1850
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/* Deaths */ add dates
{{year nav|1850}}
{{C19YearInTopicX}}
:''For the game, see: ''[[1850 (board game)]]''.''
'''1850''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MDCCCL]]''') was a [[common year starting on Tuesday]] (link will display the full calendar) of the [[Gregorian calendar]] (or a [[common year starting on Sunday]]
<ref>
"Calendar in year 1850 (Russia)" (Julian calendar, starting Tuesday), webpage:
[http://www.timeanddate.com/calendar/index.html?year=1850&country=20 Julian-1850]
(Russia used the Julian calendar until [[1919]]).
</ref>
of the 12-day-slower [[Julian calendar]]).
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== Events of 1850 ==
===January - June===
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* [[January 29]] - [[Henry Clay]] introduces the [[Compromise of 1850]] to the [[Congress of the United States|U.S. Congress]]
* [[February 28]] - [[University of Utah]] opens in [[Salt Lake City]], [[Utah]]
* [[March 7]] - [[United States Senate|United States Senator]] [[Daniel Webster]] gives his "Seventh of March" speech in which he endorses the [[Compromise of 1850]] in order to prevent a possible [[civil war]].
* [[March 16]] - [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]]'s ''[[The Scarlet Letter]]'' is published.
* [[March 19]] - [[American Express]] is founded by [[Henry Wells]] & [[William Fargo]].
* [[April 4]] - [[Los Angeles, California]] is incorporated as a city.
* [[April 15]] - [[San Francisco, California]] is incorporated as a city.
* [[May 7]] - The [[Brigantine]] [[USS Advance (1850)|USS Advance]] is loaned to the [[United States Navy]].
*[[May 16]] - [[France|French]] [[battleship]] ''[[Le Napoléon (1850)|Le Napoléon]]'' is launched.
* [[May 23]] - The [[USS Advance (1850)|USS Advance]] puts to sea from [[New York]] to search for [[John Franklin]]'s Arctic expedition.
* [[June 1]] - The [[postage stamp]] issues of [[Austria]] began with a series of [[imperforate]] typographed stamps featuring the coat of arms.
* [[June 3]] - The traditional date of [[Kansas City, Missouri]]'s founding. This is the date on which it was incorporated by [[Jackson County, Missouri]] as the "Town of Kansas".
===July - December===
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*July - [[Taiping Rebellion]]: [[Hong Xiuquan]] orders the general mobilisation of rebel forces.
* [[July 9]]
**<!--July 9-->[[Báb|Mírzá 'Alí-Muhammad]], known as the [[Báb]], is executed by a firing squad in Tabriz, Persia for claiming to be a prophet.
**<!--July 9-->Vice President [[Millard Fillmore]] becomes the 13th [[President of the United States]] following the death of President Taylor.
* [[August 28]] - [[Richard Wagner|Richard Wagner's]] opera ''[[Lohengrin (opera)|Lohengrin]]'' premieres.
* [[September 9]]
**<!--September 9-->[[California]] is admitted as the 31st [[U.S. state]].
**<!--September 9-->[[New Mexico Territory]] is organized by order of the [[U.S. Congress]].
* [[September 18]] - The [[Fugitive Slave Law]] is passed by the [[U.S. Congress]].
* [[September 29]] - The [[Catholic]] hierarchy is re-established in [[England]] and [[Wales]] by [[Pope Pius IX]].
* [[October 1]] - Foundation of the [[University of Sydney]], the oldest in [[Australia]]
*November - [[Taiping Rebellion]]: First clashes of the Taiping Rebellion occur between [[Qing dynasty|Imperialist]] militia and the Heavenly Army.
* [[November 29]] - The treaty called [[Punctation of Olmütz]] was signed in [[Olomouc]]. It meant diplomatic capitulation of [[Prussia]] to [[Austrian Empire]], which took over the leadership of [[German Confederation]].
