1812
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{{otheruses|1812 (disambiguation)}}
{{year nav|1812}}
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Year '''1812 ''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MDCCCXII]]'''), a [[leap year starting on Wednesday|leap year, started on Wednesday]] (link will display the full calendar) of the [[Gregorian calendar]] (or a [[leap year starting on Monday]] of the 12-day slower [[Julian calendar]]).
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==Events of 1812==
===January - March===
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* [[January 1]] - the [[Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch]], the [[Austria]]n [[civil code]] enters into force in the [[Austrian Empire]].
* [[February 2]] - [[Russia]] establishes a fur trading colony at [[Fort Ross, California]].
* [[February 7]] - The last [[New Madrid Earthquake]] strikes [[New Madrid, Missouri]], with an estimated [[moment magnitude]] of over 8.
* [[February 11]] - [[Massachusetts]] [[governor]] [[Elbridge Gerry]] invents [[gerrymandering]].
* [[February 12]] - [[Napoleon]] authorised the usage of Mesures usuelles, the basis of the [[Metric System]].
* [[February 27]] - [[Poet]] [[George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron|Lord Byron]] gives his first address as a member of the [[House of Lords]], in defense of [[Luddite]] violence against [[Industrialism]] in his home county of [[Nottinghamshire]].
* [[March 12]] - The [[Cádiz Cortes]], in exile, create the first modern [[Spanish Constitution of 1812|Spanish constitution]].
* [[March 15]] - [[Luddites]] attack [[wool]] processing factory of [[Frank Vickerman]] in [[West Yorkshire]].
* [[March 26]] - An [[earthquake]] destroys [[Caracas]], [[Venezuela]].
===April - June===
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* [[April 4]] - [[U.S. President]] [[James Madison]] enacted a ninety-day [[embargo]] on trade with the [[United Kingdom]].
* [[April 30]] - [[Louisiana]] is admitted as the 18th [[U.S. state]].
* [[May 11]] - [[John Bellingham]] assassinates [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] [[Prime Minister]] [[Spencer Perceval]] in the lobby of the [[British House of Commons]].
* [[May 25]] - [[Felling mine disaster]]: Mine explosion at [[Felling (UK)|Felling]] [[colliery]] near [[Jarrow]], [[England]] - 96 dead.
* [[May 28]] - Russian Field Marshal [[Mikhail Kutuzov]] signs the [[Treaty of Bucharest, 1812|Treaty of Bucharest]], ending the [[Russo-Turkish War, 1806-1812]] and making [[Bessarabia]] a part of [[Imperial Russia]].
* [[June 1]] - [[War of 1812]]: [[U.S.]] [[President]] [[James Madison]] asks the [[Congress of the United States|U.S. Congress]] to declare war on the [[United Kingdom]].
* [[June 4]] - Following [[Louisiana]]'s admittance as a [[U.S. state]], the territory by that name was renamed to [[Missouri Territory]].
* [[June 18]] - The [[War of 1812]] begins between the [[United States]] and the [[United Kingdom]].
* [[June 24]] - [[Napoleon]]'s [[Grande Armée]] crosses the [[Niemen river]] and invades [[Russia]] (see [[Patriotic War of 1812]]).
===July - September===
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* [[July 12]] - [[United States|Americans]] invade [[Canada]] at [[Windsor, Ontario]].
* [[July 18]] - [[Russia's Patriotic War]]: [[Battle of Klyastitsy]] - [[Kulnev]] defeats [[Oudinot]] but sustains a mortal wound.
* [[July 22]] - [[Peninsular War]]: [[Battle of Salamanca]] - [[United Kingdom|British]] forces led by [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Lord Wellington]] defeat [[France|French]] troops near [[Salamanca]] in [[Spain]].
* [[August 5]] - [[War of 1812]]: [[Tecumseh]]'s [[Indigenous peoples in the United States|Indian]] force ambushes [[Thomas Van Horne]]'s 200 [[United States|Americans]] at [[Brownstone Creek]], causing them to flee and retreat.
* [[August 12]] - [[Peninsular War]]: The combined English and Portuguese army under the command of [[Wellington]] enters [[Madrid]] following the [[Battle of Salamanca]].
* [[August 16]] - [[War of 1812]]: [[United States|American]] [[General]] [[William Hull]] surrenders [[Fort Shelby (Michigan)|Fort Detroit]] without a fight to the [[British Army]].
* [[August 19]] - [[War of 1812]]: ''[[USS Constitution]]'' defeats the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] frigate ''[[Guerrière]]'' off the coast of [[Nova Scotia]]. The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] shot is said to have bounced off the ''[[Constitution]]'' 's sides, earning her the nickname "[[Old Ironsides]]".
* [[September 7]] - [[Napoleonic Wars]]: [[Battle of Borodino]] - the bloodiest battle of the Napoleonic wars comes to a draw.
* [[September 14]] - [[Napoleon]]'s troops enter [[Moscow]] deliberately set [[Fire of Moscow (1812)|on fire]] by Muscovites on orders of [[Fyodor Rostopchin]].
[[Image:Raevsky battery.jpg|thumb|none|570px|<center>[[Nikolay Raevsky|Raevsky]] Battery in the [[Battle of Borodino]].</center>]]
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===October - December===
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* [[October]] - The [[Capital]] of the [[Pennsylvania|Commonwealth of Pennsylvania]], [[United States]] was permanently moved from [[Lancaster, Pennsylvania|Lancaster]] to [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|Harrisburg]].
