Nuremberg 21287 225774650 2008-07-15T10:02:33Z 62.129.121.63 /* Famous citizens */ {{redirect|Nürnberg}} {{Infobox German Location |Name = <!-- Only when different from the article name --> |German_name = Nürnberg |type = City |image_photo = Nürnberg Burg ArM.jpg |imagesize = <!-- Photo size. Default is 250px --> |image_caption = Nuremberg Kaiserburg |Wappen = Nurnberg.jpg |Wappengröße = <!-- Size of COA imageOnly if smaller than 140 --> |lat_deg = 49 | lat_min = 27 | lat_sec = 0|lat_hem = N |lon_deg = 11 | lon_min = 5 | lon_sec = 0 |lon_hem = E|Karte = <!-- Only when the automatic locator (needs co-ordinates) does not work --> |Lageplan = <!-- Image displaying location in more detail (eg. location within state or district --> |Lageplanbeschreibung = <!-- Description of image "Lageplan" Default: "Location of XX" --> |Bundesland = Bavaria |Regierungsbezirk = Middle Franconia |Landkreis = urban |Kreis = <!-- Only in NRW und SH or "urban" if a Kreisfreie Stadt --> |Amt = |Gemeindeverwaltungsverband = |Samtgemeinde = |Verbandsgemeinde = |Verwaltungsgemeinschaft = |Verwaltungsverband = |Höhe = 302 |Fläche = 186.38 |area_metro = <!-- Metropolitan area, in km². XXX.XX (no commas or other text) --> |Einwohner = 500132 |pop_metro = <!-- Metropolitan area, if available. No commas or other text --> |Stand = 2005 |pop_ref = <!-- Citation for population statistic. Include <ref>-tags --> |PLZ = 90000-90491 |PLZ-alt = <!-- Older postcode(s) - only when available - WILL NOT BE DISPLAYED--> |Vorwahl = 0911 |Kfz = N |Gemeindeschlüssel = <!-- CIN value: "XX X XX XXX" - WILL NOT BE DISPLAYED --> |NUTS = <!-- NUTS value: DEXXX - WILL NOT BE DISPLAYED --> |LOCODE = <!-- UN/LOCODE value: "DE XXX" - WILL NOT BE DISPLAYED --> |Gliederung = <!-- Subdivisions within location (e.g. "XX districts" or boroughs) --> |Website = [http://www.nuernberg.de/internet/portal_e/index.html nuernberg.de] |Bürgermeister = [[Ulrich Maly]] ([[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]])|Bürgermeistertitel = <!-- Only when different from [[Bürgermeister]] --> |Partei = <!-- Mayor's political party - (SPD,CDU,CSU,FDP,PDS,Green, etc.) --> |ruling_party1 = <!-- Leading political party currently in power - give abbreviations --> |ruling_party2 = <!-- 2nd ruling political party - give abbreviations --> |ruling_party3 = <!-- 3rd ruling political party - give abbreviations --> |year = <!-- Year founded (not "year of first recorded mention"), no wikilinking --> |_noautocat = <!-- Enter "yes" here if you are working on a draft --> }} '''Nuremberg''' ({{lang-de|'''Nürnberg'''}} {{IPA|['nʏɐ̯nbεɐ̯k]}}) is a [[city]] in the [[Germany|German]] [[state (national)|state]] of [[Bavaria]], in the [[Regierungsbezirk|administrative region]] of [[Middle Franconia]]. It is situated on the [[Pegnitz River|Pegnitz]] river and the [[Rhine-Main-Danube Canal]] and is [[Franconia]]'s largest city. It is located about 170 kilometres north of [[Munich]], at 49.27° N 11.5° E. Population (as of 01/2006) is 500,132. ==History== ===Middle Ages=== [[Image:NuernbergFort_hb.JPG|thumb|left|Old fortifications of Nuremberg]] From 1050 to 1571, the city expanded and rose dramatically in importance due to its location on key trade routes. It is often referred to as having been the 'unofficial [[capital]]' of the [[Holy Roman Empire|Holy Roman Emperor]], particularly because ''[[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstage]]'' (Imperial Diets) and courts met at [[Nuremberg Castle]]. The [[Diet of Nuremberg|Diets of Nuremberg]] were an important part of the administrative structure of the empire. In 1219 Nuremberg became an [[Imperial Free City]] under [[Emperor Frederick II]].