Despite opposing nuclear power and nuclear fuel reprocessing at [[Sellafield]], Ireland is due to open an interconnector to the mainland UK to buy electricity, which is, in some part, the product of nuclear power. In April 2006, a government-commissioned report by [[Forfas]] pointed to the need to reconsider nuclear power in order "to secure its long-run energy security". Relatively small-scale nuclear plants were envisaged. In 2007, [[Electricity Supply Board|Ireland's Electricity Supply Board]] made it known that it would consider a joint venture with a major EU energy company to build nuclear capacity.<ref name="nip102"/> ====Italy==== {{main|Nuclear power in Italy}} [[Italy]] held a referendum the year after the 1986 [[Chernobyl disaster]], deciding to shut down Italy's four nuclear power plants. The last was closed in 1990.<ref name="birol"> {{cite web | url=http://www.world-nuclear.org/sym/1999/birol.htm | author=Fatih Birol | title=Nuclear Power in the World Energy Outlook | date=1999 | publisher=World Nuclear Association | accessdate=2007-07-13}} </ref> A moratorium on the construction of new plants, originally in effect from 1987 until 1993, has since been extended indefinitely.<ref name="pnl"> {{cite web | url=http://www.pnl.gov/aisu/pubs/enrditaly.PDF | format=PDF | title=Energy R&D in Italy |date=December 1999 | publisher=The Department of Energy's Pacific Northwest National Laboratory | accessdate=2007-07-13}} </ref> Premier Minister [[Silvio Berlusconi]] reopened the nuclear power debate in 2005, noting Italy imports around 85% of its total energy.<ref name="iol"> {{cite web | url=http://breakingnews.iol.ie/news/?c=ireland&jp=kfidojqlauau | title=Berlusconi reopens nuclear debate in Italy | date=2005-01-21 | publisher=Ireland Online | accessdate=2007-07-13}} </ref> In [[13 November]] [[2007]], during his speech at the [[World Energy Council]] in Rome, Italy's nuclear stance was criticized by CEO of [[Eni]], [[Paolo Scaroni]].<ref name="ogjscaroni"> {{cite web | url = http://www.ogj.com/display_article/311976/120/ARTCL/none/GenIn/1/WEC:-Eni-chief-criticizes-Italy | title = WEC: Eni chief criticizes Italy's nuclear stance | author= Uchenna Izundu | date= 2007-11-13 | publisher = Oil & Gas Journal | accessdate=2007-11-24}} </ref> On [[22 May]] [[2008]], Italy's industry minister announced that the government scheduled the start of construction of the first Italian new nuclear-powered plant by 2013.<ref> {{cite news |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/rbssIndustryMaterialsUtilitiesNews/idUSL2276751620080522 |title=Italy should build more nuclear plants - minister |author=Giselda Vagnoni |date=2008-05-22 |publisher=[[Reuters]] |accessdate=2008-05-22}} </ref> ====Lithuania==== In 2006, [[Lithuania]]n, [[Latvia]]n and [[Estonia]]n power companies carried out the feasibility study for construction of the new nuclear power plant in Lithuania to replace existing [[Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant]], scheduled to be shut down in 2009. The study shows that the nuclear power plant project is feasible.<ref name="le">{{cite web| url = http://www.lpc.lt/en/main/news/press?ID=469 | title = Nuclear Power Plant Project in Lithuania is Feasible. Press release | date=[[2006-10-25]] | publisher = [[Lietuvos Energija]] | accessdate=2007-07-13}}</ref> ====The Netherlands==== In 1994, the [[Estates-General of the Netherlands|Netherland's parliament]] voted to phase out nuclear power after a discussion of nuclear waste management. In 1997 the power station at [[Neder-Betuwe|Dodewaard]] was shut down and the government decided it was planning to end [[Borsele|Borssele's]] operating license in 2003. But in 2003, with a [[Second Balkenende cabinet|new government]] in power, the shut down was postponed to 2013.<ref name="nni">{{cite web| url=http://www.ecology.at/nni/country.php?country=Netherlands | title=No Nukes Inforesource. The Netherlands | publisher=sterreichisches Ökologie Institut | accessdate=2007-07-13}}</ref> In 2006 the government decided that Borssele will remain open until 2033, if it can comply with the highest safety standards. The owners, [[Essent]] and [[Delta (Energy Company)|Delta]] will invest 500 million euro in sustainable energy, together with the government - money which the government claims otherwise should have been paid to the plants owners as compensation.