* [[December 16]] - The first settlers for the settlement of [[Christchurch]] arrive at the Port of [[Lyttelton, New Zealand|Lyttelton]] ([[New Zealand]]).
===Undated===
* The [[American System of Watch Manufacturing]] starts in [[Roxbury, Massachusetts]] USA, [[Waltham Watch Company]]
* [[Bingley Hall]], the world's first purpose- built exhibition hall, opens in [[Birmingham]], [[England]].
*[[Allan Pinkerton]] forms the North-Western Police Agency, later the [[Pinkerton National Detective Agency]]
* France begins to transport colonists to [[Algeria]].
* [[Rifling]] becomes common in firearms.
* [[Entre Ríos Province]] in [[Argentina]] revolts - it is backed by [[Brazil]] in alliance with [[Paraguay]] and the [[Uruguay]]an [[Colorado Party (Uruguay)|Colorado Party]].
* [[Harriet Tubman]] becomes an official conductor of the [[Underground Railroad]].
* The [[International Organisation of Good Templars]] is established, then as the order Knights of Jericho.
* Foundation of St. Mary’s Institute in Dayton, OH, which would eventually become the [[University of Dayton]].
*[[Manchester]] has 400,000 inhabitants.
==Births==
{{Year in other calendars}}
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===January - June===
* [[January]] - [[John Barclay Armstrong]], Texas Ranger and U.S. Marshal (d. [[1913]])
* [[January 4]] - [[Frederick York Powell]], English historian and scholar (d. [[1904]])
* [[January 6]] - [[Eduard Bernstein]], German social democratic theoretician and politician (d. [[1932]])
* [[January 6]] - [[Xaver Scharwenka]], Polish-German composer (d. [[1924]])
* [[January 10]] - [[John Wellborn Root]], U.S. architect (d. [[1891]])
* [[January 11]] - [[Philipp von Ferrary]], Italian stamp collector (d. [[1917]])
* [[January 14]] - [[Pierre Loti]], French sailor and writer (d. [[1923]])
* [[January 15]]
**[[Mihai Eminescu]], Romanian romantic poet (d. [[1889]])
**[[Leonard Darwin]], son of the British naturalist Charles Darwin (d. [[1943]])
**[[Sofia Kovalevskaya]], Russian mathematician (d. [[1891]])
* [[January 17]] - [[Aleksandr Taneyev]], Russian composer (d. [[1918]])
* [[January 18]] - [[Seth Low]], American educator (d. [[1916]])
* [[January 19]] - [[Augustine Birrell]], English author and politician (d. [[1933]])
*[[January 24]]
**[[Hermann Ebbinghaus]], German psychologist (d. [[1909]])
**[[Mary Noailles Murfree]], American novelist (d. [[1922]])
* [[January 27]]
**[[John Collier (artist)|John Collier]], British writer and painter (d. [[1934]])
**[[Edward Smith]], Captain of the Titanic (d. [[1912]])
**[[Samuel Gompers]], U.S. labor union leader (d. [[1924]])
* [[January 28]] - [[Edward Merritt Hughes]], U.S. Navy officer (d. [[1903]])
* [[January 29]]
**[[Ebenezer Howard]], British urban planner (d. [[1928]])
**[[Lawrence Hargrave]], Australian engineer (d. [[1915]])
*[[February 8]] - [[Kate Chopin]], U.S. novelist (d. [[1904]])
* [[February 12]] - [[William Morris Davis]], U.S. geographer (d. [[1934]])
* [[February 14]] - [[Kiyoura Keigo]], Prime Minister of Japan (d. [[1942]])
* [[February 15]] - [[Albert B. Cummins]], U.S. political figure (d. [[1926]])
* [[February 17]] - [[Alf Morgans]], Premier of Western Australia (d. [[1933]])
* [[February 18]] - [[George Henschel]], English musician (d. [[1934]])