<ref>{{web cite|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11168a.htm|title=Nuremberg|work=[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]}}</ref> Nuremberg soon became, with [[Augsburg]], one of the two great trade centers on the route from [[Italy]] to Northern Europe. In 1298, the [[Jew]]s of the town were accused of having [[Host desecration|desecrated]] the [[Host (Holy Communion)|host]] and 698 were slain in one of the many [[Rintfleisch-Pogrom|Rintfleisch Massacres]]. Behind the massacre in 1298 was also the desire to combine the northern and southern parts of the city, which were divided by the [[Pegnitz River]]. Jews had been settled in that flood-prone area, but as the city leaders realized, this center of town was crucial to its future development. Hence, the Jewish population had to be removed. This area is now the place of the City Market, Frauenkirche and Rathaus (City Hall). ===Early modern age=== [[Image:Nuremberg P7160068.JPG|thumb|left|Jews being exiled from Nuremberg, 1670]] The cultural flowering of Nuremberg in the 15th and 16th centuries made it the center of the German Renaissance. In 1525, Nuremberg accepted the [[Protestant Reformation]], and in 1532, the religious [[Peace of Nuremberg]], by which the [[Lutheran]]s gained important concessions, was signed there. In 1632 during the [[Thirty Years' War]], the city, occupied by the forces of [[Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden]], was [[Siege of Nuremberg|besieged]] by the army of Imperial general [[Albrecht von Wallenstein]]. The city declined after the war and recovered its importance only in the nineteenth century, when it grew as an industrial center. At the beginning of the nineteenth century Nuremberg was practically bankrupt. In 1806 with the [[Holy Roman Empire]] formally being dissolved, Nuremberg passed to Bavaria. The Bavarian state took over the city's debts and guaranteed their amortization. The [[Bayerische Ludwigsbahn|first German railway]], from Nuremberg to nearby [[Fürth]], was opened in 1835. ===Nazi period=== [[Image:Reichsparteitag 1935.jpg|thumb|right|Nuremberg party rally 1935]] Nuremberg held great significance during the [[Nazi Germany]] period. Because of the city's relevance to the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and its position in the center of Germany, the [[Nazi Party]] chose the city to be the site of huge Nazi Party conventions&ndash;the [[Nuremberg rallies]]. The rallies were held annually from 1927 to 1938 in Nuremberg. After [[Hitler's rise to power]] in 1933 the Nuremberg rallies became huge state [[propaganda]] events, a center of [[anti-Semitism]] and other Nazi ideals. At the 1935 rally, Hitler specifically ordered the [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] to convene at Nuremberg to pass the anti-Semitic [[Nuremberg Laws]] which revoked German citizenship for all [[Jew]]s. A number of premises were constructed solely for these assemblies, some of which were not finished. Today many examples of [[Nazi architecture]] can still be seen in the city. The city was also the home of the Nazi propagandist [[Julius Streicher]], the publisher of ''[[Der Stürmer]]''. During [[World War II]], Nuremberg was the headquarters of [[Military district#Germany|Wehrkreis]] (military district) XIII, and an important site for military production, including airplanes, submarines, and tank engines. A subcamp of [[Flossenbürg concentration camp]] was located here. Extensive use was made of [[slave labour]].<ref>Christine O'Keefe. [http://www.tartanplace.com/tartanhistory/concentrationcamps.html ''Concentration Camps'']</ref> The city was severely damaged in [[Strategic bombing during World War II|Allied strategic bombing]] from 1943-1945. On [[January 2]] [[1945]], the medieval city centre was systematically bombed by the [[Royal Air Force]] and the [[United States Army Air Forces|U.S. Army Air Forces]] and about ninety percent of it was destroyed in only one hour, with 1,800 residents killed and roughly 100,000 displaced. In February 1945, additional attacks followed. In total, about 6,000 Nuremberg residents are estimated to have been killed in air raids. Despite this, the city was rebuilt after the war and was to some extent, restored to its pre-war appearance including the reconstruction of some of its medieval buildings. [[Image:Defendants in the dock at nuremberg trials.jpg|thumb|right|Defendants