1854
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{{For|the board game|1854 (board game)}}
{{year nav|1854}}
{{C19YearInTopicX}}
Year '''1854''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MDCCCLIV]]''') was a [[common year starting on Sunday]] (link will display the full calendar) of the [[Gregorian Calendar]] (or a [[common year starting on Friday]] of the 12-day slower [[Julian calendar]]).
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==Events of 1854==
===January - June===
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* [[January 21]] - Loss of the ''[[RMS Tayleur]]'' - 380 drowned, later dubbed "the first [[RMS Titanic|Titanic]]".
* [[January 3]] - [[Charles Dickens]] commences writing the novel ''[[Hard Times]]''
* [[February 11]] - Major streets lit by [[coal gas]] for first time.
* [[February 13]] - [[Mexico|Mexican]] troops force [[William Walker (soldier)|William Walker]] and his troops to retreat to [[Sonora]].
* [[February 14]] - [[Texas]] is linked by [[Telegraphy|telegraph]] with the rest of the [[United States]], when a connection between [[New Orleans, Louisiana|New Orleans]] and [[Marshall, Texas]] is completed.
* [[February 17]] - The [[United Kingdom|British]] recognize the independence of the [[Orange Free State]]. The official independence of the [[Orange Free State]] is declared six days later.
* [[February 27]] - [[United Kingdom|Britain]] sends [[Russia]] an ultimatum to withdraw from two [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] provinces it had conquered, [[Moldavia]] and [[Wallachia]].
* [[March 1]] - [[Germany|German]] [[psychologist]] [[Friedrich Eduard Beneke]] disappears, two years later his remains are found in the canal near [[Charlottenburg]].
* [[March 3]] - Australia's first [[telegraph]] line, linking [[Melbourne]] and [[Williamstown%2C_Victoria|Williamstown]], opens.
* [[March 11]]- [[Royal Navy]] fleet sails from [[United Kingdom|Britain]] under [[Vice Admiral]] [[Sir]] [[Charles John Napier|Charles Napier]].
* [[March 20]] - The [[Boston Public Library]] opens to the public.
* [[March 27]] - [[United Kingdom]] declares war on [[Russia]] - [[Crimean War]] begins.
* [[March 28]] - [[France]] declares war on [[Russia]].
* [[March 31]] - [[Commodore (USN)|Commodore]] [[Matthew Perry (naval officer)|Matthew Perry]] of the [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]], signs the [[Treaty of Kanagawa|Treaty]]/[[Convention of Kanagawa]] with the [[Japan]]ese government, to be precise, [[Tokugawa Shogunate]], opening the ports of [[Shimoda, Shizuoka|Shimoda]] and [[Hakodate, Hokkaido|Hakodate]] to [[United States|American]] trade. (See [[History of Japan]])
*[[April 1]] - ''[[Hard Times]]'' begins serialisation in [[Charles Dickens]]' magazine, ''[[Household Words]]''.
*[[May 18]] - Foundation of the [[Catholic University of Ireland]], the forerunner of [[University College Dublin]].
*[[May 27]] - [[Taiping Rebellion]]: [[United States]] [[Minister (diplomacy)|minister]] [[Robert Milligan McLane|Robert McLane]] arrives at the Heavenly Capital aboard the [[USS Susquehanna (1847)|USS Susquehanna]].
*[[May 30]] - [[Kansas-Nebraska Act]] becomes law, rescinding the [[Missouri Compromise]] of [[1820]] and creating [[Kansas Territory]] and [[Nebraska Territory]]. Provision that settlers will vote on slavery in the new territories leads to [[Bleeding Kansas]] violence beginning the next year.
* June - The [[Grand Excursion]] takes prominent [[Eastern United States]] inhabitants from [[Chicago|Chicago, Illinois]] to [[Rock Island, Illinois]] by [[railroad]], then up the [[Mississippi River]] to [[St. Paul, Minnesota]] by [[steamboat]].
* [[June 10]] - The first class of the [[United States Naval Academy]] graduate at [[Annapolis, Maryland]].