{{Fact|date=July 2007}} ====Norway==== No nuclear power plant has ever been established in [[Norway]], however it has legal framework for licensing the construction and operation of nuclear installations.<ref name=norway>{{Cite journal | title = Regulatory and Institutional Framework for Nuclear Activities. Norway | journal = Nuclear legislation in OECD countries | publisher = [[OECD]]/[[Nuclear Energy Agency|NEA]] | date =[[2001]] | url = http://www.nea.fr/html/law/legislation/norway.pdf | format = PDF | id = ISSN 1727-3854 | accessdate = 2007-07-14}}</ref> Currently there are discussions about usage of nuclear energy, which is supported by the most of industry leaders.<ref name="norwaypost">{{cite web| url = http://www.norwaypost.no/cgi-bin/norwaypost/imaker?id=81002 | title = Norwegian industry wants nuclear energy | date=[[2007-05-23]] | publisher = The Norway Post | accessdate=2007-07-14}}</ref> [[Statkraft]] together with [[Vattenfall]], [[Fortum]] and energy investment company Scatec would like to build a [[thorium]]-fueled power plant.<ref name="cosmos">{{cite web| url = http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/node/1341 | author=Liz Williams | title = Green nuclear power coming to Norway | date=[[2007-05-24]] | publisher = Cosmos Online | accessdate=2007-07-14}}</ref> ====Poland==== In the 1980s, [[Poland]] had four Russian reactors under construction, but the project was canceled in 1990.<ref name="nip102"/> A new nuclear power plant was approved in the 2005-2025 energy strategy document, and it is expected to be in operation by 2021 or 2022.<ref name="ens">{{Cite journal | last = Latek | first = Stanislaw | url = http://www.euronuclear.org/e-news/e-news-8/newsfrompoland.htm | title = Nuclear news from Poland | journal = | issue =8 |date=April [[2005]] | publisher = [[European Nuclear Society]] | accessdate=2007-07-14}}</ref> The Polish company [[PSE SA|PSE]] participates in the nuclear project of Lithuania.<ref name="nip102"/> ====Portugal==== In 1971, [[Portugal]] planned to build a 8,000-MW nuclear power plant completed by 2000. Plans were delayed until it was finally decided in 1995 not to build any NPP in Portugal.<ref name="wise2">{{cite web| url = http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/499-500/countr.html | title = Countries which had concrete plans for nuclear power reactors, or actually start construction and cancelled all plans, or even phased out nuclear energy |date=1998-11-16 |publisher = World Information Service on Energy | accessdate=2007-07-14}}</ref> In 2004, the Government of Portugal rejected a proposal to reconsider its decision.<ref name="nip102"/> In 2005, a consortium of energy companies called Energia Nuclear de Portugal (Enupor) announced considering the construction of Portugal’s first nuclear power plant.<ref name="iberia">{{cite web| url = http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Iberian_Peninsula/Electricity.html | title = Iberian Peninsula Energy Data. Electricity |date=June [[2006]] |publisher = U.S. Energy Information Agency | accessdate=2007-07-14}}</ref> ====Russia==== {{mainarticle|Nuclear power in Russia}} Russia operates 31 reactors, is building 3, and has plans for another 27.<ref name="inf45">{{cite web| url=http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf45.html | title=Nuclear Power in Russia | year=February 2008 | publisher=World Nuclear Association| accessdate=2008-02-23}}</ref> Russia has also begun building [[Russian floating nuclear power station|floating nuclear power plants]]. The £100&nbsp;million ($204.9&nbsp;million, 2&nbsp;billion руб) vessel, the ''Lomonosov'', to be completed in 2010, is the first of seven plants that Moscow says will bring vital energy resources to remote Russian regions. While producing only a small fraction of the power of a standard Russian land-based plant, it can supply power to a city of 200,000, or function as a [[desalination]] plant. The [[Rosatom|Russian atomic energy agency]] said that at least 12&nbsp;countries were also interested in buying floating nuclear plants.