in the dock at Nuremberg Trials]] Between 1945 and 1946, German officials involved in the [[Holocaust]] and other war crimes were taken in front of an international tribunal in the [[Nuremberg Trials]]. The [[Soviet Union]] had wanted the trials to take place in Berlin, but Nuremberg was chosen as the site for the trials for specific reasons: * It was located in the [[United States|American]] [[Allied Occupation Zones in Germany|occupation zone]] * The [[Palace of Justice (Nuremberg)|Palace of Justice]] was spacious and largely undamaged (one of the few that had remained largely intact through extensive Allied bombing of Germany). A large [[prison]] was also part of the complex. * The city had been the location of the Nazi Party's Nuremberg rallies; there was symbolic value in making it the place of the Nazi demise. * As a compromise, it was agreed that Berlin would become the permanent seat of the International Military Tribunal and that the first trial (several were planned) would take place in Nuremberg. Because of the [[Cold War]], there were no subsequent trials. The same courtroom in Nuremberg was the venue of the [[Nuremberg Military Tribunals]], organised by the United States as occupying power in the area. ==Economy== [[Image:Nuremberg hl geist pegnitz f w.jpg|thumb|right|Hl. Geistspital, Holy Spirit Hospital]] Nuremberg for many people is still associated with its traditional gingerbread (''[[Lebkuchen]]'') products, sausages, and handmade toys. The first [[pocket watch]]es &mdash; ''Nuremberg eggs'' &mdash; were made here in the sixteenth century. In the nineteenth century Nuremberg became the "industrial heart" of [[Bavaria]] with companies such as [[Siemens AG|Siemens]] and [[MAN AG|MAN]] establishing a strong base in the city. Nuremberg is still an important industrial center with a strong standing in the markets of Central and Eastern Europe. Items manufactured in the area include electrical equipment, mechanical and optical products, motor vehicles, and printed materials. The city is also strong in the fields of automation, energy, and medical technology. Siemens is still the largest industrial employer in the Nuremberg region but a good third of German market research agencies is also located in the city. The [[Nuremberg International Toy Fair]] is the largest of its kind in the world. The city also hosts several specialist hi-tech fairs every year, attracting experts from every corner of the globe. ==Culture== [[Image:Nuremberg sebald castle f lorenz f s.jpg|thumb|Towers of [[St. Sebaldus Church|Saint Sebald]] and the Castle as seen from Saint Lorenz.]] Nuremberg was an early center of humanism, science, printing, and mechanical invention. The city contributed much to the science of [[astronomy]]. In 1471 Johannes Mueller of [[Königsberg, Bavaria|Königsberg]] (Bavaria), later called [[Regiomontanus]], built an astronomical observatory in Nuremberg and published many important astronomical charts. In 1515, [[Albrecht Dürer]], a native of Nuremberg, mapped the stars of the northern and southern hemispheres, producing the first printed star charts, which had been ordered by Johann Stabius. Around 1515 Dürer also published the "Stabiussche Weltkarte", the first perspective drawing of the terrestrial globe<!-- cf. Waetzoldt, Dürer und seine Zeit, 1935, p. 306 -->. Perhaps most famously, the main part of [[Nicolaus Copernicus]]' work was published in Nuremberg in 1543. Printers and publishers have a long history in Nuremberg. Many of these publishers worked with well-known artists of the day to produce books that could also be considered works of art. In 1470 [[Anton Koberger]] opened Europe's first print shop in Nuremberg. In 1493, he published the ''Nuremberg Chronicles'', also know as the ''World Chronicles'' (''Schedelsche Weltchronik''), an illustrated history of the world from the creation to the present day. It was written in the local Franconian dialect by [[Hartmann Schedel]] and had illustrations by [[Michael Wohlgemuth]], [[Wilhelm Pleydenwurff]], and [[Albrecht