1700-1750 in fashion
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[[Image:Philips Charles Group Portrait Of A family By A Lake And A Classical Pavilion detail.jpg|right|thumb|300px|In this English family portrait, the ladies wear pastel-colored gowns with closed skirts and lace caps. Some wear sheer aprons. The lady on the right wears a mantua. The men's long, narrow coats are trimmed with gold braid. c.1730-40]]
'''Fashion in the period 1700-1750''' in [[Europe]]an and European-influenced countries is characterized by a widening, full-skirted silhouette for both men and women following the tall, narrow look of the [[1650-1700 in fashion|1680s and 90s]]. Wigs remained essential for men of substance, and were often white; natural hair was powdered to achieve the fashionable look.
Distinction was made in this period between ''full dress'' worn at Court and for formal occasions, and ''undress'' or everyday, daytime clothes. As the decades progressed, fewer and fewer occasions called for full dress which had all but disappeared by the end of the century.
==Women's fashion==
===Gowns===<!-- This section is linked from [[Antoine Watteau]] -->
[[Image:Watteau cousins detail.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Detail of The Two Cousins by Watteau shows an early ''sacque'' or ''robe á la française'', c. 1717-18.]]
[[Image:Phillips Tea Party.jpg|right|thumb|200px|A rigid, upright posture with a sharp "break" at the bust is characteristic of the stiffly boned stays of the 1730s. These English ladies wear formal mantuas for tea.]]
[[Image:Elisabeth Christine of Braunschweig Wolfenbuettel.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Empress Elisabeth Christine in riding costume.]]
In the early decades of the new century, formal dress consisted of the stiff-bodiced [[Mantua (clothing)|mantua]]. A closed (or "round") [[petticoat]], sometimes worn with an apron, replaced the open draped mantua skirt of the [[1650-1700 in fashion|previous period]]. This formal style then gave way to more relaxed fashions.
The ''robe à la française'' or "sack back" gown with flowing pleats from the shoulders was originally an undress fashion. At its most informal, this gown was unfitted both front and back and called a ''sacque''. Later, for formal wear, the front was fitted to the body by means of a tightly-laced underbodice, while the back fell in loose box pleats called "Watteau pleats" from their appearance in the paintings of [[Antoine Watteau]].
The less formal ''robe à l'anglaise'' or "nightgown" also had a pleated back, but the pleats were sewn down to fit the bodice to the body to the waist.
Either gown could be closed in front (a "round gown") or open to reveal a matching or contrasting [[petticoat]].
Open-fronted bodices could be filled in with a decorative ''stomacher'', and toward the end of the period a lace or linen kerchief called a ''fichu'' could be worn to fill in the low neckline.
Sleeves were bell- or trumpet-shaped, and caught up at the elbow to show the frilled or lace-trimmed sleeves of the [[shift]] ([[chemise]]) beneath. Sleeves became narrower as the period progressed, with a frill at the elbow, and elaborate separate ruffles called [[engageante]]s were [[tack (sewing)|tacked]] to the shift sleeves, in a fashion that would persist into the [[1750-1795 in fashion|1770s]].
Strings of [[pearl]]s, ribbons, or lace frills were tied high on the neck.
===Underwear===
The ''stays'' or [[corset]] of the early 18th century were long-waisted and cut with a narrow back, wide front, and shoulder straps; the most fashionable stays pulled the shoulders back until the shoulder blades almost touched. The resulting silhouette, with shoulders thrown back, very erect posture and a high, full bosom, is characteristic of this period and no other.
Skirts were worn over small, domed [[hoop skirt|hoops]] in the 1730s and early 1740s, which were displaced for formal court wear by side hoops or [[pannier (clothing)|panniers]] which later widened to as much as three feet to either side at the French court of [[Marie Antoinette]].
The shift ([[chemise]]) or smock had full sleeves early in the period and tight, elbow-length sleeves in the 1740s as the sleeves of the gown narrowed. Drawers were not worn in this period.
Woolen waistcoats were worn over the corset and under the gown for warmth, as were petticoats quilted with wool batting.
Free-hanging pockets were tied around the waist and were accessed through ''pocket slits'' in the gown or petticoat.
Loose gowns, sometimes with a wrapped or surplice front closure, were worn over the shift ([[chemise]]), petticoat and stays (corset) for at-home wear, and it was fashionable to have one's portrait painted in these extremely undress fashions.
===Outerwear===
[[Riding habit]]s consisted of a fitted, thigh- or knee-length coat similar to those worn by men, usually with a matching petticoat. Ladies wore mannish shirts and tricorne hats for riding and hunting.
Elbow-length capes, often lined with fur.