<ref name="float">{{cite web |url= http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article1662889.ece |title=Floating nuclear power stations raise specter of Chernobyl at sea}}</ref> ====Slovakia==== Italian power company [[Enel]], a majority shareholder of the Slovak power company, plans investment of €1.6 billion for completion of the [[Mochovce Nuclear Power Plant]] units 3 and 4 by 2011-2012. In January 2006 the Slovak Government approved a new energy strategy incorporating these plans, with capacity uprates at Mochovce NPP units 1 and 2, and at [[Bohunice Nuclear Power Plant]] units 3 and 4.<ref name="nip91">{{cite web| url = http://www.uic.com.au/nip91.htm | title = Nuclear Power in Slovakia. Briefing Paper 91 |date=October [[2007]] | publisher = Uranium Information Centre | accessdate=2008-02-21}}</ref> ====Slovenia==== The [[Slovenia]]n [[Krško Nuclear Power Plant|nuclear plant in Krško]] (co-owned with [[Croatia]]) is scheduled to be closed by 2023, and there are no plans to build further nuclear plants. But the debate on whether and when to close the Krško plant intensified after the [[Russia-Ukraine gas dispute#Cutting off the supply|2005/06 winter energy crisis]]. In May 2006 a Slovenian newspaper claimed the government had held internal discussions on adding a new 1000MW block into Krško after 2020.{{Fact|date=July 2007}} ====Spain==== {{Main|Nuclear power in Spain}} In [[Spain]] a [[moratorium]] was enacted by the socialist government in 1983.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/353/3502.html| publisher=WISE News Communique| year=May 24, 1991| title=Spain halts nuclear power| accessdate=2006-05-19}}</ref><ref name="inf85">{{cite web| url=http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf85.htm| title=Nuclear Power in Spain| year=May 2006| publisher=World Nuclear Association| accessdate=2006-05-19}}</ref> The government has announced the country will phase out nuclear power in favour of [[renewable energy commercialization|renewables]].<ref name=bbc1>{{cite web| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4713398.stm| publisher=BBC| date=[[2006-02-16]]| title=Nuclear Europe: Country guide| accessdate=2007-07-14}}</ref> The Prime Minister of Spain confirmed that nuclear energy will be phased out.<ref name=greenpeace>{{cite web| url=http://www.greenpeace.org/international/news/spain-adios-nuclear-31-06-06 | publisher=Greenpeace | date=[[2006-05-31]]| title=Spain says "Adios" to nuclear power | accessdate=2007-07-14}}</ref> The first unit (at [[José Cabrera nuclear power plant]]) was shut down at the end of 2006, 40 years after its construction.<ref>[http://www.greens-efa.org/cms/topics/dokbin/206/206749.pdf The World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2007] p. 29.</ref> ====Sweden==== {{mainarticle|Nuclear power in Sweden}} Following the [[Three Mile Island accident]] in the [[United States]] in 1979, the Swedish Government decided, after a referendum, that no further [[Nuclear power in Sweden|nuclear power]] plants should be built and that a nuclear power phase-out should be completed by 2010. But in 1998, when electricity from hydropower accounted for 48% of the country's production of electricity, the government decided to build no further hydropower plants in order to protect its national [[water resources]]. This is likely to set back the planned phase-out of [[List of nuclear reactors#Sweden|Sweden's nuclear reactors]], perhaps until 2045.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Indeed the current Swedish government is proposing to end the nuclear phase-out, while still maintaining a moratorium on new construction at least until 2010.{{Fact|date=July 2007}} ====Switzerland==== {{mainarticle|Nuclear power in Switzerland}} Switzerland has [[List of nuclear reactors#Switzerland|five nuclear reactors]], and around 40% of its electricity is generated by nuclear power.<ref name="essential programme"/> The country has had several [[referendum|referenda]] on the nuclear energy, beginning in [[1979]] with a [[initiative|citizens' initiative]] for nuclear safety, which was rejected. In [[1984]], there was a vote on an initiative "for a future without further nuclear power stations" with the result being a 55% to 45% vote against. On [[23 September]] [[1990]], the people passed a motion to halt the construction of nuclear power plants (for a [[moratorium]] period of ten years) but rejected a motion to initiate a phase-out.