* [[June 21]] - In the battle at [[Bomarsund, Åland|Bomarsund]] in [[Åland]], [[Royal Navy]] mate Charles D. Lucas throws a live [[Russia]]n artillery shell overboard by hand before it explodes - the incident is the first that will be retroactively awarded the [[Victoria Cross]] in [[1857]].
===July - December===
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* [[July 6]] - In [[Jackson, Michigan]], the first convention of the [[United States Republican Party|U.S. Republican Party]] is held.
* [[August 16]] - [[Russia]]n troops in the island of [[Bomarsund, Åland|Bomarsund]] in [[Åland]] surrender to [[France|French]]-[[United Kingdom|British]] troops.
* [[September 20]] - [[Crimean War]]: At the [[Battle of Alma|Alma]], the [[France|French]]-[[United Kingdom|British]] alliance wins the first battle of the war.
* [[October 1]] - The watch company founded in [[1850]] in [[Roxbury, Massachusetts|Roxbury]], [[Massachusetts]] by [[Aaron Lufkin Dennison]] relocates to [[Waltham, Massachusetts|Waltham]] to become the [[Waltham Watch Company]], pioneer in the [[American System of Watch Manufacturing]].
* [[October 6]] - The [[great fire of Newcastle and Gateshead]] is ignited by a spectacular explosion
* [[October 17]] - Newspaper ''[[The Age]]'' is founded in [[Melbourne]], [[Australia]].
* [[October 21]] - [[Florence Nightingale]] leaves for [[Crimea]] with 38 other nurses.
* [[October 25]] - [[Crimean War]]: The [[Battle of Balaclava]] occurs, overall a victory for the allies, but it included the disastrous cavalry [[Charge of the Light Brigade]], from which only 200 of 700 men survive.
* [[November 5]] - [[Crimean War]]: [[Russians]] lose at the [[Battle of Inkerman]].
* [[November 17]] - In [[Egypt]], the [[Suez Canal]], linking the [[Mediterranean Sea]] with the [[Red Sea]], is inaugurated in an elaborate ceremony.
* [[November 28]] - [[Eureka Stockade]]; Miner's Rebellion in [[Ballarat]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], [[Australia]].
* [[December 8]] - [[Pope Pius IX]] in the Papal Bull [[Ineffabilis Deus]] defines ''ex Cathedra'' the [[dogma]] of [[Immaculate Conception]], which holds that the [[Blessed Virgin Mary]] was conceived without [[original sin]].
===Undated===
[[Image:Snow-cholera-map.jpg|thumb|Original map by [[John Snow (physician)|Dr John Snow]] showing the [[cluster]]s of [[cholera]] cases in the [[London]] epidemic of 1854]].
* The ''[[Polyglotta Africana]]'', an early classification of [[African languages]] based on field work under freed slaves in [[Freetown]], [[Sierra Leone]], is published by [[Sigismund Wilhelm Koelle]].
* [[Ignacy Lukasiewicz]] drilled the world's first oil well in [[Poland]] in Bóbrka near [[Krosno County|Krosno]].
* [[Frederick Augustus Albert]] succeeds to the throne of [[Saxony]].
* [[Chemistry]] [[Professor]] [[Benjamin Silliman]], of [[Yale University]] is the first to fractionate [[petroleum]] by [[distillation]].
* [[Abraham Pineo Gesner]] invents a process for extracting [[kerosene]] from [[coal]].
* [[Said Pasha]] succeeds his nephew [[Abbas I of Egypt|Abbas]] as pasha of [[Egypt]].
* A [[Russia]]n fort is established at the present site of [[Almaty]].
* [[Aurora, Ontario]] is first settled.
* The [[Ambrotype]] is introduced for [[photography]].
* An epidemic of [[cholera]] in [[London]] kills 10,000. [[John Snow (physician)|Dr John Snow]] traces the source of one outbreak (the [[1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak]] that killed 500) to a single [[pump|water pump]], validating his theory that [[cholera]] is water-borne, and forming the starting point for [[epidemiology]].
