1793
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Year '''1793''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MDCCXCIII]]''') was a [[common year starting on Tuesday]] (link will display the full calendar) of the [[Gregorian calendar]] (or a [[common year starting on Saturday]] of the 11-day slower [[Julian calendar]]).
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== Events of 1793 ==
===January - June===
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* [[January 2]] - [[Russia]] and [[Prussia]] partition [[Poland]].
* [[January 9]] - [[Jean-Pierre Blanchard]] becomes the first to fly in a [[gas balloon]] in the [[United States]].
* [[January 21]] - After being found guilty of treason by the [[French Convention]], "Citizen Capet" ie. [[Louis XVI of France]] is [[guillotine]]d.
* [[February 1]] - [[France]] declares war on [[Great Britain]], the [[Netherlands]] and [[Spain]] (see [[French Revolutionary Wars]]).
* [[February 25]] - [[George Washington]] holds the first [[Cabinet (government)|Cabinet]] meeting as [[President of the United States]].
* [[February 27]] - The [[Giles resolutions]] are introduced to the [[United States House of Representatives]] asking the House to condemn [[Alexander Hamilton]]'s handling of loans.
* [[March 1]] - [[John Langdon]] becomes [[President Pro Tempore of the United States Senate]] until [[March 3]].
* [[March 4]] - [[George Washington]] is sworn in as [[President of the United States]] in [[Philadelphia]], for his second term.
* [[March 5]] - [[France|French]] troops are defeated by [[Austria]]n forces and [[Liège (city)|Liège]] is recaptured.
* [[March 7]] - France declares war on [[Spain]].
* [[March 18]] - The first [[republic]]an state in [[Germany]], the [[Republic of Mainz]], is declared by [[Andreas Joseph Hofmann]].
* [[April 1]] - [[Unsen volcano]] erupts in [[Japan]] and causes an [[earthquake]]: about 53000 dead.
* [[April 6]] - [[Committee of Public Safety]] established in [[France]] with [[Georges Danton]] as its head.
* [[April 22]] - [[George Washington]] signs the [[Neutrality Proclamation]].
* [[May 31]] - Regular troops under [[François Hanriot]] demand that the [[Girondin]]s must be expelled from the national convention.
*June - [[George Macartney, 1st Earl Macartney]] reaches [[Canton]].
* [[June 2]] - The [[Girondin]]s are overthrown.
* [[June 10]] - The [[Jardin des Plantes]] and the [[Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle]] created by the National Convention. It opened in [[Paris]] the following year and would also become the first public [[zoo]].
===July - December===
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* [[July 9]] - [[Act Against Slavery]] is passed in [[Upper Canada]].
* [[July 13]] - [[Charlotte Corday]] kills [[Jean-Paul Marat]] in his bath.
* [[July 17]] - Execution of [[Charlotte Corday]] is held.
* [[July 22]] - [[Alexander Mackenzie (explorer)|Alexander Mackenzie]] reaches the [[Pacific Ocean]] becoming the first Euro-American to complete a transcontinental crossing north of [[Mexico]].
* [[July 29]] - [[John Graves Simcoe]] decides to build a fort and settlement at [[Toronto]], having sailed into the bay there.
* [[August 10]] - Feast of Unity: Crowds in [[Paris]] burn [[monarchist]] emblems.
* [[August 23]] - Universal [[conscription]] occurs in France. Decree: "The young men shall go to battle and the married men shall forge arms. The women shall make tents and clothes and shall serve in the hospitals; children shall tear rags into lint. The old men will be guided to the public places of the cities to kindle the courage of the young warriors and to preach the unity of the Republic and the hatred of kings."
* [[September 5]] - In [[France]], the [[French National Convention]] votes to implement terror measures to repress [[French Revolution]]ary activities. The ensuing "[[Reign of Terror]]" will last until the spring of 1794 and causes death of 35,000-40,000 people.
