1000
34876
225326398
2008-07-13T02:54:06Z
Wilson Delgado
520098
/* Science and Technology */ Avicenna father of medicine not momentum!!
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{{year nav|1000}}
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The year '''1000''' of the [[Gregorian Calendar]] was the last year of the [[10th century]] as well as the last year of the [[1st millennium|first millennium]] of the [[Common Era|Christian era]] ending on [[December 31st]]. According to the then used [[Julian Calendar]], [[AD]] 1000 was a [[leap year starting on Monday]]. In the Gregorian Calendar (not invented at the time) the year would be a [[common year starting on Wednesday]].
==Overview==
===China===
In what is today China, the [[Song Dynasty]] remained the world's most populous empire and continued to thrive under [[Emperor Zhenzong of Song China]]. By the late 11th century, the Song Dynasty had a total population of some 101 million people, an average annual [[iron]] output of 125,000 tons produced a year, and bolstered its [[Economy of the Song Dynasty|enormous economy]] with the world's first known [[Banknote|paper-printed money]].
===Islamic world===
The [[Muslim world|Islamic world]] was experiencing a [[Islamic Golden Age|Golden Age]] around the year 1000 and continued to flourish under the [[Arab Empire]] (including the [[Ummayad]], [[Abbasid]] and [[Fatimid]] [[caliphate]]s), which included what is now the [[Middle East]], [[North Africa]], [[Central Asia]] and [[Iberian Peninsula]]. By 1000, Muslim traders and explorers had established a [[global economy]] across the [[Old World]] leading to a [[Islamic Golden Age#Agricultural Revolution|Muslim Agricultural Revolution]], establishing the Arab Empire as the world's leading [[Islamic Golden Age#Economy|extensive economic power]].
The [[Islamic science|scientific achievements]] of the [[Islamic Golden Age|Islamic civilization]] also reaches its zenith during this time, with the emergence of the first [[experiment]]al [[scientist]]s and the [[scientific method]], which would form the basis of [[science|modern science]].
Most of the leading scientists around the year 1000 were [[Islamic science|Muslim scientists]], including [[Ibn al-Haytham]] (Alhacen), [[Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī|Abu Rayhan al-Biruni]], [[Avicenna]], [[Abu al-Qasim]] (Abulcasis), [[Ibn Yunus]], [[Abū Sahl al-Qūhī|Abu Sahl al-Quhi]] (Kuhi), [[Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi]], [[Abu Nasr Mansur]], [[Abū al-Wafā' al-Būzjānī|Abu al-Wafa]], [[Ahmad ibn Fadlan]], [[Al-Muqaddasi]], [[Ali Ibn Isa]], and [[al-Karaji]] (al-Karkhi), among others.
In particular, [[Ibn al-Haytham]], [[Avicenna]], [[Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī|Abu Rayhan al-Biruni]], and [[Abu al-Qasim]], who all flourished around the year 1000, are considered among the greatest scientists in history.
==Events==
===By Place===
====Africa====
* The [[Hutu]] arrive in present-day [[Rwanda]] and [[Burundi]], soon outnumbering the native [[Twa]].
====Americas====
* [[Leif Ericson]] lands in [[North America]], calling it [[Vinland]].
* The [[Incas]] are one of many small groups fighting for land and water (approximate date).
====Asia====
* [[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]], is founded.
====Europe====
[[Image:Europe 1000.jpg|thumb|Europe in 1000]]
* [[September 9]] — [[Battle of Svolder]]: King [[Olaf Tryggvason]] is defeated by an alliance of his enemies, in this notable naval battle of the [[Viking Age]].
* [[December 25]] - [[Stephen I of Hungary|Stephen I]] becomes King of [[Hungary]], which is established as a [[Christian]] kingdom.
* [[Sancho III of Navarre]] becomes King of [[List of Aragonese monarchs|Aragon]] and [[List of Navarrese monarchs|Navarre]].
* [[Sweyn I of Denmark|Sweyn I]] establishes [[Denmark|Danish]] control over part of [[Norway]].
* [[Oslo]], [[Norway]] is founded (the exact year is debatable, but the 1,000 year anniversary was held in the year [[2000]]).
* [[Emperor]] [[Otto III]] makes a pilgrimage from [[Rome]] to [[Aachen]] and [[Gniezno]] ([[Gnesen]]), stopping at [[Regensburg]], [[Meissen]], [[Magdeburg]], and Gniezno. The [[Congress of Gniezno]] (with [[Bolesław I Chrobry]]) is part of his [[pilgrimage]]. In [[Rome]], he builds the basilica of [[San Bartolomeo all'Isola]], to host the relics of St. [[Bartholomew]].
* The Château de Goulaine [[vineyard]] is founded in [[France]].
===By Topic===
====Religion====
* The [[Muslim world|Islamic world]] expands.
* [[Scandinavia]] and [[Hungary]] are [[Christianization|Christianized]].
* The [[Diocese]] of [[Kołobrzeg]] is founded.