Dürer]]. Others furthered geographical knowledge and travel by map making. Notable among these was navigator and geographer [[Martin Behaim]], who made the first world globe. Sculptors such as [[Veit Stoss]] and [[Peter Vischer]] are also associated with Nuremberg. Composed of prosperous artisans, the guilds of the [[Meistersingers]] flourished here. [[Richard Wagner]] made their most famous member, [[Hans Sachs]], the hero of his opera ''[[Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg]]''. Baroque composer [[Johann Pachelbel]] was born here and was organist of [[St. Sebaldus Church]]. Nuremberg is also famous for its Christmas market, which draws well over a million shoppers each year. The market is famous for its handmade ornaments and delicacies. ==Main sights== <div style="float:right; clear:right;">[[Image:Nürnberg panorama.jpg|thumb|View over old Nuremberg from Spittlertor-Tower]][[Image:Dutzendteich.JPG|thumb|right|Dutzendteich and Kongresshalle in the background]][[Image:Nuremberg cathedral ofourlady.jpg|thumb|The Frauenkirche (Church of our lady) as seen from the Hauptmarkt]]</div> The southern part of the old town, known as Lorenzer Seite, is separated from the north by the river Pegnitz and encircled to the south by the city walls. * [[Nuremberg Castle]]: the three castles that tower over the city including central burgraves' castle, with Free Reich's buildings to the east, the Imperial castle to the west. *''[[:de:Heilig-Geist-Spital (Nürnberg)|Heilig-Geist-Spital]]''. In the centre of the city, on the bank of the river Pegnitz, stands the Hospital of the Holy Spirit. Founded in 1332, this is one of the largest hospitals of the [[Middle Ages]]. Lepers were kept here at some distance from the other patients. It now houses elderly persons and a restaurant. *''Hauptmarkt'', which provides a picturesque setting and famous market for gingerbread. Nuremberg's star attraction is the Gothic ''Schöner Brunnen'' (Beautiful Fountain) which was erected around 1385 but subsequently replaced with a replica (the original fountain is kept in the [[Germanisches Nationalmuseum]]). The unchanged [[Renaissance]] bridge ''[[Fleischbrücke]]'' crosses the Pegnitz nearby. *The following churches are located inside the city walls: [[St. Sebaldus Church]], [[:de:St. Lorenz (Nürnberg)|St. Lorenz]], ''[[:de:Frauenkirche_(N%C3%BCrnberg)|Frauenkirche]]'' (Our Lady's Church), Saint Klara, Saint Martha, Saint Jakob, Saint Egidien, and Saint Elisabeth. *[[International Gothic|Gothic]] ''St Lorenz-Kirche'' (St. Lorenz church, [[:de:St. Lorenz (Nürnberg)|St. Lorenz]]), one of the most important buildings in Nuremberg. The main body was built around 1270-1350. *The church of the former ''Katharinenkloster'' is preserved as a ruin, the Cartause is integrated into the building of the [[Germanisches Nationalmuseum]] and the choir of the former ''Franzikanerkirche'' is part of a modern building. *The Walburga Chapel and the Romanesque ''Doppelkapelle'' (Chapel with two floors) are part of Nuremberg Castle. *The ''Johannisfriedhof'' is a medieval cemetery, containing many old graves ([[Albrecht Dürer]], [[Willibald Pirckheimer]], and others). The ''Rochusfriedhof'' or the Wöhrder Kirchhof are near the Old Town. * The [[Tiergarten Nürnberg]] is a zoo stretching over more than 60 ha in the Nürnberger [[Reichswald]]. *There is also a medieval market just inside the city walls, selling handcrafted goods. *The [http://www.dbmuseum.de German National Railways Museum] {{de icon}} (an Anchor Point of ERIH, The [[European Route of Industrial Heritage]]) is located in Nuremberg. *The [[:Image:Nuremberg Ring.jpg|Nuremberg Ring]] (now welded within an iron fence) is said to bring good luck to those that touch it. ==Transport== The city's location next to numerous highways, railways, and a waterway has contributed to its rising importance for trade with Eastern Europe. ===Motorways=== Nuremberg is conveniently located at the junction of several important Autobahn routes. The [[Bundesautobahn 