Nusantara
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{{Mergefrom|Malay world|date=January 2008}}
'''Nusantara''' is a traditional geographical concept of the [[Malay]] world that encompasses the [[Indonesia]]n lands from [[Sabang]] in the West to [[Manokwari]] in the East, coastal [[Kalimantan]], and all but the northwest corner of [[Sulawesi]], the [[Malaysia]]n lands of [[Sarawak]] and [[Peninsular Malaysia]], the southernmost islands of the [[Philippine]] [[archipelago]], and the lands of both [[Singapore]] and [[Brunei]]. Within Indonesia, it has come to be synonymous with Indonesia, excluding the Malaysian, Filipino, Singaporean, and Bruneian lands, but including the interior of Kalimantan, the last corner of Sulawesi, and [[Papua]] (from Manokwari to [[Merauke]] on the [[Papua New Guinea]]n border).
The word Nusantara was taken from an oath by [[Gajah Mada]] written on a [[Javanese people|Javanese]] old manuscript of [[Negarakertagama]]. '''Gajah Mada''' (d. circa [[1364]]) was, according to Javanese old manuscripts, [[Poetry|poems]] and [[mythology]], a famous military leader and [[prime minister]] (''mahapatih'') of the [[Majapahit Empire]], credited with bringing the empire to its peak of glory. Gajah Mada is said to have delivered an oath called ''Sumpah Palapa'', in which he vowed not to eat any food containing [[spices]] until he had conquered all of Nusantara. In modern [[Indonesia]] he serves as an important national hero{{Fact|date=February 2007}} and [[Nationalism|nationalistic]] [[symbol]].
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==Ancient Concept of Nusantara==
===Etymology===
Nusantara is derived from Javanese word of "Nusa" (island) and "Antero" (other, as a whole). In Javanese concept of state, the monarch has the power over three areas:
# Negara Agung, or the Grand State, the core kingdom. this includes the capital and the surrounding area. In Majapahit sense, this area covered the whole [[East Java]] and its surrounding area.
# Mancanegara, countries surrounding Negara Agung. These countries' cultures shows strong influence of Javanese culture and concepts. If this concept is used in the context of [[Majapahit]] empire, this includes the whole [[Java]] island, [[Madura]], [[Bali]], and maybe [[Lampung]] and [[Palembang]] ([[South Sumatra]]).
# Nusantara, areas which do not resonate Javanese culture, but sometimes still claimed as colonies where they had to pay tribute.
===The history of Nusantara===
''Nusantara'' was firstly used by [[Gajah Mada]] (a prime minister of [[Majapahit]] kingdom) to refer a geographically term of [[Majapahit]] kingdom. ''Gajah Mada'' made an oath called Palapa Oath (Sumpah Palapa) to conquer [[Maluku|Gurun]], [[Seram]], [[Riau|Tanjungpura]], Haru, [[Pahang]], [[Dompu|Dompo]], [[Bali]], [[Sunda]], [[Palembang]], [[Singapore|Tumasik]]. All of those region called as 'Nusantara'.
It is said that it was during [[Gajah Mada]] appointment as mahapatih under queen Tribhuwanatunggadewi that [[Gajah Mada]] took his famous oath, Sumpah Palapa. The telling of the oath is described in the ''[[Pararaton]]'' (Book of Kings), an account on [[Java]]nese history that dates from the [[15th century|15th]] or [[16th century]]:
''“Sira Gajah Mada pepatih amungkubumi tan ayun amukita palapa, sira Gajah Mada : Lamun huwus kalah nusantara ingsun amukti palapa, lamun kalah ring Gurun, ring Seram, Tanjungpura, ring Haru, ring Pahang, Dompo, ring Bali, Sunda, Palembang, Tumasik, samana ingsun amukti palapa “''
''"[[Gajah Mada]], he the prime minister, said he will not taste any spice, said [[Gajah Mada]] : As long as I not unify [[Nusantara]], I will not taste any spice. Before I conquer [[Maluku|Gurun]], [[Seram]], [[Riau|Tanjungpura]], Haru, [[Pahang]], [[Dompu|Dompo]], [[Bali]], [[Sunda]], [[Palembang]], [[Singapore|Tumasik]], I will never taste any spice."''