* The [[archdiocese]] in [[Gniezno]] is founded; the first [[Archbishop of Gniezno|archibishop]] is [[Radim Gaudentius|Gaudentius (Radim)]], from [[Slavník's dynasty]].
====Science and Technology====
* [[Islamic science|Scientific achievements]] in the [[Islamic Golden Age|Islamic civilization]] reach their zenith, with the emergence of the first [[experiment]]al [[scientist]]s and the [[scientific method]], which will form the basis of [[science|modern science]].
* [[Iraq]]i [[Muslim]] [[polymath]] and scientist, [[Ibn al-Haytham]] (Alhacen), who is considered the father of [[optics]], the pioneer of the [[scientific method]], and the "first [[scientist]]", moves to [[Egypt]], where he invents the [[camera obscura]], and writes his influential ''[[Book of Optics]]'', which introduces the [[scientific method]], and drastically transforms the understanding of [[light]], [[optics]], [[visual perception|vision]], and [[science]] in general.
* [[Persian people|Persian]] Muslim polymath and scientist, [[Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī|Abu Rayhan al-Biruni]], who is considered the father of [[geodesy]] and the "first [[anthropology|anthropologist]]", writes books on many different topics, and rejects many theories which cannot be verified through [[experiment]]ation.
* Persian Muslim scientist and physician, [[Avicenna]], who is considered the father of [[medicine]], publishes ''[[The Canon of Medicine]]'', an influential book which maintains that medicine should be known through either [[experiment]]ation or [[reasoning]]. He also publishes ''[[The Book of Healing]]'', where he hypothesizes two causes of [[mountain]]s: "Either they are the effects of upheavals of the crust of the earth, or they are the effect of water, which, cutting itself a new route, has denuded the valleys."
* [[Arab]] [[Al-Andalus|Andalusian]] [[Islamic medicine|Muslim physician]], [[Abu al-Qasim]] (Abulcasis), the "father of modern [[surgery]]", publishes his influential 30-volume medical encyclopedia, the ''[[Al-Tasrif]]'', which remains a standard textbook in the [[Islamic Golden Age|Islamic world]] and [[Middle Ages|medieval Europe]] for centuries.
* Arab [[Egypt]]ian [[Islamic mathematics|Muslim mathematician]] and [[Islamic astronomy|astronomer]], [[Ibn Yunus]], publishes his astronomical treatise ''Al-Zij al-Hakimi al-Kabir'', and invents the [[pendulum]].
* Persian Muslim physicist and mathematician, [[Abū Sahl al-Qūhī|Abu Sahl al-Quhi]] (Kuhi), hypothesizes that the [[weight|heaviness]] of bodies vary with their distance from the [[center of mass|center]] of the Earth, and solves [[equation]]s higher than the [[Quadratic equation|second degree]].
* Persian Muslim astronomer and mathematician, [[Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi]], invents the [[sextant (astronomical)|astronomical sextant]] and first states a special case of [[Fermat's last theorem]].
* The [[Bell (instrument)|Bell]] [[foundry]] is founded in [[Italy]] by Fonderia Pontificia Marinelli.
* [[Gunpowder]] is invented in [[China]].
====World Population====
* [[World population]]: 310,000,000.
==Births==
* [[Adalbert, Duke of Lorraine]] (d. [[1048]])
* [[Qawam al-Daula]], ruler of [[Kerman]] (d. [[1028]])
* Ibn Rashiq, Arab rhetorician (d. [[1070]]?)
==Deaths==
* [[September 9]] — [[Olaf I of Norway]] (killed at the [[Battle of Svold]]) (b. [[969]])
* [[Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi]], [[Islamic astronomy|Persian astronomer]] and [[Islamic mathematics|mathematician]]
* [[Abū Sahl al-Qūhī|Abu Sahl al-Quhi]] (Kuhi), [[Islamic science|Persian physicist]], mathematician and astronomer
* [[Ahmad ibn Fadlan]], [[Arab]] writer and traveller
* [[Al-Muqaddasi]], Arab [[geographer]] and [[Social sciences|social scientist]]
* [[Ælfthryth, Queen of England|Ælfthryth]], second or third wife of [[Edgar of England]]
* [[Garcia IV of Pamplona]]
* Tlilcoatzin, Toltec ruler (approximate date)
* Topiltzin, Toltec ruler
* [[David III of Tao]] (murdered by his nobles)
* [[Huyan Zan]], Chinese general
* [[Hrosvit]], Saxon nun
==See also==
*[[Millenarianism]]
*[[List of state leaders in 1000]]
==Further reading==
* Robert Lacey and Danny Danziger ''The Year 1000: What Life Was Like at the Turn of the First Millennium'' (1999) ISBN 0-316-55840-0
* John Man ''Atlas of the Year 1000'' (1999) ISBN 0-14-051419-8
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== Other Websites ==
*[http://www.calendaryear.net/1000 1000 Calendar Year]
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