* [[October 12]] - The cornerstone of [[Old East]], the oldest state university building in the [[United States]], is laid in [[Chapel Hill, North Carolina|Chapel Hill]], [[North Carolina]], on the campus of the [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill|University of North Carolina]]. The 12th of October is now celebrated at the University as University Day.
* [[November 8]] - In [[Paris]], the [[French Revolution]]ary government opens the [[Louvre]] to the public as a [[museum]].
* [[October 14]] - Trial of [[Marie Antoinette]] begins
* [[October 15]] - [[Marie Antoinette]] condemned to death.
* [[October 16]] - Execution of [[Marie Antoinette]] is held.
* [[October 24]] - [[French Revolutionary Calendar]] begins.
* [[October 28]] - [[Eli Whitney]] applied for a patent for his [[cotton gin]], (the patent was granted the following March).
* [[October 31]] - Execution of arrested [[Girondist]] leaders in France, by a [[guillotine]].
* [[December 8]] - Execution of [[Madame du Barry]] is held.
* [[December 9]] - [[New York City]]'s first daily newspaper, the [[American Minerva]], is established by [[Noah Webster]].
* [[December 18]] - French forces under [[Jacques François Dugommier|Dugommier]] capture [[Toulon]] from royalists and British forces under [[Vice Admiral]] [[Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood|Lord Hood]]. The British fire the dockyards and take sixteen ships, one of which is [[HMS Lutine (1785)|HMS Lutine]], a famous treasure ship.
===Undated===
* [[British admiralty]] begins to supply citrus juice to Navy ships to prevent [[scurvy]].
* [[Claude Chappe]] presents his [[semaphore line|semaphore]] in France - 15 stations built within a year.
* In [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]] more than 4000 die from [[yellow fever]]
* [[Roman Catholicism]] banned in [[France]].
* [[First Coalition]] against France is formed.
* [[Holy Roman Empire]] declares war on [[France]].
* First year of regular production for the [[United States Mint]].
* Construction begins on the United States Capitol building.
* [[Niccolò Paganini]] debuts as a violin virtuoso at age 11.
* The [[French Republican Calendar]] is first used.
*[[Metric system]] is accepted in [[France]].
===Ongoing events===
* [[French Revolution]] ([[1789]]-[[1799]]).
* [[French Revolutionary Wars]] ([[1792]]-[[1802]])-[[First Coalition]].
==Births==
{{Year in other calendars|japanese=[[Kansei]] 4 – 5}}
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* [[January 3]] - [[Lucretia Mott]], American women's rights activist and abolitionist (d. [[1880]])
* [[January 14]] - [[John C. Clark]], American politician (d. [[1852]])
* [[March 2]] - [[Sam Houston]], [[List of Presidents of the Republic of Texas|President of the Republic of Texas]] (d. [[1863]])
* [[March 3]] - [[William Charles Macready]], English actor (d. [[1873]])
* [[March 4]] - [[Karl Lachmann]], German philologist (d. [[1851]])
* [[March 6]] - [[William Dick]], Founder of Edinburgh Veterinary College (d. [[1866]])
* [[April 19]] - Emperor [[Ferdinand I of Austria]] (d. [[1875]])
* [[June 1]] - [[Augustus Earle]], Artist (d. [[1838]])
* [[June 6]] - [[Edward C. Delevan]], American [[temperance movement]] leader (d. [[1871]])
* [[September 25]] - [[Felicia Hemans]], British poet (d. [[1835]])
* [[November 3]] - [[Stephen F. Austin]], American pioneer (d. [[1836]])
: ''See also [[:Category: 1793 births]].''