While often interpreted literally to mean that [[Gajah Mada]] would not allow his food to be spiced, the oath is sometimes interpreted to mean that [[Gajah Mada]] would abstain from all earthly happiness until he conquered the entire known [[archipelago]] for [[Majapahit]].
Even his closest friends were at first doubtful of his oath, but [[Gajah Mada]] kept pursuing his dream to unify ''Nusantara'' under the glory of [[Majapahit]]. Soon he conquered the surrounding territory of [[Kingdom of Bedahulu|Bedahulu]] ([[Bali]]) and [[Lombok]] ([[1343]]). He then sent the [[navy]] westward to attack the remnants of the [[thalassocracy|thallassocrathic]] kingdom of [[Sriwijaya]] in [[Palembang]]. There he installed [[Adityawarman]], a Majapahit prince as vassal ruler of the [[Minangkabau]] in [[West Sumatra]].
He then conquered the first Islamic [[sultanate]] in [[Southeast Asia]], [[Pasai|Samudra Pasai]], and another state in Swarnadwipa ([[Sumatra]]). Gajah Mada also conquered [[Bintan]], Tumasik ([[Singapore]]), [[Melayu Kingdom|Melayu]] (now known as Jambi), and [[Kalimantan]].
[[Image:Majapahit-map.jpg||center|thumb|600px| Ancient Concept of Nusantara]]
At the resignation of the queen, Tribuwanatunggadewi, her son, [[Hayam Wuruk]] (ruled [[1350]]-[[1389]]) became king. [[Gajah Mada]] retained his position as mahapatih under the new king and continued his [[military campaign]] by expanding eastward into Logajah, Gurun, [[Seram]], [[Karimunjawa|Hutankadali]], [[Sasak]], [[Makassar]], [[Buton]], [[Banggai]], Kunir, [[Kangean|Galiyan]], [[Selayar|Salayar]], [[Sumba]], Muar ([[Saparua]]), [[Solor]], [[Bima]], Wandan ([[Banda]]), [[Ambon Island|Ambon]], [[Timor]], and Dompo.
He thus effectively brought the archipelago under [[Majapahit| Majapahits's control]], which spanned not only the territory of today's [[Indonesia]], but also that of [[Singapore]], [[Malaysia]], [[Brunei]] and the southern [[Philippines]].
==Indonesian Concept of Nusantara==
In the year 1920, [[Ernest Francois Eugene Douwes Dekker]] ([[1879]]-[[1950]]), who was also known as [[Setiabudi| Dr.Setiabudi]] , introduced a name for his country ([[Indonesia]]) which didn't include any Indian words. That name was ''Nusantara''.
The definition of Nusantara introduced by Setiabudi is different to the Nusantara definition used in the 14th century ([[Majapahit]] time). During the Majapahit time, Nusantara described vassal areas to be conquered. Setiabudi didn't want this aggressive connotation, so he defined Nusantara as all the Indonesian regions from [[Sabang]] until [[Merauke]].
Palapa Oath (where the term Nusantara was first used) is in reality the embryo of the modern unitary state of the Republic of Indonesia, notwithstanding the fact that the territory of Majapahit was then even much wider than the current territory of Indonesia.
[[Image:LocationIndonesia.svg|center|thumb|600px| Modern Concept of Nusantara (Red Colour)]]
==References==
===See also===
*[[History of Indonesia]]
*[http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_nama_Indonesia Sejarah Nama Indonesia]
===External links===
*[http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/files/16320/10891016391Indonesia_-_pararaton.doc/Indonesia+-+pararaton.doc| UNESCO: Pararaton Manuscript (MEMORY OF THE WORLD REGISTER)]
*[http://www.eastjava.com/books/majapahit/html/gajah.html Gajah Mada article]
*[http://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/cetak/0804/16/0802.htm Asal-Usul Nama Indonesia]
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