* [[February 23]] - [[César Ritz]], Swiss hotelier (d. [[1918]])
* [[February 27]]
**[[Henry Huntington]], U.S. railroad pioneer and art collector (d. [[1927]])
**[[Laura E. Richards]], U.S. author (d. [[1943]])
* [[March 7]]
**[[Tomáš Masaryk]], President of Czechoslovakia (d. [[1937]])
**[[Champ Clark]], U.S. politician (d. [[1921]])
**[[Éphrem-A. Brisebois]], Canadian police officer (d. [[1890]])
**[[Georg von Vollmar]], Socialist politician in Bavaria (d. [[1922]])
* [[March 9]] - [[Hamo Thornycroft]], British sculptor (d. [[1925]])
* [[March 10]] - [[Spencer Gore (sportsman)|Spencer Gore]], British tennis player and cricketer (d. [[1906]])
* [[March 13]] - [[Hugh John Macdonald]], premier of Manitoba (d. [[1929]])
* [[March 26]] - [[Edward Bellamy]], U.S. author (d. [[1898]])
* [[March 31]] - [[Charles Doolittle Walcott]], U.S. invertebrate paleontologist (d. [[1927]])
* [[April 8]] - [[John Peters (19th century MLB player)|John Peters]], American 19th century baseball player (d. [[1924]])
* [[April 9]] - [[Julius Wernher]], German-born British businessman and art collector (d. [[1912]])
* [[April 11]] - [[Isidor Rayner]], U.S. senator (d. [[1912]])
* [[April 12]] - [[Nikolai Golitsyn]], Prime Minister of Russia (d. [[1925]])
* [[April 13]] - [[Arthur Matthew Weld Downing]], British astronomer (d. [[1917]])
* [[April 15]]
**[[William Thomas Pipes]], Nova Scotia politician (d. [[1909]])
**[[Edmund Peck]], Canadian missionary (d. [[1924]])
* [[April 16]] - [[Paul von Breitenbach]], German railway planner (d. [[1930]])
* [[April 18]] - [[Joseph Labadie]], U.S. labor organizer (d. [[1933]])
* [[April 20]] - [[Daniel Chester French]], U.S. sculptor (d. [[1931]])
*[[April 24]] - [[Murdo MacKenzie]], Scottish-Brazilian rancher (d. [[1939]])
* [[April 26]]
**[[Harry Bates (sculptor)|Harry Bates]], British sculptor (d. [[1899]])
**[[James Drake]], Australian politician (d. [[1915]])
* [[April 27]] - [[Hans Hartwig von Beseler]], German soldier (d. [[1921]])
* [[April 29]] - [[George Murdoch]], first mayor of Calgary (d. [[1910]])
* [[May 1]] - [[Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn|Prince Arthur of the United Kingdom]] (d. [[1942]])
*[[May 3]] - [[Johnny Ringo]], U.S. cowboy (d. [[1892]])
*[[May 4]] - [[Emanuel Schiffers]], Russian chess player (d. [[1904]])
* [[May 7]] - [[Anton Seidl]], Hungarian conductor (d. [[1898]])
* [[May 8]] - [[Ross Barnes]], U.S. baseball player (d. [[1915]])
* [[May 10]] - [[Thomas Lipton]], Scottish merchant and yachtsman (d. [[1931]])
* [[May 12]]
**[[Henry Cabot Lodge]], U.S. statesman (d. [[1924]])
**[[Charles McLaren, 1st Baron Aberconway]], Scottish Liberal politician and jurist (d. [[1934]])
* [[May 12]] - [[Frederick Holder]], premier of South Australia (d. [[1909]])
* [[May 14]] - [[Alva Adams (governor)|Alva Adams]], Governor of Colorado (d. [[1922]])
* [[May 18]] - [[Oliver Heaviside]], British engineer (d. [[1925]])
* [[May 21]] - [[Giuseppe Mercalli]], Italian volcanologist (d. [[1914]])
* [[May 26]] - [[James Kenyon]], British pioneer of cinematography (d. [[1925]])
* [[May 27]] - [[Thomas Neill Cream]], serial killer (d. [[1892]])
* [[May 28]] - [[Frederic William Maitland]], English jurist and historian (d. [[1906]])