===Fabrics and colors===
In the early years of this period, black silk hoods and dark, somber colors became fashionable at the French court for mature women, under the influence of [[Madame de Maintenon]]. Younger women wore light or bright colors, but the preference was for solid-colored silks with a minimum of ornamentation.
Gradually, trim in the form of ied lace and fabric ''robings'' (strips of ruched, gathered or pleated fabric) replaced the plain style. Ribbon bows, lacing, and rosettes became popular, as did boldly patterned fabrics. A mid-century vogue for striped fabrics had the stripes running different directions on the trim and the body of the gown.
[[India|Indian]] [[cotton]] fabrics block-printed in bright colors on white grounds were wildly fashionable. Bans against their importation to protect the [[United Kingdom|British]] [[silk]], [[linen]], and [[wool]]en industries did nothing to reduce their desirability. Brocaded silks and woolens had similar colorful floral patterns on light-colored grounds. Blends of wool and silk or wool and linen (''linssey-woolsey'') were popular.
===Shoes===
[[Image:18th_century_shoes_mules.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Shoes of 1742 (left) and 1731 (right).]]
The [[shoe]] of the [[1650-1700 in fashion|previous period]] with its curved heel, squarish toe, and tie over the instep gave way in the second decade of the 18th century to a shoe with a high, curved heel. Backless [[mule (footwear)|mules]] were worn indoors and out (but not on the street). Toes were now pointed. This style of shoe would remain popular well into the [[1750-1795 in fashion|next]] period.
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===Style gallery 1700-1730s===
<gallery>
Image:Bourgogne-habit-c.1700.jpg|1 - c.1700
Image:Charlotte-Élisabeth in Beieren.jpg|2 - c. 1719
Image:William Hogarth 012 detail.jpg|3 - 1729
Image:Declarationoflove.jpg|4 - 1731
Image:Queen Sophie Dorothea of Prussia.jpg|5 - 1737
Image:Koningin elisabeth christine.jpg|6 - 1739
</gallery>
#[[:Image:Bourgogne-habit-c.1700.jpg|Scarlet]] [[riding habit]] features a long coat similar to men's coats, with a matching petticoat.
#[[:Image:Charlotte-Élisabeth in Beieren.jpg|Elisabeth Charlotte, Duchesse d'Orleans]] wears the black cap and veil of a widow with a gold-colored nightgown patterned with acorns and flowers. Her open sleeves are caught with jeweled clasps or pins over a shift with triple lace frills at the elbow. A royal French mantle of blue embroidered with gold fleur-de-lis and lined in ermine is draped around he shoulders, c. 1719.
#[[:Image:William Hogarth 012 detail.jpg|Attendants at a wedding]] wear solid-colored mantuas with closed petticoats and open-fronted bodices. Elbow-length sleeves are cuffed. The ruffles of the shift are visible at neck and elbow, England, 1729.
#[[:Image:Declarationoflove.jpg|French]] gowns of 1731. Two ladies wear loose wrapped gowns in soft pastels. The lady on the right wears a sack-backed gown in a bold floral pattern.
#[[:Image:Queen Sophie Dorothea of Prussia.jpg|Queen Sophie Dorothea of Prussia]] wears a rose-colored velvet gown with ermine trim (and possibly lining).
#[[:Image:Koningin elisabeth christine.jpg|Prussian court fashion]]: [[Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Bevern|Queen Elizabeth Christine]], wife of [[Frederick the Great]], wears a gown with a slightly squared neckline and narrow lace frills at bodice and sleeve. Note the trim on the pocket slits in the skirt of her open gown. She wears a [[diamond]] [[choker]] around her neck.
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===Style gallery 1740s===
<gallery>
Image:Tessin 1741.jpg|1 - 1741
Image:Hogarth.mary.600pix.jpg|2 - 1742
Image:William Hogarth 041.jpg|3 - 1743-45
Image:LuiseUlrikevonPreußen01.jpg|4 - 1744
Image:Sorquainville.jpg|5 - 1749
</gallery>
#[[:Image:Tessin 1741.jpg|Comtesse de Tessin]], 1741, wears a black hood over a lace cap, and a red, fur-lined shoulder cape called a ''mantle'' or [[tippet]]. She carries a matching fur muff. A large ribbon bow trims her bodice at the neckline.
#[[:Image:Hogarth.mary.600pix.jpg|Mary Edwards]], 1742, wears a red sack-back gown with a lace-trimmed kerchief or fichu tucked under the ribbon bow on her bodice. Her sleeves are bell-shaped, and she wears a lace hood or cap.
#[[:Image:William Hogarth 041.jpg|Hogarth's]] ''Marriage a la Mode'' series depicts a fashionable young wife wearing a sack-back jacket and stomacher with a contrasting petticoat. A linen hood or cap is tied under her chin, 1743-45.