<ref>http://www.admin.ch/ch/d/pore/va/19900923/index.html</ref> On [[18 May]] [[2003]] a motion calling for an extension to this moratorium (for another ten years) and another asking again on the question of a phase-out, were both rejected.<ref>http://www.admin.ch/ch/d/pore/va/20030518/index.html</ref> The building of new plants is under consideration.<ref>http://www.atel.eu/en/group/news/index.jsp?news=tcm:61-48847&</ref> ====Turkey==== Turkey presently has no nuclear power plants. However, in August 2006, the Turkish Government announced its plan to have three nuclear power plants with total capacity of 4500 MWe, operating by 2012-2015. In May 2007, a new bill concerning construction and operation of nuclear power plants and the sale of their electricity was passed by parliament. It also addresses waste management and decommissioning, providing for a National Radioactive Waste Account and a Decommissioning Account, which generators will pay into progressively.<ref name="nip102"/> The first units would be built at [[Akkuyu]], at the place which was rejected in 2000, and the second unit will be built in [[Sinop]].<ref name=wnn-turkey>{{cite web | title = Turkey decides on nuclear power plant site | publisher = World Nuclear News | date = [[2008-02-13]] | url = http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN/Turkey_decides_on_nuclear_power_plant_site_130208.html | accessdate = 2008-02-21}}</ref> Environmentalists, concerned over earthquakes and the ability of the authorities to protect the public, have opposed these proposals.<ref>[http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5hSD9oNK9SZNTTieI_W9BcTtGJgIw Greenpeace protests at Turkey's nuclear power plant]</ref><ref>[http://www.thenational.ae/article/20080612/FOREIGN/653182937/1013/NEWS&Profile=1013 Turkey’s nuclear plan faces criticism]</ref> ====The United Kingdom==== {{mainarticle|Nuclear power in the United Kingdom}} The future of nuclear power in the United Kingdom is currently under review. The country has a number of reactors which are currently reaching the end of their working life, and it is currently undecided how they will be replaced. The UK is also failing to reach its targets for reduction on CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, a situation which may be worsened if new nuclear power stations are not built.{{Fact|date=July 2007}} The [[United Kingdom|UK]] also uses a large proportion of gas fired power stations, which produce relatively low (compared to coal) CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, but there have been recent difficulties in obtaining adequate gas supplies. The UK government has also recently appointed a new pro-nuclear energy minister.{{Fact|date=July 2007}} In January 2008, the [[United Kingdom]] confirmed a new generation of nuclear power plants to be built in order to meet the country's growing energy crisis. The government hopes that the first station will be operational before 2020.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7179579.stm | title= "New nuclear plants get go-ahead" |author= |last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |date= 10 January 2008 |work= |publisher= ''[[BBC News]]'' |pages= |language= |doi= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= | accessdate= 2008-01-31 }} </ref> ===North America=== ====Canada==== {{mainarticle|Nuclear power in Canada}} Canada operates 18 reactors accounting for about 15% of electrical generation, mostly in the province of Ontario. Increasing demands for electricity and [[Kyoto Agreement]] obligations have led Ontario to announce that it will maintain existing nuclear capacity by replacing older reactors with new ones.<ref name="ontario">{{cite web| url = http://www.energy.gov.on.ca/index.cfm?fuseaction=english.news&body=yes&news_id=134 | title = McGuinty Government Delivers A Balanced Plan For Ontario's Electricity Future | date=[[2006-06-13]] | publisher = Ontario Ministry of Energy | accessdate=2007-07-13}}</ref> ====Mexico==== Mexico has [[Laguna Verde nuclear power plant|one nuclear power plant]], which consists of two boiling water reactors.