* [[May 30]] - [[Frederick Dent Grant]], U.S. soldier and statesman (d. [[1912]])
* [[June 2]]
**[[Jesse Boot, 1st Baron Trent]], British businessman (d. [[1931]])
**[[Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer]], responsible for diabetes mellitus (d. [[1935]])
* [[June 3]] - [[Albert M. Todd]], American businessman and politician (d. [[1931]])
* [[June 5]] - [[Pat Garrett]], American bartender and sheriff (d. [[1908]])
* [[June 6]] - [[Karl Ferdinand Braun]], German physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1918]])
* [[June 12]] - [[Roberto Ivens]], Portuguese explorer of Africa (d. [[1898]])
*[[June 15]] - [[Charles Hazelius Sternberg]], U.S. fossil collector and amateur paleontologist (d. [[1943]])
*[[June 18]] - [[Cyrus Hermann Kotzschmar Curtis]], U.S. publisher (d. [[1933]])
*[[June 21]] - [[Daniel Carter Beard]], U.S. scouting pioneer (d. [[1941]])
* [[June 22]] - [[Ignaz Goldziher]], Jewish Hungarian orientalist (d. [[1921]])
* [[June 24]] - [[Horatio Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener]], British field marshal and statesman (d. [[1916]])
* [[June 27]]
**[[Ivan Vazov]], Bulgarian poet (d. [[1921]])
**[[Lafcadio Hearn]], Greco-Japanese author (d. [[1904]])
**[[Jørgen Pedersen Gram]], Danish mathematician (d. [[1916]])
===July - December=== <!-- BIRTHS -->
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* [[July 2]] - [[Robert Ridgway]], U.S. ornithologist (d. [[1929]])
* [[July 4]] - [[Zachary Taylor]], Dies in office (d. [[1963]])
* [[July 8]] - [[Charles Rockwell Lanman]], U.S. Sanskrit scholar (d. [[1941]])
* [[July 11]] - [[Annie Armstrong]], US [[Christian missions|missionary]] leader (d. [[1938]])
* [[July 12]]
**[[Newell Sanders]], U.S. businessman and politician (d. [[1938]])
**[[Otto Schoetensack]], German anthropologist (d. [[1912]])
* [[July 15]] - [[Mother Cabrini]], U.S. saint (d. [[1917]])
* [[July 20]] - [[John G. Shedd]], U.S. businessman (d. [[1926]])
* [[July 28]] - [[William Whittingham Lyman]], U.S. vintner (d. [[1921]])
* [[July 31]]
**[[Robert Love Taylor]], Tennessee congressman (d. [[1912]])
**[[Robert Planquette]], French composer of stage musicals (d. [[1903]])
*August - [[Bernardo Reyes]], Mexican general (d. [[1913]])
* [[August 5]] - [[Guy de Maupassant]], French writer (d. [[1893]])
* [[August 6]] - [[Henri Chantavoine]], French writer (d. [[1918]])
*[[August 9]] - [[Johann Büttikofer]], Swiss zoologist (d. [[1929]])
* [[August 13]] - [[Philip Bourke Marston]], English poet (d. [[1887]])
* [[August 14]] - [[W. W. Rouse Ball]], British mathematician (d. [[1925]])
==Deaths==
===January - June===
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*[[January 2]] - [[Manuel de la Peña y Peña]], interim President of Mexico (b. [[1789]])
* [[January 20]] - [[Adam Gottlob Oehlenschläger]], Danish poet and playwright (b. [[1779]])
* [[January 22]]
**[[William Joseph Chaminade]], French Catholic priest (b. [[1761]])
**Saint [[Vincent Pallotti]], Italian missionary (b. [[1795]])
* [[January 26]] - [[Francis Jeffrey]], Scottish judge and literary critic (b. [[1773]])
* [[January 27]]
**[[Johann Gottfried Schadow]], German sculptor (b. [[1764]])
**[[Philipp Roth]], composer (b. [[1779]])
* [[February 4]] - [[Daniel Turner (naval officer)|Daniel Turner]], officer in the United States Navy (b. [[1794]])