==Deaths==
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*[[January 26]] - [[Francesco Guardi]], Italian painter (b. [[1712]])
*[[January 21]] - King [[Louis XVI of France]] (executed) (b. [[1754]])
*[[February 1]] - [[William Wildman Shute Barrington]], British statesman (b. [[1717]])
*[[February 6]] - [[Carlo Goldoni]], Italian playwright (b. [[1707]])
*[[March 2]] - [[Carl Gustaf Pilo]], Swedish-born artist
*[[March 4]] - [[Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon, duc de Penthièvre]], French admiral (b. [[1725]])
*[[March 20]] - [[William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield]], Scottish judge and politician (b. [[1705]])
*[[March 26]] - [[John Mudge]], English physician and inventor (b. [[1721]])
*[[April 15]] - [[Ignacije Szentmartony]], Croatian Jesuit missionary and geographer (b. [[1718]])
*[[April 29]]
**[[Yechezkel Landau]], Polish rabbi and Talmudist (b. [[1713]])
**[[John Michell]], English scientist (b. [[1724]])
*[[May 3]] - [[Martin Gerbert]], German theologian and historian (b. [[1720]])
*[[May 7]] - [[Pietro Nardini]], Italian composer (b. [[1722]])
*[[May 20]] - [[Charles Bonnet]], Swiss naturalist (b. [[1720]])
*[[June 26]] - [[Gilbert White]], English ornithologist (b. [[1720]])
*[[July 13]] - [[Jean-Paul Marat]], Swiss-born French Revolutionary leader (assassinated) (b. [[1743]])
*[[July 17]] - [[Charlotte Corday]], French assassin of [[Jean-Paul Marat]] (executed) (b. [[1768]])
*[[July 23]] - [[Roger Sherman]], American signer of the Declaration of Independence (b. [[1721]])
*[[August 22]] - [[Louis, 4th duc de Noailles]], Marshal of France (b. [[1713]])
*[[August 28]] - [[Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine]], French general (executed) (b. [[1740]])
*[[October 7]] - [[Wills Hill, 1st Marquess of Downshire]], English politician (b. [[1718]])
*[[October 8]] - [[John Hancock]], American patriot and businessman (b. [[1737]])
*[[October 9]] - [[Jean Joseph Marie Amiot]], French Jesuit missionary (b. [[1718]])
*[[October 16]] - [[Marie Antoinette]], Queen of France (executed) (b. [[1755]])
*[[October 31]]
**[[Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud]], French revolutionary leader (executed) (b. [[1744]])
**[[Claude Fauchet (revolutionist)|Claude Fauchet]], French revolutionary leader (executed) (b. [[1754]])
**[[Armand Gensonné]], French revolutionary leader (executed) (b. [[1758]])
**[[Jacques Pierre Brissot]], French revolutionary leader (executed) (b. [[1754]])
*[[November 3]] - [[Olympe de Gouges]], French playwright (executed) (b. [[1748]])
*[[November 6]] - [[Louis Philip II, Duke of Orléans]], French noble and revolutionary leader (executed) (b. [[1747]])
*[[November 8]] - [[Madame Roland]], French Revolutionary hostess (executed) (b. [[1754]])
*[[November 10]] - [[Jean Marie Roland]], French revolutionary leader (suicide) (b. [[1734]]
*[[November 24]] - [[Clément Charles François de Laverdy]], French statesman (b. [[1723]])
*[[November 29]] - [[Antoine Barnave]], French revolutionary leader (executed) (b. [[1761]])
*[[December 4]] - [[Armand-Guy-Simon de Coetnempren, comte de Kersaint]], French revolutionary leader (executed) (b. [[1742]])
*[[December 5]] - [[Jean-Paul Rabaut Saint-Etienne]] French revolutionary leader (executed) (b. [[1743]])
*[[December 7]] - [[Joseph Bara]], French Revolution child-hero (b. [[1780]])
*[[December 8]]
**[[Étienne Clavière]], French financier and politician (suicide) (b. [[1735]])
**[[Madame du Barry]], French courtesan (executed) (b. [[1743]])
*[[December 23]] - [[Johann Adolph Hasse]], German composer (b. [[1699]])
*Timur Shah, King of Kabul, King of Herat, King of Kandahar, King of Peshawar (b. [[1748]])
{{commonscat}}
: ''See also [[:Category: 1793 deaths]].''
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