<ref name=mexico>{{Cite journal | title = Regulatory and Institutional Framework for Nuclear Activities. Mexico | journal = Nuclear legislation in OECD countries | publisher = [[OECD]]/[[Nuclear Energy Agency|NEA]] | date =[[2003]] | url=http://www.nea.fr/html/law/legislation/mexico.pdf | format = PDF | id = ISSN 1727-3854 | accessdate =2007-07-14}}</ref> In February 2007, contracts with [[Iberdrola]] and [[Alstom]] were signed to update the reactors by [[2010]]. A committee has been established to recommend on new nuclear plants and the most recent proposal is for one unit to come on line by 2015 with seven more to follow it by 2025.<ref name="nip106">{{cite web| url = http://www.uic.com.au/nip106.htm | title = Nuclear Power in Mexico. Briefing Paper 106 |date=June [[2007]] | publisher = Uranium Information Centre | accessdate=2007-07-14}}</ref> ====United States==== {{mainarticle|Nuclear power in the United States}} {{seealso|Energy policy of the United States}} In 2007, there were 104 (69 pressurized water reactors, 35 boiling water reactors) commercial nuclear generating units licensed to operate in the United States, producing approximately 20% of the country's electrical energy needs. In absolute terms, the United States is the world's largest supplier of commercial nuclear power. However, the development of nuclear power in the United States has been stymied ever since the [[Three Mile Island accident|Three Mile Island nuclear accident]] in 1979. Future development of nuclear power in the U.S. was enabled by the [[Energy Policy Act of 2005]] and is co-ordinated by the [[Nuclear Power 2010 Program]].<ref name="energybill">{{cite web| url = http://www.nei.org/documents/Energy_Bill_2005.pdf | title = Congress Passes First Comprehensive Energy Bill in 13 Years | format=PDF | publisher = TNuclear Energy Institute | accessdate=2007-07-13}}</ref><ref name="dailysentinel">{{cite web| author=Chasity Brown | url = http://www.thedailysentinel.com/story.lasso?ewcd=583b0a060f9c3f71 | title = Commission, City support NuStart | date=[[2005-07-14]] | publisher = The Daily Sentinel | accessdate=2007-07-13}}</ref> On [[September 22]], 2005 it was announced that two sites had been selected to receive new power reactors.{{Fact|date=July 2007}} On September 25, 2007 [[South Texas Project]] filed the application for a [[Combined Construction and Operating License]] (COL). Two new GE-Hitachi [[ABWR]]s will be built adjacent to the existing [[PWR]]s.<ref name="COLapp">{{cite web| url = http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/newNuclear/COL_application_filed_for_new_South_Texas_plant-250907.shtml | title = South Texas Project Files for COL | format=url | publisher = World Nuclear News | accessdate=2007-11-30}}</ref> This was the first application for a new nuclear plant in the US for nearly 30 years. {{Fact|date=December 2007}} This was followed in October, 2007 by [[Tennessee Valley Authority|TVA]] and [[NuStart]] filing for a COL for two [[Westinghouse Electric Company| Westinghouse]] [[AP1000]]s to be built at [[Bellefonte Nuclear Generating Station|Bellefonte]] in Hollywood, Alabama.<ref name="ap1000col">{{cite web| url = http://www.westinghousenuclear.com/pdf/NuStart103007.pdf | title = NuStart/TVA Submit 'Forward Looking' Reference Application | format=PDF | publisher = PR Newswire | accessdate=2007-11-30}}</ref> The U.S. [[Nuclear Regulatory Commission|NRC]] expects to receive a total of 30 applications for new nuclear power reactors by 2010 using the new streamlined COL application process. If these reactors are approved and built, this would result in a significant expansion of nuclear power in the United States. Most of the new reactors are expected to be constructed next to existing plants. However, there is a history of [[Anti-nuclear movement in the United States|anti-nuclear activism in the USA]] and many groups oppose the building of new nuclear power stations.<ref>[http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/campaigns/nuclear/no-new-nukes No New Nukes!]</ref><ref>[http://onlinejournal.com/artman/publish/article_2351.shtml Astonishing cooling tower collapse screams, "No new nukes!"]</ref><ref>[http://www.commondreams.org/archive/2007/10/23/4745/ ‘No Nukes’ Rockers Renew Fight Decades Later]</ref> On [[September 22]], [[2005]] it was announced that two sites in the U.S. had been selected to receive new power reactors (exclusive of the new power reactor scheduled for [[INL]]).