#[[:Image:LuiseUlrikevonPreußen01.jpg|Luisa Ulrika of Prussia, Queen of Sweden]] wears a gown with "split sleeves" (elbow frills and a lower sleeve tight to the wrist). Her overskirt is looped up over her petticoat and she wears a black cap set with diamond studs. Her choker necklace is set with a diamond-studded bow, 1744.
#[[:Image:Sorquainville.jpg|Madame de Sorquainville]]'s open gown is laced with a wide blue ribbon over a stomacher and is worn with a matching petticoat. The front edges of the gown are trimmed with ''robings'', rows of fabric ruched or gathered on both edges. Sleeves are narrower, and are worn with elaborate lace [[engageante]]s. She wears a small cap and a black ribbon or frill around her neck.
==Men's fashion==
[[Image:Mrs Mrs Andrews detail.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Mr and Mrs Andrews, 1748. His undress coat has military button-back revers, which he wears casually unbuttoned, and is narrower overall than the coat of the 1720s. He wears a tricorne hat. Mrs. Andrews' petticoat is supported by wide panniers.]]
===Overview===
Men continued to wear the [[coat (clothing)|coat]], [[waistcoat]] and [[breeches]] of the [[1650-1700 in fashion|previous period]] for both full dress and undress; these were now sometimes made of the same fabric and trim, signalling the birth of the three-piece [[suit (clothes)|suit]]. Coats were roughly knee-length throughout the period.
By the 1720s, the skirts of the coat had pleated panels inserted in the side seams; these were occasionally stiffened to increase the fullness over the hips. Coats had no [[collar (clothing)|collars]] early, and a short standing collar later. Oversized, turned-back cuffs extended to the elbow. Waistcoats remained long. Full dress coats and waistcoats were trimmed with lace, braid, or heavy embroidery; undress clothing had a similar cut but without the trim.
The [[frock]] was an English undress coat with a wide, flat collar, derived from the coats worn by working men.
[[Shirt]] sleeves were full, gathered at the wrist and dropped shoulder. Undress shirts had plain wrist bands and a high stock at the neck. Dress shirts had in ruffles of fine fabric or lace at the cuffs. Early in the period a black ribbon called a ''solitaire'' was tied around the neck.
Leather shoes fastened with buckles, and were worn with silk or woolen stockings. Stockings continued to be worn over the breeches until 1730 when the breeches were often worn over the stockings. With this change, the garters gave way to buckles on the breeches to hold up the stockings.
A loose, T-shaped cotton or linen gown called a [[banyan (clothing)|banyan]] was worn at home as a sort of dressing gown over the shirt and breeches. Men of an intellectual or philosophical bent were painted wearing banyans, with their own hair or a soft cap rather than a wig.
===Hairstyles and headgear===
Wigs in a variety of styles were worn for different occasions and by different age groups.
The large high parted wig of the 1690s remained popular from 1700 until around 1720. During this time various colors were worn, but white was becoming more popular and the curls were getting tighter. Later, wigs or the natural hair were worn long, brushed back from the forehead and ''clubbed'' or tied back at the nape of the neck with a black ribbon. A bag wig gathered the back hair in a black silk bag.
Wide-brimmed [[hat]]s with brims turned up on three sides into [[tricorne]]s were worn throughout the era.
===Style gallery 1700s-1720s===
<gallery>
Image:Newton thornhill.jpg|1 - c.1710
Image:Louis_XIV_in1711.PNG|2 - 1711
Image:114Friedrich Ludwig.jpg|3 - 1716
Image:Watteau ensign detail.jpg|4 - 1721
</gallery>
#[[:Image:Newton thornhill.jpg|Sir Isaac Newton]] in old age, 1709-12. He wears a banyan with a patterned lining. Note the T-shaped cut, without a shoulder seam.
#[[:Image:Louis_XIV_in1711.PNG|Louis XIV]] wears a large periwig, justacorps, and stockings over his breeches.
#A German prince shows his stiff turned-back cuffs, embroidered in gold, as is the centre of his coat, stockings over his breeches.
#[[:Image:Watteau ensign detail.jpg|Back view]] of a coat of 1721 shows the center back vent and the pleated gores set into the side seams. The gentleman wears square-toed shoes and carries a tricorne tucked under his arm.
===Style gallery 1730s-1740s===
<gallery>
Image:Philippe Coypel.jpg|1 - 1732
Image:Chardin cards.jpg|2 - 1736
Image:Troost_Music_lover.jpg|3 - 1736
Image:Hogarth Strode detail man.jpg|4 - 1738
Image:Bowdoin.jpg|5 - 1748
Image:Georg Friedrich Händel.jpg|6 - 1749
</gallery>
#[[:Image:Philippe Coypel.jpg|Philippe Coypel]]'s red waistcoat is trimmed with gold lace under a plain brown coat. His shirt is trimmed with lace ruffles and he wears a narrow black solitaire.