*[[February 20]] - [[Valentín Canalizo]], acting president of Mexico (b. [[1794]])
*[[February 23]] - [[Matthew Whitworth-Aylmer, 5th Baron Aylmer]], British military officer and colonial administrator (b. [[1775]])
* [[February 25]] - [[Daoguang Emperor]], of the [[Qing dynasty]] of China (b. [[1782]])
* [[February 27]] - [[Samuel Adams (governor)|Samuel Adams]], Democratic Governor of the State of Arkansas (b. [[1805]])
* [[March 3]] - [[Oliver Cowdery]], U.S. religious leader (b. [[1806]])
*[[March 13]]
**[[Juan Martín de Pueyrredón y O'Dogan]], Argentine general and politician (b. [[1776]])
**[[Owen Stanley]], British naval officer and explorer of New Guinea (b. [[1811]])
* [[March 26]] - [[Samuel Turell Armstrong]], U.S. political figure (b. [[1784]])
* [[March 27]] - [[Wilhelm Beer]], German banker and astronomer (b. [[1797]])
* [[March 28]] - [[Gerard Brandon]], Governor of Mississippi (b. [[1788]])
* [[March 31]] - [[John C. Calhoun]], 7th [[Vice President of the United States]] (b. [[1782]])
* [[April 7]] - [[William Lisle Bowles]], English poet and critic (b. [[1762]])
* [[April 9]] - [[William Prout]], English chemist and physician (b. [[1785]])
* [[April 12]] - [[Adoniram Judson]], U.S. Baptist missionary (b. [[1788]])
* [[April 16]] - [[Marie Tussaud]], French wax sculptor (b. [[1761]])
*[[April 17]] - [[Jan Krukowiecki]], Polish general (b. [[1772]])
* [[April 23]] - [[William Wordsworth]], English poet (b. [[1770]])
* [[April 24]] - [[John Norvell]], U.S. newspaperman and senator (b. [[1789]])
* [[May 1]] - [[Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville]], French zoologist and anatomist (b. [[1777]])
* [[May 10]] - [[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]], French chemist and physicist (b. [[1778]])
*[[May 12]] - [[Frances Sargent Osgood]], U.S. poet (b. [[1811]])
* [[May 21]] - [[Christoph Friedrich von Ammon]], German theological writer and preacher (b. [[1766]])
*[[May 24]]
**<!--May 24-->[[Jane Porter]], English novelist (b. [[1776]])
**<!--May 24-->[[Michał Gedeon Radziwiłł]], Polish noble (b. [[1778]])
* [[May 31]] - [[Giuseppe Giusti]], Tuscan satirical poet (b. [[1809]])
* [[June 9]] - [[John Green Crosse]], English surgeon
*[[June 16]] - [[William Lawson]], British explorer of New South Wales (b. [[1774]])
* [[June 19]] - [[Margaret Fuller]], American journalist (b. [[1810]])
* [[June 30]] - [[Richard Dillingham]], American Quaker teacher (b. [[1823]])
===July - December=== <!-- DEATHS -->
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* [[July 2]] - [[Robert Peel]], [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] (b. [[1788]])
* [[July 4]] - [[William Kirby (entomologist)|William Kirby]], English entomologist (b. [[1759]])
*[[Hitler]]
* [[July 7]] - [[Timothy Hackworth]], British steam locomotive engineer
* [[July 8]] - [[Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge|Prince Adolphus of the United Kingdom]], 1st Duke of Cambridge (b. [[1774]])
* [[July 9]]
**The [[Báb]], Persian founder of the Bábí Faith (b. [[1819]]) (executed by firing squad)
**[[Zachary Taylor]], 12th [[President of the United States]] (b. [[1784]])
**[[Jean Pierre Boyer]], [[President of Haiti]] (b. [[1776]])
*[[July 12]] - [[Robert Stevenson (civil engineer)|Robert Stevenson]], Scottish lighthouse engineer (b. [[1772]])
