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Year '''1644''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MDCXLIV]]''') was a [[leap year starting on Friday]] (link will display the full calendar) of the [[Gregorian calendar]] (or a [[leap year starting on Monday]] of the 10-day slower [[Julian calendar]]).
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== Events of 1644 ==
=== January - June ===
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* [[January 26]] - [[First English Civil War]] - [[Battle of Nantwich]]: The [[Roundhead|Parliamentarians]] defeat the [[Cavalier|Royalists]], allowing them to end the 6-week Siege of Nantwich in [[Cheshire]], [[England]].
* [[February]]-[[August]] - Explorer [[Abel Tasman]]'s second expedition for the [[Dutch East India Company]] maps the north coast of [[Australia]].
* [[March 24]] - In [[England]], [[Roger Williams]] is granted an official charter for his [[Rhode Island Colony]], allowing the establishment of a general assembly.
* [[April 19]] to [[April 22]] - [[Battle of Shanhai Pass]]: The [[Manchu]] [[Qing Dynasty]] and [[Wu Sangui]] gain a decisive victory over [[Li Zicheng]]'s [[Shun Dynasty]] .
* [[April 25]] - A popular [[China|Chinese]] rebellion led by Li Zicheng sacks [[Beijing]], prompting [[Chongzhen Emperor of China|Chongzhen]], the last emperor of the [[Ming Dynasty]], to commit suicide.
* [[June 3]] - [[Li Zicheng]] claims himself as the emperor of China.
* [[June 6]] - The invading Manchu army, with the help of [[Ming Dynasty|Ming]] general [[Wu Sangui]], captures [[Beijing]], China. This marks the beginning of the [[Qing Dynasty]] (also known as the Manchu Dynasty), the last [[Dynasties in Chinese history|imperial dynasty of China]].
=== July - December ===
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[[Image:Marston_Moor_JBarker.jpg |thumb|240px|right| [[July 2]]: [[Battle of Marston Moor]].]]
* [[July 2]] - [[English Civil War]] - [[Battle of Marston Moor]]: The [[Parliamentarians]] crush the [[Cavalier|Royalists]], ending [[Charles I of England|Charles I]]'s hold on the north of [[England]].
* [[September 1]] - [[English Civil War]] - [[Battle of Tippermuir]]: [[James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose|Montrose]] defeats [[Earl of Wemyss|Elcho]]'s [[Covenanters]], reviving the Royalist cause in [[Scotland]].
* [[September 2]] - English Civil War - Second [[Battle of Lostwithiel]]: [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] and the [[Cavalier|Royalist]] gain their last major victory.
* [[September 15]] - [[Pope Innocent X]] succeeds [[Pope Urban VIII]] as the 236th [[pope]].
* [[November]] - [[Battle of Jüterbog]]: [[Sweden]]'s forces defeat those of the [[Holy Roman Empire]].
* [[November 23]] - ''[[Areopagitica]]'' by [[John Milton]] is published.
[[Image:Kolumna_Zygmunta.jpg |thumb|155px|right| [[Kolumna Zygmunta]] is erected.]]
* [[December 9]] - As [[Christina of Sweden|Christina]] comes of age, she is made ruling queen of [[Sweden]].
* [[December]] - [[Black Death|Plague]] breaks out in [[Edinburgh]].
===Undated===
* The [[opera]] ''[[Ormindo]]'' is first performed in Venice: music by [[Francesco Cavalli]] and libretto by [[Giovanni Faustini]].
* [[Kolumna Zygmunta]] (Sigismund's Column) is erected in Warsaw to commemorate King [[Sigismund III Vasa]], who moved the capital of [[Poland]] from [[Kraków]] to [[Warsaw]] in [[1596]].
* [[Philosopher]] [[René Descartes]] publishes ''Principia Philosophiae'' (''Principles of Philosophy'').
* During the [[English Civil War]], [[Prince Rupert of the Rhine|Prince Rupert]] and his men take [[Liverpool Castle]], which is later reclaimed by Sir John Moore.
===Ongoing events===
* [[English Civil War]] ([[1642]]-[[1649]]).
* [[Thirty Years War]] ([[1618]]-[[1648]]).
==Births==
{{Year in other calendars}}
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* [[January 10]] - [[Louis François, duc de Boufflers]], French marshal (d. [[1711]])
* [[January 18]] - [[John Partridge (astrologer)|John Partridge]], English astrologer (d. [[1708]])
* [[April 7]] - [[François de Neufville, duc de Villeroi]], French soldier (d. [[1730]])
* [[June 16]] - [[Henrietta Anne Stuart]], Princess of Scotland, England and Ireland (d. [[1670]])
* [[August 6]] - [[Louise de la Vallière]], French mistress of [[Louis XIV of France]] (d. [[1710]])
* [[August 12]] - [[Heinrich Ignaz Biber]], Bohemian composer and violinist (d. [[1704]])
* [[September 25]] - [[Ole Rømer]], Danish astronomer (d. [[1710]])
* [[October 1]] - [[Alessandro Stradella]], Italian composer (d. [[1682]])
* [[October 2]] - [[François-Timoléon de Choisy]], French writer (d. [[1724]])
* [[October 14]] - [[William Penn]], English Quaker and founder of Pennsylvania (d. [[1718]])
*''date unknown''
**[[Antonio Stradivari]], Italian violin maker (d. [[1737]])
**[[Matsuo Bashō]], Japanese poet (d. [[1694]])
: ''See also [[:Category:1644 births]].''
==Deaths==
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* [[March 15]] - [[Louise Juliana of Nassau]], Regent of Bohemia (b. [[1576]])
* [[April 10]] - Reverend [[William Brewster (Pilgrim)|William Brewster]], Pilgrim leader (b. [[1567]])
* [[April 25]] - [[Chongzhen Emperor of China|Chongzhen]], last Ming Emperor of China (suicide) (b. [[1611]])
* [[July 29]] - [[Pope Urban VIII]] (b. [[1568]])
* [[September 7]] - [[Guido Bentivoglio]], Italian statesman and historian (b. [[1579]])
* [[September 8]]
**<!--September 8--> [[John Coke]], English politician (b. [[1563]])
**<!--September 8--> [[Francis Quarles]], English poet (b. [[1592]])
* [[October 6]] - [[Elisabeth of Bourbon]], queen of [[Philip IV of Spain]] (b. [[1602]])
* [[November 6]] - [[Thomas Roe]], English diplomat (b. c.[[1581]])
* [[November 10]] - [[Luís Vélez de Guevara]], Spanish writer (b. [[1579]])
* [[December 30]] - [[Jan Baptist van Helmont]], Flemish chemist (b. [[1577]])
: ''See also [[:Category:1644 deaths]].''
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