3|A3]] (''[[Netherlands]]-''[[Frankfurt]]-[[Würzburg]]''-[[Vienna]]'') passes in a south-easterly direction along the north-east of the city. The [[Bundesautobahn 9|A9]] ([[Berlin]]-[[Munich]]) passes in a north-south direction on the east of the city. The [[Bundesautobahn 6|A6]] (''[[France]]-''[[Saarbrücken]]''-[[Prague]]'') passes in an east-west direction to the south of the city. Finally, the [[Bundesautobahn 73|A73]] begins in the south-east of Nuremberg and travels north-west through the city before continuing towards [[Fürth]] and [[Bamberg]]. ===Railways=== [[Image:101 in Nürnberg.JPG|thumb|left|Class 101 locomotive at Nuremberg Main Station]] [[Nürnberg Hauptbahnhof|Nuremberg Central Station]] is a stop for [[InterCity|IC]] and [[InterCityExpress|ICE]] trains on the German long-distance railway network. The Nuremberg–[[Ingolstadt]]–[[Munich]] High-Speed line with 300 km/h operation opened [[May 28]] [[2006]], and was fully integrated into the rail schedule on [[December 10]] [[2006]]. Travel times to Munich have been reduced to as little as one hour. ===Airport=== [[Nuremberg Airport]] has flights to major German cities and many European destinations, as well as connecting flights worldwide, for example via [[Frankfurt International Airport|Frankfurt]] or [[Vienna International Airport|Vienna]]. [[Air Berlin]] uses [[Nuremberg Airport]] as the airline's hub, especially in the winter season. ===City and regional transport=== [[Image:Nürnberg U-Bahn DT2 Train.jpg|thumb|Nuremberg U-Bahn train]] The first segment of the [[Nuremberg U-Bahn]] metro system was opened in 1972. The system, along with [[tram]]s and [[bus]]es, are operated by the [http://en.vag.de/ VAG Nürnberg] (''Verkehrsaktiengesellschaft Nürnberg'' or Nuremberg Transport Corporation), itself a member of the [http://www.vgn.de/?language=en VGN] (''Verkehrsverbund Großraum Nürnberg'' or Greater Nuremberg Transport Network). There is also a [[Nuremberg S-Bahn]] suburban metro railway and a regional train network, both centred on [[Nuremberg Central Station]]. ===Canals=== Nuremberg is an important port on the [[Main-Danube Canal]]. ==Sport== ===Soccer=== [[1. FC Nuremberg]], known locally as ''Der Club'', was founded in 1900 and is steeped in tradition. The team plays in the Second [[Fußball-Bundesliga|Bundesliga]]. The official colours of the association are red and white, but the traditional colours are red and black. The current president is Michael A. Roth. They play in the [[Frankenstadion|EasyCredit Stadium]], which was rebuilt for the World Championship in 2006 and accommodates 46,000. *'''German Champion:''' 1920, 1921, 1924, 1925, 1927, 1936, 1948, 1961, 1968 *'''German Cup:''' 1935, 1939, 1962, 2007 ==Sister cities== Worldwide, Nuremberg is [[town twinning|twinned]] with the following cities: * {{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Nice]], [[France]], since 1954 * {{Flagicon|POL}} [[Kraków]], [[Poland]], since 1979 * {{Flagicon|MKD}} [[Skopje]], [[Republic of Macedonia]], since 1982 * {{Flagicon|UK}} [[Glasgow]], [[United Kingdom]], since 1985 * {{Flagicon|NIC}} [[San Carlos, Nicaragua|San Carlos]], [[Nicaragua]], since 1985 * {{Flagicon|GER}} [[Gera]], [[Germany]], since 1988, renewed 1997 * {{Flagicon|CZE}} [[Prague]], [[Czech Republic]], since 1990 * {{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Kharkiv]], [[Ukraine]], since 1990 * {{Flagicon|ISR}} [[Hadera]], [[Israel]], since 1995 * {{Flagicon|People's Republic of China}} [[Shenzhen]], [[People's Republic of China|China]] since 1997 (For this reason, Shenzhen set its European Contact Agency in Nuremberg) * {{Flagicon|TUR}} [[Antalya]], [[Turkey]], since 1997 * {{Flagicon|GRE}} [[Kavala]], [[Greece]], since 1998 * {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Atlanta, Georgia|Atlanta]], [[USA]], since 1998 * {{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Venice]], [[Italy]], since 1999 ==Partner cities== * {{flagicon|NED}} [[Rotterdam]], [[The Netherlands]] ==Nuremberg districts== Several old villages now belong to the city of Nuremberg, for