* [[July 14]] - [[August Neander]], German theologian and church historian (b. [[1789]])
* [[July 25]] - [[Richard Barnes Mason]], military governor of California (b. [[1797]])
* [[August 3]] - [[Jacob Jones]], U.S. Navy officer (b. [[1768]])
*[[August 6]]
**[[Edward Walsh]], Irish poet (b. [[1805]])
**[[Hone Heke]], Maori chief and war leader
* [[August 13]] - [[Martin Archer Shee]], Irish painter and president of the Royal Academy (b. [[1770]])
* [[August 17]] - General [[José de San Martín]], [[Argentina|Argentine]] military and [[South America]]n independence hero (b. [[1778]])
*[[August 18]]
**[[Charles Arbuthnot]], British Tory politician (b. [[1767]])
**[[Honoré de Balzac]], French author (b. [[1799]])
* [[August 22]] - [[Nikolaus Lenau]], Austrian poet (b. [[1802]])
* [[August 26]] - King [[Louis-Philippe of France]] (b. [[1773]])
* [[August 27]] - [[Thomas Kidd]], English classical scholar and schoolmaster (b. [[1770]])
* [[September 2]] - [[Charles Watkin Williams-Wynn (elder)|Charles Watkin Williams-Wynn]], British Tory politician (b. [[1775]])
* [[September 12]] - [[Presley O'Bannon]], officer in the United States Marine Corps (b. [[1784]])
* [[September 22]] - [[Johann Heinrich von Thünen]], German economist (b. [[1783]])
* [[September 23]] - [[José Gervasio Artigas]], Uruguayan revolutionary (b. [[1764]])
* [[October 2]] - [[Sarah Biffen]], English painter (b. [[1784]])
* [[October 29]] - [[Marmaduke Williams]], Democratic-Republican U.S. Congressman from North Carolina (b. [[1774]])
* [[November 2]] - [[Richard Dobbs Spaight, Jr.]], Democratic governor of the U.S. state of North Carolina (b. [[1796]])
* [[November 3]] - [[Thomas Ford (politician)|Thomas Ford]], governor of Illinois (b. [[1800]])
* [[November 4]] - [[Gustav Schwab]], German classical scholar (b. [[1792]])
*[[November 9]] - [[François-Xavier-Joseph Droz]], French writer on ethics and political science (b. [[1773]])
* [[November 19]] - [[Richard Mentor Johnson]], [[Vice President of the United States]] (b. [[1780]])
* [[November 22]] - [[Lin Zexu]], Chinese politician (b. [[1785]])
* [[November 30]] - [[Germain Henri Hess]], Swiss chemist and doctor (b. [[1802]])
* [[December 4]]
**[[Robert Gilfillan]], Scottish poet (b. [[1798]])
**[[William Sturgeon]], English physicist and inventor (b. [[1783]])
*[[December 10]]
**[[Józef Bem]], Polish general (b. [[1794]])
**[[François Sulpice Beudant]], French mineralogist and geologist (b. [[1787]])
* [[December 22]] - [[William Plumer]], U.S. lawyer and lay preacher (b. [[1759]])
* [[December 24]] - [[Frédéric Bastiat]] French author and economist (b. [[1801]])
* [[December 28]] - [[Heinrich Christian Schumacher]], German astronomer (b. [[1780]])
*''date unknown''
**[[Edward Bickersteth]], English evangelical divine (b. [[1786]])
**[[Elizabeth Simcoe]], wife of John Graves Simcoe (b. [[1762]])
**[[Nur Singh]], regent of [[Manipur]]
**[[Tan Tock Seng]], Singaporean businessman philanthropist
**[[William Hamilton Maxwell]], Scots-Irish novelist (b. [[1792]])
{{commonscat}}
==Notes==
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