* [[October 9]] - [[War of 1812]]: [[United States|American]] naval forces under [[Jesse Elliott|Lieutenant Jesse Duncan Elliott]] capture two [[United Kingdom|British]] warships, ''[[HMS Detroit]]'' and ''[[HMS Caledonia (1810)|HMS Caledonia]]''.
* [[October 13]] - [[War of 1812]]: [[Battle of Queenston Heights]] - As part of the [[Niagara campaign]] in [[Ontario, Canada]], [[United States]] forces under [[General]] [[Stephen Van Rensselaer]] are repulsed from invading [[Canada]] by [[United Kingdom|British]] and native troops led by Sir [[Isaac Brock]] (although he dies during the battle).
* [[October 18]]-[[October 20]] - [[Second Battle of Polotsk]] - Russia
* [[October 19]] - [[Napoleon]] begins his retreat from [[Moscow]].
* [[October 24]] - [[Napoleonic Wars]] - [[Battle of Maloyaroslavets]] - an inconclusive encounter between the [[France|French]] vanguard and a [[Russia]]n force leads [[Napoleon]] to decide to retreat along the same line as his advance, with disastrous results.
* [[November 5]] - [[James Madison]] defeats [[DeWitt Clinton]] in the [[U.S. presidential election, 1812|U.S. presidential election]].
* [[November 7]] - [[Napoleonic Wars]]: [[Battle of Vyazma]] - Napoleon's retreating army is defeated.
* [[November 10]]: A [[United Kingdom general election, 1812|general election]] in the United Kingdom sees victory for the [[Tory]] Party under [[Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool]].
===Undated===
* [[Bishop James Madison Society]] founded at the [[College of William & Mary]], [[Williamsburg, Virginia]].
* The Old Oscar Pepper Distillery (now the [[Woodford Reserve|Woodford Reserve Distillery]]), the oldest [[Kentucky]] [[Bourbon whiskey|Bourbon]] [[distillery]], is established along [[Glenn's Creek]] in [[Woodford County, Kentucky]].
* [[Capital]] of [[Finland]] moved from [[Turku]] to [[Helsinki]].
===Ongoing events===
* [[Napoleonic Wars]] ([[1799]]-[[1815]])-[[Peninsular War]]/[[Sixth Coalition]]/[[Patriotic War of 1812]]
* [[War of 1812]] (1812-[[1815]])
==Births==
{{Year in other calendars|japanese=[[Bunka]] 8 – 9}}
===January - June===
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* [[January 6]] - [[Melchora Aquino]], Filipino revolutionary hero (d. [[1919]])
* [[January 13]] - [[Victor de Laprade]], French poet and critic (d. [[1883]])
* [[February 3]] - [[William Fraser Tolmie]], Scottish-Canadian scientist and politician (d. [[1886]])
* [[February 7]] - [[Charles Dickens]], English writer (d. [[1870]])
* [[February 11]] - [[Alexander Hamilton Stephens]], Vice President of Confederate States of America (d. [[1883]])
* [[February 15]] - [[Charles Lewis Tiffany]], American jeweler (d. [[1902]])
* [[March 1]] - [[Augustus Pugin]], English-born architect (d. [[1852]])
* [[March 6]] - [[Aaron Lufkin Dennison]] American watch manufacturer (d. [[1895]])
* [[March 22]] - [[Stephen Pearl Andrews]], American anarchist and abolitionist (d. [[1886]])
* [[April 22]] - [[Solomon Caesar Malan]], Swiss-born orientalist (d. [[1894]])
* [[April 27]]
**[[Friedrich von Flotow]], German composer (d. [[1883]])
**[[William W. Snow]], American politician (d. [[1886]])
* [[May 7]] - [[Robert Browning]], English poet (d. [[1889]])
* [[June 9]] - [[Johann Gottfried Galle]], German astronomer (d. [[1910]])
* [[June 14]] - [[Fernando Wood]], New York City Mayor (d. [[1881]])
===July - December=== <!-- BIRTHS -->
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* [[July 2]] - [[Nathaniel de Rothschild]], French wine grower (d. [[1870]])
* [[November 14]] - [[Aleardo Aleardi]], Italian poet (d. [[1878]])
* [[December 24]] - [[Karl Eduard Zachariae]], German jurist (d. [[1894]])
* [[Mohan Lal (Zutshi)]], Indian traveler (d. [[1877]])
==Deaths==
===January - June===
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*[[January 23]] - [[Robert Craufurd]], British general (mortally wounded in battle) (b. [[1764]])
*[[March 7]] - [[Isaac Swainson]], English botanist (b. [[1746]])
*[[April 20]] - [[George Clinton (vice president)|George Clinton]], 4th [[Vice President of the United States]] (b. [[1739]])
*[[April 25]] - [[Edmond Malone]], Irish scholar (b. [[1741]])
*[[May 11]] - [[Spencer Perceval]], [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] (assassinated) (b. [[1762]])
*[[May 12]] - [[Martha Ballard]], American diarist and midwife
===July - December=== <!-- DEATHS -->
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*[[September 19]] - [[Mayer Amschel Rothschild]], German banker (b. [[1744]])
*[[October 13]] - [[Isaac Brock]], British general (killed in battle) (b. [[1769]])
*[[December 20]] - [[Sacagawea]], Shoshone guide
*[[December 24]] - [[George Beck]], American artist and poet (b. [[1749]])
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