1691
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Year '''1691''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MDCXCI]]''') was a [[common year starting on Monday]] (link will display the full calendar) of the [[Gregorian calendar]] (or a [[common year starting on Thursday]] of the 10-day slower [[Julian calendar]]).
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== Events of 1691 ==
=== January - June ===
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* [[March 5]] - [[Nine Years' War]]: French troops under Marshal Louis-Francois de Boufflers besiege the Spanish-held town of [[Mons]].
* [[March 20]] - [[Leisler's Rebellion]]: A new governor arrives in [[New York]] - [[Jacob Leisler]] surrenders after a standoff of several hours.
* [[March 29]] - The Siege of Mons ends in the city’s surrender.
* [[April 9]] - A fire at the [[Palace of Whitehall]] in [[London]] destroys its Stone Gallery.
* [[May 6]] - The [[Spanish inquisition]] condemns and forcibly baptizes 219 [[Jew]]s in Palma Majorca. When 37 try to escape the island, they are burned alive at the stake.
* [[May 16]] - [[Jacob Leisler]] is hanged for [[treason]].
* [[June]] - [[Ahmed II]] (1691-[[1695]]) succeeds [[Suleiman II]] ([[1687]]-1691) as [[Ottoman Emperor|emperor]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]].
=== July - December ===
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* [[July 12]]
**<!--July 12-->[[Pope Innocent XII]] succeeds [[Pope Alexander VIII]] as the 242nd [[pope]].
**<!--July 12-->[[Battle of Aughrim]]: [[Williamite]] troops defeat the [[Jacobites]] in [[Ireland]].
* [[October 3]] - The [[Treaty of Limerick]], which guarantees civil rights to [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholics]], is signed. ''(It was broken "before the ink was dry")''
===Undated===
* [[Michel Rolle]] invents [[Rolle's theorem]], an essential [[theorem]] of [[mathematics]].
* In [[New England]] the 2 separate Colonies of [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] and [[Plymouth Colony]] are united into a single entity, by an act of the King and Queen of England.
* The [[Khalkha]] submit to the [[Manchu]] invaders, bringing most of modern-day [[Mongolia]] under the rule of the [[Qing dynasty]].
==Births==
{{Year in other calendars}}
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* [[February 27]] - [[Edward Cave]], English editor and publisher (d. [[1754]])
* [[April 5]] - [[Louis VIII, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt]] (d. [[1768]])
* [[April 9]] - [[Johann Matthias Gesner]], German classical scholar (d. [[1761]])
* [[June 17]] - [[Giovanni Paolo Pannini]], Italian painter and architect (d. [[1765]])
* [[August 25]] - [[Alessandro Galilei]], architect and mathematician (d. [[1736]])
* [[September 29]] - [[Richard Challoner]], English Catholic prelate (d. [[1781]])
* [[October 1]] - [[Arthur Onslow]], English politician (d [[1768]])
* [[October 28]] - [[Peder Tordenskjold]], Norwegian naval hero (d. [[1720]])
==Deaths==
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* [[January 13]] - [[George Fox]], English founder of the Society of Friends (b. [[1624]])
* [[January 17]] - [[Richard Lower]], English physician (b. [[1631]])
* [[February 1]] - [[Pope Alexander VIII]] (b. [[1610]])
* [[April 3]] - [[Jean Petitot]], Swiss enamel painter (b. [[1607]])
* [[May 11]] - [[John Birch (soldier)|Colonel John Birch]], English soldier (b. [[1615]])
* [[May 16]] - [[Jacob Leisler]], German-born American colonist (b. [[1640]])
* [[May 23]] - [[Adrien Auzout]], French astronomer (b. [[1622]])
* [[May 29]] - [[Cornelis Tromp]], Dutch admiral (b. [[1629]])
* [[June 23]] - [[Suleiman II]], [[Sultan]], [[Ottoman Empire]] (b. [[1642]])
* [[July 12]] - [[Marquis de St Ruth]] (killed at the Battle of Aughrim)
* [[July 16]] - [[François-Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois]], French war minister (b. [[1641]])
* [[July 30]] - [[Daniel Georg Morhof]], German writer and scholar (b. [[1639]])
* [[August 14]] - [[Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnel]], Irish rebel (b. [[1630]])
* [[September 12]] - [[John George III, Elector of Saxony]] (b. [[1647]])
* [[October 9]] - [[William Sacheverell]], English statesman (b. [[1638]])
* [[October 10]] - [[Isaac de Benserade]], French poet (b. [[1613]])
* [[November 14]] - [[Tosa Mitsuoki]], Japanese painter (b. [[1617]])
* [[November 15]] - [[Aelbert Cuyp]], Dutch painter (b. [[1620]])
* [[December 8]] - [[Richard Baxter]], English clergyman (b. [[1615]])
* [[December 30]] - [[Robert Boyle]], Irish chemist (b. [[1627]])
*''probable'' - [[Elizabeth Polwheele]], English playwright (b. c. [[1651]])
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