1815
34931
225335216
2008-07-13T04:02:25Z
99.225.12.77
/* January - June */
{{year nav|1815}}
{{C19YearInTopicX}}
Year '''1815''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MDCCCXV]]''') was a [[common year starting on Sunday]] (link will display the full calendar) of the [[Gregorian calendar]] (or a [[common year starting on Friday]] of the 12-day slower [[Julian calendar]]).
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==Events of 1815==
===January - March===
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[[Image:Battle_of_New_Orleans.jpg|thumb|230px| [[January 8]]: The [[Battle of New Orleans]].]]
* [[January 2]] - [[Lord Byron]] marries Anna Isabella Milbanke, [[Seaham]], [[County Durham]].
* [[January 3]] - [[Austrian Empire|Austria]], [[United Kingdom|Britain]], and Bourbon-restored [[France]] form a secret defensive alliance treaty against [[Prussia]] and [[Russia]].
* [[January 8]] - [[War of 1812]]: [[Battle of New Orleans]] - [[United States|American]] forces under General [[Andrew Jackson]] defeat an invading [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] force.
* [[February]] - [[Hartford Convention]] arrives in [[Washington DC]].
* [[February 3]] - The first commercial [[cheese]] factory is founded in [[Switzerland]]
* [[February 4]] - [[Netherlands]], Foundation of the first Dutch student association, the Groninger Studenten Corps, [[Vindicat atque Polit]]. The first rector of the senate was B.J. Winters.
* [[February 6]] - [[New Jersey]] grants the first American [[railroad]] charter to a [[John Stevens (New Jersey)|John Stevens]].
* [[February 26]] - [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon Bonaparte]] escapes from [[Elba]]
* [[March 1]] - [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]] returns to France from his banishment on [[Elba]].
* [[March 15]] - [[Joachim Murat]], [[Kingdom of Naples|King of Naples]] declares war on [[Austrian Empire|Austria]] in an attempt to save his throne, starting the [[Neapolitan War]].
* [[March 16]] - [[William I of the Netherlands|Willem I]] becomes [[Dutch monarchy|King of the Netherlands]]
* [[March 20]] - [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]] enters [[Paris]] after escaping from [[Elba]] with a regular army of 140,000 and a volunteer force of around 200,000 beginning his "Hundred Days" rule.
===April - June===
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[[Image:1815 Tambora Sumbawa explosion path large.jpg|thumb|250px|right| [[April 5]]-[[April 12|12]]: [[Mount Tambora]] explodes, changing climate.]]
[[Image:CongressVienna.jpg|thumb|100px|Congress Vienna, Jean Godefroy - [[Jean-Baptiste Isabey]]]]
* [[April 5]]-[[April 12]] - [[Mount Tambora]] in the [[Dutch East Indies]] blows its top during an eruption event. Upwards of 92,000 are killed during this eruption. The event is the cause of [[1816]] becoming known as the [[Year Without a Summer]].
* [[April 23]]- [[Second Serbian Uprising]] against [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] rule takes place in [[Takovo]], [[Serbia]]. By the end of the year [[Serbia]] had been acknowledged as a semi-independent state. Ideals of the [[First Serbian Uprising]] have thus been temporarily achieved.
* [[May 3]] - [[Austrian Empire|Austria]] defeats the [[Kingdom of Naples]] at the decisive [[Battle of Tolentino]] which quickly ends the [[Neapolitan War]]. [[Joachim Murat]], the defeated King of Naples, is forced to flee to [[Corsica]] and is later executed.
* [[May 30]] - The ''[[Arniston (ship)|Arniston]]'', an [[East Indiaman]] repatriating wounded troops to England from [[Ceylon]], is wrecked near [[Waenhuiskrans]], [[South Africa]] with the loss of 372 of the 378 people on board.
* [[June 9]] - End of the [[Congress of Vienna]]: new [[Europe]]an political situation is set.
* [[June 16]] - [[Napoleon Bonaparte|Napoleon]] beats Prussians at the [[battle of Ligny]] and marshal [[Michel Ney|Ney]] gets a marginal win against the British and Allies at the [[battle of Quatre Bras]]
* [[June 18]] - [[Battle of Waterloo]] ends the [[Napoleonic wars]].
* [[June 22]] - [[Napoleon Bonaparte|Napoleon]] abdicates again; [[Napoleon II]] (1811-32), age 4, rules for two weeks (June 22 to July 7).
[[Image:Sadler, Battle of Waterloo.jpg|thumb|230px|right| [[June 18]] - [[Napoleon Bonaparte|Napoleon]] at [[Battle of Waterloo|Waterloo]].]]
===July - September===
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* [[July 8]] - [[Louis XVIII of France|Louis XVIII]] returns to [[Paris]]; the "restoration" of Louis XVIII as King of France. (He had declared himself king on June 8, 1795, at the death of his nephew, 10-year-old [[Louis XVII]], and had lived in Westphalia, Verona, Russia, and England.)
* [[July 17]] - In [[France]], [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]] surrenders at [[Rochefort, Charente-Maritime|Rochefort]] to [[United Kingdom|British]] forces.
*September - [[Austria]], [[Prussia]] and [[Russia]] sign a [[Holy Alliance]] to uphold the European [[status quo]].