{{Fact|date=February 2008}} In August 2007, TVA was approved to restart construction of [[Watts Bar Nuclear Generating Station|Watts Bar]] unit 2. The reactor is scheduled to be completed and come online in 2013. As of February 2008, five applications for [[Combined License]]s (COL) have been submitted [http://www.nrc.gov/reactors/new-licensing/col.html]. Note however that submission of these applications are not necessarily declarations of intent to build new power plants, but submission of a COL application is one of the final steps a utility must take before construction can begin on a new nuclear reactors. In April 2008, [[Southern Company]] signed a contract for two AP1000 reactors to be built at its [[Vogtle Electric Generating Plant|Vogtle]] facility. This is the first order for a new nuclear plant in the United States in 30 years.<ref>{{cite web| author=Terry Macalister | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/apr/10/nuclear.nuclearpower | title = Westinghouse wins first US nuclear deal in 30 years | date=[[2008-04-10]] | publisher = [[The Guardian]]| accessdate=2008-05-12}}</ref> Shortly thereafter, [[South Carolina Electric & Gas Company|SCG&E]] also ordered two new AP1000 reactors to be constructed at its [[Virgil C. Summer Nuclear Generating Station|VC Summer]] facility at a total cost of almost US$10 billion for the two reactors.<ref>[http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN-SCGandE_orders_two_AP1000s_for_South_Carolina_site-2805084.html SCG&E orders two AP1000s for South Carolina]</ref> ===South America=== ====Argentina==== In [[Argentina]], about 6% of the electricity comes from 2 operational reactors: The ''Embalse Río Tercero'' plant, a CANDU6 reactor, and the ''Atucha 1'' plant, a PHWR German design. In 2001, the plant was modified to burn Slightly Enriched Uranium, making it the first PHWR reactor to burn that fuel worldwide.{{Fact|date=July 2007}} Atucha originally was planned to be a complex with various reactors. Atucha 2 (similar to Aucha 1 but more powerful) is actually more than half-built, however it never entered into operation. Argentina also has some other research reactors, and exports nuclear technology. Nucleoelectrica of Argentina and Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd are negotiating over the contracts and project delivery model for a new 740 MWe Candu 6 nuclear power plant. It will be reviewed and approved by the Government of Argentina by the end of April [[2008]].<ref name=wnnargentina>{{cite web| url=http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/Industry/AECL_works_on_Argentine_Candu_contract-300707.shtml?jmid=1039834185 | publisher=World Nuclear News | date=[[2007-07-30]]| title=AECL works on Argentine Candu contract | accessdate=2007-08-04}}</ref> ====Brazil==== Nuclear energy accounts for about 4% of the Brazil's electricity.<ref name=uic>{{cite web | publisher= Uranium Information Centre |url= http://www.uic.com.au/nip95.htm | title = Nuclear Power in Brazil. Briefing Paper # 95 |date=May [[2007]] | accessdate=2007-05-19}}</ref> It produced by [[List of nuclear reactors#Brazil|two reactors]] at [[Angra Nuclear Power Plant|Angra]], which is Brazil's sole nuclear power plant, which consists of two [[Pressurized water reactor]]s. A third reactor, Angra III, with a projected output of 1,350 MW, is planned to be finished by 2010, but work has been paralyzed due to environmental concerns and lack of funds. By [[2025]] Brazil plans to build seven more reactors.<ref name=merco>{{cite web | publisher= Mecropress |url= http://www.mercopress.com/Detalle.asp?NUM=9036 | title = Brazil plans to build seven nuclear reactors | date = [[2006-10-23]] | accessdate=2007-05-19}}</ref> Currently, all uranium exploration, production and export in Brazil is under the control of the state through INB, which is a subsidiary of the National Nuclear Energy Commission, although the Brazilian government has recently announced that it is prepared to move ahead with private sector involvement in the nuclear fuel cycle<ref>GALVANI TO WORK ON BRAZIL'S LARGEST URANIUM RESERVE[[World Nuclear News]], 24 June 2008 [url= http://89.151.116.69/ENF_Galvani_to_work_on_Brazils_largest_uranium_reserve_2406082.html]</ref>. ====Chile==== Although there is no commitment from the government to introduce nuclear energy, the debate is ongoing. In February 2007, the Energy Ministry of [[Chile]] announced that it was beginning technical studies into the development of nuclear power.