#[[:Image:Chardin cards.jpg|Man playing cards]] wears a tricorne. His long brown wig (or possibly hair) is tied back with a black ribbon. His plain coat has deep cuffs.
#[[:Image:Troost Music lover.jpg|Dutch gentleman of 1736]] wears a collarless grey coat with deep cuffs and a long waistcoat, both lined in sky blue, with matching breeches. His black shoes have square buckles.
#[[:Image:Hogarth Strode detail man.jpg|English gentleman of 1738]] wears a wide-hipped formal coat with applied lace over a plainer contrasting hip-length waistcoat and red breeches. His coat is lined in red. Shoes with elaborate buckles and white stockings complete the ensemble.
#[[:Image:Bowdoin.jpg|American William Bowdoin]], 1748, wears a gold-embroidered waistcoat under a dark coat lined in white.
#[[:Image:Georg Friedrich Händel.jpg|Portrait]] of [[Georg Friedrich Händel]] wearing a mulberry-colored coat trimmed with bands of embroidery and fastened with buttons and loops over a pattered waiscoat (barely visible under the coat) and a white shirt with ruffles, 1749.
==Children's fashion==
Toddler boys and girls wore low-necked gowns. ''[[Leading strings]]'' - narrow straps of fabric attached to the gown at the shoulder - functioned as a sort of leash to keep the child from straying too far or falling as it learned to walk.
Children older than toddlers continued to wear clothing which was in many respects simply a smaller version of adult clothing. Although it is often said that children wore miniature versions of adult clothing, this is something of a myth. Girls wore back-fastening gowns, trimmed much more simply than women's. The skirt of a girl's gown was not split down the front, as women's typically were.<ref name="Art">Ashelford, Jane, ''The Art of Dress''</ref> Girls did not wear jackets or bedgowns. Boys wore shirts, breeches, waistcoats and coats a man would, but often wore their necks open, and the coat was fitted and trimmed differently from a man's, and boys often went bareheaded. During some decades of the 18th Century, boys' shirts and coats had different collars and cuffs than a man's. Even if the size is not apparent, it is usually possible to tell a child's garment from an adult's.
<gallery>
Image:Justus Engelhardt Kühn 001.jpg|1 - 1710
Image:Watteau the dance.jpg|3 - 1718
Image:Balthasar Denner 001.jpg|4 - 1724
Image:Maria Theresia as child.jpg|5- 1727
Image:William Hogarth 060.jpg|6 - 1731-32
Image:Jean-Baptiste_Siméon_Chardin_002.jpg|7 - 1740
Image:William Hogarth 047.jpg|8 - 1742
</gallery>
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
==References==
{{commonscat|18th century fashion}}
*[[Janet Arnold|Arnold, Janet]]: ''Patterns of Fashion 2: Englishwomen's Dresses and Their Construction C.1860-1940'', Wace 1966, Macmillan 1972. Revised metric edition, Drama Books 1977. ISBN 0-89676-027-8
*Ashelford, Jane: ''The Art of Dress: Clothing and Society 1500-1914'', Abrams, 1996. ISBN 0-8109-6317-5
*Baumgarten, Linda: ''What Clothes Reveal: The Language of Clothing in Colonial and Federal America'', Yale University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-300-09580-5
*Black, J. Anderson and Madge Garland: ''A History of Fashion'', Morrow, 1975. ISBN 0-688-02893-4
*Cunnington, C.Willett and Phillis Emily Cunnington: ''Handbook of English Costume in the Eighteenth Century''. London: Faber, 1972.
*Payne, Blanche: ''History of Costume from the Ancient Egyptians to the Twentieth Century'', Harper & Row, 1965. No ISBN for this edition; ASIN B0006BMNFS
*Ribeiro, Aileen: ''Dress in Eighteenth Century Europe 1715-1789'', Yale University Press, 2002, ISBN 0-300-09151-6
==External links==
* {{cite web |publisher= [[Victoria and Albert Museum]]
|url= http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/fashion/features/round/18th_century_men/index.html
|title= 18th Century Men's Costume
|work=Fashion, Jewellery & Accessories
|accessdate= 2007-12-09}}
* {{cite web |publisher= [[Victoria and Albert Museum]]
|url= http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/fashion/features/round/18th_century_women/index.html
|title= 18th Century Women's Fashion
|work=Fashion, Jewellery & Accessories
|accessdate= 2007-12-09}}
{{History of fashion}}
[[Category:History of clothing (Europe)]]
[[Category:18th century|Fashion]]