example [[Großgründlach]], [[Kraftshof]], [[Thon]], and [[Neunhof]] in the north-west; [[Ziegelstein]] in the north-east, [[Altenfurt]] and [[Fischbach bei Nürnberg|Fischbach]] in the south-east; and [[Katzwang]], [[Kornburg]] in the south. [[Langwasser]] is a modern [[suburb]]. ==Famous citizens== *[[Alexander Schreiner]] organist, Mormon Tabernacle *[[Chaya Arbel]] (Israeli composer) *[[Kaspar Hauser]] *[[Hans Behaim the Elder]] *[[Peter Bucher]] *[[Albrecht Dürer]] *[[Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach]] *[[Hermann Kesten]] (writer) *[[Johann Christoph Volckamer]] who authored here his ''Hesperides''. *[[Adam Kraft]] (sculptor and architect) *[[Anton Koberger]] *[[Max Morlock]] *[[Conrad Paumann]] *[[Hans Sachs]] *[[Hartmann Schedel]] *[[Veit Stoss]] *[[Peter Vischer the Elder]] *[[Johann Philipp von Wurzelbauer]] *[[Johann Pachelbel]] *[[Kunz Lochner]] *[[Peter Henlein]] ==See also== *[[Nuremberg Trials]] *[[Nuremberg Rally]] *[[Christkindlesmarkt, Nuremberg]] *[[Bratwurst|Nürnberger Bratwürste]] *[[Lebkuchen]] (gingerbread, specialty of Nuremberg) *[[Tinsel]] (invented in Nuremberg) *[[Triumph of the Will]] of [[Leni Riefenstahl]] *[[Nuremberg Toy Museum]] ("Spielzeugmuseum") *[[:de:Geschichte der Stadt Nürnberg]] (History of the City of Nuremberg, in German) *[[Germanisches Nationalmuseum]] *Labour Exchange Headquarters ("Arbeitsamt", now "Agentur für Arbeit") *[[Norisring]] Racetrack, where [[Pedro Rodriguez (racing driver)|Pedro Rodriguez]] died in 1971 *[[List of mayors of Nuremberg]] *[[Nuremberg U-Bahn|Nuremberg Underground]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== {{Commons|Nürnberg}} *[http://www.nuernberg.de/english/index.html English website of the city] *[http://www.stadtpanoramen.de/en/nuremberg/nuremberg.html Nuremberg City Panoramas] - Panoramic Views and virtual Tours *[http://www.german-embassy.org.uk/Carnival_nuremberg.html Carnival's Schembart run turns Nuremberg into a medieval city again] *[http://www.ionbee.net/travel/destinations/nuremberg-germany.php Nuremberg info and gallery] *[http://www.bartleby.com/102/64.html ''Nuremberg'' by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow] *[http://www.oopper.de/tn/panorama-nuernberg.htm more Nuremberg Panoramas] *[http://germany.archiseek.com/bavaria/nuremberg/index.html Architecture of Nuremberg] *[http://worldfacts.us/Germany-Nuremberg.htm Nuremberg] *[http://public-transport.net/bim/Nuernberg.htm Tramway in Nuremberg] *[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=379&letter=N&search=Nuremberg Article at jewishencyclopedia.com] *{{wikitravel|Nuremberg}} *[http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/portal/?lang=en&coll=collections:a0000&q=%28%22nuremberg%22%29 49 digitized objects on Nuremberg] in [[The European Library]] *[http://www.mygreatgermany.com/South/Bavaria/Cities/Nuremberg/ Hundreds of photos & recommendations from Nuremberg] MyGreatWorld / MyGreatGermany {{Template group |list = {{Franconian Circle}} {{Free Imperial Cities}} {{Germany districts bavaria}} }} [[Category:Nuremberg| ]] [[Category:Franconian Circle]] [[Category:Imperial free cities]] [[ar:نورنبيرغ]] [[az:Nürnberq]] [[bar:Nürnberg]] [[bs:Nürnberg]] [[bg:Нюрнберг]] [[ca:Nuremberg]] [[cs:Norimberk]] [[da:Nürnberg]] [[de:Nürnberg]] [[et:Nürnberg]] [[el:Νυρεμβέργη]] [[es:Núremberg]] [[eo:Nurenbergo]] [[eu:Nurenberg]] [[fr:Nuremberg]] [[gl:Nuremberg - Nürnberg]] [[ko:뉘른베르크]] [[io:Nürnberg]] [[id:Nürnberg]] [[is:Nürnberg]] [[it:Norimberga]] [[he:נירנברג]] [[ka:ნიურნბერგი]] [[la:Norimberga]] [[lv:Nirnberga]] [[lt:Niurnbergas]] [[hu:Nürnberg]] [[mk:Нирнберг]] [[mr:न्युरेंबर्ग]] [[nl:Neurenberg]] [[ja:ニュルンベルク]] [[no:Nürnberg]] [[nn:Nürnberg]] [[oc:Nurembèrg]] [[nds:Nürnbarg]] [[pl:Norymberga]] [[pt:Nuremberga]] [[ro:Nürnberg]] [[ru:Нюрнберг]] [[sq:Nyrëmbergu]] [[simple:Nuremberg]] [[sk:Norimberg]] [[sl:Nürnberg]] [[sr:Нирнберг]] [[sh:Nürnberg]] [[fi:Nürnberg]] [[sv:Nürnberg]] [[th:เนือร์นแบร์ก]] [[vi:Nürnberg]] [[tr:Nürnberg (kent)]] [[uk:Нюрнберг]] [[vo:Nürnberg]] [[yi:נירנבערג]] [[zh:纽伦堡]]