* [[September 23]] - The [[Great September Gale of 1815]] - the first [[hurricane]] to strike New England in 180 years.
===October - December===
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* [[October 3]] - Fall of the [[Chassigny]] Mars meteorite in Chassigny, Haute-Marne, France
* [[October 15]] - [[Napoleon I of France]] begins his exile on [[Saint Helena]] in the [[Atlantic Ocean]].
* [[October 21]] - [[Humphry Davy]] patents the [[miner's safety lamp]] for use in [[coal]] [[mining]]
===Undated===
* British missionaries arrive in [[New Zealand]].
* In [[United Kingdom|Britain]], use of [[pillory]] is limited to punishment for [[perjury]].
* Second wave of [[Amish]] immigration to North America.
* [[First-class cricket]] begins.
===Ongoing events===
* [[Napoleonic Wars]] ([[1799]]-1815)-Seventh Coalition/[[Hundred Days]]
* [[War of 1812]] ([[1812]]-1815)
* [[Congress of Vienna]] ([[1814]] - 1815)
==Births==
{{Year in other calendars|japanese=[[Bunka]] 11 – 12}}
===January - June===
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*[[January 11th]]-[[John A. MacDonald]], First Prime Minister of Canada, Father of Confederation (d. [[1891]]
*[[February 15]] - [[Constantin von Tischendorf]], German Biblical scholar (d. [[1874]])
*[[April 1]] - [[Otto von Bismarck]], German statesman (d. [[1898]])
*[[April 1]] - [[Edward Clark]], [[Governor of Texas]] (d. [[1880]])
*[[April 6]] - [[Robert Volkmann]], German composer (d. [[1883]])
*[[April 24]] - [[Anthony Trollope]], British author (d. [[1882]])
*[[May 27]]-[[Sir Henry Parkes]], Father of Australian Federation (d. [[1896]])
===July - December=== <!-- BIRTHS -->
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*[[August 5]] - [[Edward John Eyre]], explorer (d. [[1901]])
*[[October 16]] - [[Francis Lubbock]], [[Governor of Texas]] (d. [[1905]])
*[[October 23]] - [[João Maurício Wanderley]], Brazilian magistrate and politician (d. [[1889]])
*[[October 31]] - [[Karl Weierstrass]], German mathematician (d. [[1897]])
*[[November 2]] - [[George Boole]], English mathematician and philosopher (d. [[1864]])
*[[December 10]] - [[Augusta Lovelace|Augusta Ada King (née Byron), Countess of Lovelace]], early English computer pioneer (d. [[1852]])
*[[November 12]] - [[Elizabeth Cady Stanton]], American women's rights activist (d. [[1902]])
*[[December 21]] - [[Thomas Couture]], French painter (d. [[1879]])
: ''See also [[:Category: 1815 births]].''
==Deaths==
===January - June===
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*[[January 8]] - [[Edward Pakenham]], British general (killed in battle) (b. [[1778]])
*[[January 16]] - [[Emma, Lady Hamilton]], English mistress of [[Horatio Nelson]] (b. [[1765]])
*[[February 24]] - [[Robert Fulton]], American inventor (b. [[1765]])
*[[February 26]] - [[Prince Josias of Coburg]], Austrian general (b. [[1737]])
*[[March 4]] - [[Frances Abington]], English actress (b. [[1737]])
*[[March 5]] - [[Franz Mesmer]], German developer of hypnotism (b. [[1734]])
*[[April 21]] - [[Joseph Winston]], American patriot and Congressman from North Carolina (b. [[1746]])
*[[June 1]] - [[Louis Alexandre Berthier]], French marshal (b. [[1753]])
*[[June 16]] - [[Friedrich Wilhelm (Brunswick and Lüneburg)|Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Brunswick]], German noble and general (killed in battle) (b. [[1771]])
*[[June 18]] - [[Thomas Picton]], British general (killed in battle) (b. [[1758]])
*[[June 18]] - [[Claude-Etienne Michel]], French general (killed in battle) (b. [[1772]]
*[[June 18]] - [[Guillaume Philibert Duhesme]], French general (killed in battle) (b. [[1766]])
===July - December=== <!-- DEATHS -->
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*[[August 2]] - [[Guillaume Marie Anne Brune]], French marshal (murdered) (b. [[1763]])
*[[August 6]] - [[James A. Bayard (elder)]], U.S. Senator from Delaware (b. [[1767]])
*[[September 9]] - [[John Singleton Copley]], American painter (b. [[1738]])
*[[September 20]] - [[Nicolas Desmarest]], French geologist (b. [[1725]])
*[[October 13]] - [[Joachim Murat]], French marshal and King of Naples (executed) (b. [[1767]])
*[[October 22]] - [[Claude Lecourbe]], French general (b. [[1759]])
*[[December 3]] - [[John Carroll (priest)]], first American Roman Catholic Archbishop (b. [[1735]])
*[[December 7]] - [[Michel Ney]], French marshal (executed) (b. [[1769]])
*[[December 29]] - [[Saartjie Baartman]], [[sideshow]] performer
{{commonscat}}
: ''See also [[:Category: 1815 deaths]].''
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