<ref name="nip102"/> ====Uruguay==== Uruguay has a law that prohibits nuclear energy development. However, Uruguay and Russia consider limited cooperation in nuclear energy by using 70 MWe [[Russian floating nuclear power station]] which could power infrastructure on-shore via a cable.<ref name=wnn-russian>{{cite web | title = Russian push for new business continues | publisher = World Nuclear News | date = [[2008-01-03]] | url = http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/corporate/Russian_push_for_new_business_continues_030108.shtml | accessdate = 2008-01-06}}</ref> ==See also== {{EnergyPortal}} *[[Nuclear power]] - has an extensive discussion of risks and costs. *[[Nuclear power by country]] *[[List of countries with nuclear weapons]] *[[List of energy topics]] - for many other related articles *[[Anti-nuclear movement]] *[[Energy policy]] - for a more general discussion *[[Energy economics]] *[[Energy security]] *[[Energy and Environmental Security Initiative (EESI)]] *[[Fossil fuels phase-out]] *[[Future energy development]] - further discussion. *[[List of anti-nuclear groups]] *[[Non-nuclear future]] *[[Nuclear free zone]] *[[Renewable energy commercialization]] - on energy alternatives. ==References== {{Reflist|2}} ==External links== *[http://www.nei.org/publicpolicy/ NEI Public Policy Information] *[http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/info.html World Nuclear Association: International Membership Organization for the Industry] *[http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/nuclearPolicies/index.shtml World Nuclear News: Nuclear Policies] *[http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/index.html?http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/551/5290.html WISE/NIRS Nuclear Monitor: Status of nuclear in EU member states] *[http://www.scientific-alliance.org/pdf/essential_programme_to_underpin_government_policy_on_nuclear_power.pdf Research paper detailing perspectives for energy politics in the UK] (pdf) *[http://archive.greenpeace.org/comms/no.nukes/react02b.html Greenpeace: Referenda and nuclear power plants] *[http://www.worldenergy.org/wec-geis/publications/reports/ser/nuclear/nuclear.asp Survey of Energy Resources: Nuclear] *[http://energytrends.pnl.gov/ Energy Research and Development - Global trends in policy and investment] *[http://www.neimagazine.com/story.asp?sectioncode=147&storyCode=2030770 How can new nuclear power plants be financed?], Nuclear Engineering International, 1 September 2005 *[http://www.uic.com.au/nip50.htm Uranium Information Center: Outline history of nuclear energy] *[http://www.scientific-alliance.org/pdf/essential_programme_to_underpin_government_policy_on_nuclear_power.pdf An Essential Programme to Underpin Government Policy on Nuclear Power. By the "Nuclear Task Force." July 2003] (pdf) *[http://www.energie-fakten.de/html/kkw-schweden.html] About the nuclear power phase-out in Sweden German) *Robert J. Duffy. ''Nuclear Politics in America: A History and Theory of Government Regulation (Studies in Government and Public Policy).'' Paperback. 1997. ISBN 0-7006-0853-2. *[http://www.francenuc.org La France Nucleaire] Nuclear France: Materials and Sites (online book in English and French) *[http://www.scientific-alliance.org/pdf/essential_programme_to_underpin_government_policy_on_nuclear_power.pdf An Essential Programme to Underpin Government Policy on Nuclear Power. By the "Nuclear Task Force." July 2003] (pdf) *[http://www.energie-fakten.de/html/kkw-schweden.html Energie-Fakten] About the nuclear power phase-out in Sweden (German) *[http://nei.siteworx.com/publicpolicy/stateactivities/statenuclearfacts/ U.S. State Nuclear Facts] {{Nuclear power by country}} [[Category:Nuclear technology]] [[Category:Energy policy]] [[Category:National electric power policy]] [[ar:إنهاء الطاقة النووية]] [[es:Política sobre Energía Nuclear]] [[fr:Débat sur l'énergie nucléaire]]