* The [[Iceland]] trade is opened to foreigners.
* The French fashion label [[Louis Vuitton]] is founded.
===Ongoing events===
* [[Crimean War]] (1854-[[1856]])
* [[Taiping Rebellion]] ([[1851]]-[[1864]])
==Births==
{{Year in other calendars}}
===January - June===
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* [[January 18]] - [[Thomas A. Watson]], American telephone pioneer (d. [[1934]])
* [[February 17]] - [[Friedrich Alfred Krupp]], German industrialist (d. [[1902]])
* [[March 4]] - [[Napier Shaw|Sir Napier Shaw]], British meteorologist (d. [[1945]])
* [[March 8]] - [[Ignacy Lukasiewicz]], [[Poland|Polish]] pharmacist and inventor of the first method of distilling kerosene from seep oil, creator of first oil lamp (d. [[1882]])
* [[March 10]] - [[Thomas Mackenzie|Sir Thomas MacKenzie]], New Zealand Prime Minister and High Commissioner (d. [[1930]])
* [[March 14]]
**[[Paul Ehrlich]], German scientist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[1915]])
**[[Thomas R. Marshall]], [[Vice President of the United States]] (d. [[1925]])
* [[March 15]] - [[Emil Adolf von Behring]], German physician, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[1917]])
* [[April 22]] - [[Henri La Fontaine]], Belgian lawyer and activist, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (d. [[1943]])
* [[April 29]] - [[Henri Poincaré]], French mathematician and physicist (d. [[1912]])
* [[May 11]] - [[Albion Woodbury Small]], American sociologist (d. [[1926]])
* [[May 24]] - [[John Riley Banister]], law officer, cowboy, and Texas Ranger (d. [[1918]])
* [[June 14]]- [[Dave Rudabaugh]], outlaw and gunfighter (d. [[1886]])
* [[June 26]] - [[Robert Laird Borden]], eighth [[Prime Minister of Canada]] (d. [[1937]])
===July - December=== <!-- BIRTHS -->
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* [[July 3]] - [[Leoš Janáček]], Czech composer (d. [[1928]])
*[[July 7]] - [[Nikolai Alexandrovich Morozov]], Russian poet, scientist and revolutionary (d.[[1946]])
* [[July 12]] - [[George Eastman]], American inventor (d. [[1932]])
* [[July 27]] - [[Takahashi Korekiyo]], [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (d. [[1936]])
* [[August 2]] - [[Milan I]], [[King of Serbia]] (d. [[1901]])
* [[August 23]] - [[Moritz Moszkowski]], Polish/German composer (d. [[1918]])
* [[September 1]] - [[Engelbert Humperdinck]], German composer (d. [[1921]])
* [[September 6]] - [[Georges Picquart]], French general and Minister of War (d. [[1914]])
* [[October 16]]
**[[Oscar Wilde]], Irish writer (d. [[1900]])
**[[Karl Kautsky]], Marxist theoretician (d. [[1938]])
*[[October 26]] - [[C. W. Post]], American cereal manufacturer (d. [[1914]])
* [[October 20]] - [[Arthur Rimbaud]], French poet (d. [[1891]])
* [[November 5]] - [[Paul Sabatier (chemist)|Paul Sabatier]], French chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1941]])
* [[November 6]] - [[John Philip Sousa]], American composer and conductor (d. [[1932]])
* [[November 17]] - [[Hubert Lyautey]], Marshal of France (d. [[1934]])
* [[November 21]] - [[Pope Benedict XV]] (d. [[1922]])
* [[December 23]] - [[Victoriano Huerta]], [[President of Mexico]] (d. [[1916]])
* [[December 24]] - [[Thomas Stevens (cyclist)|Thomas Stevens]], English cyclist (d. [[1935]])
: ''See also [[:Category: 1854 births]].''
==Deaths==
===January - June===
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*[[January 8]] - [[William Carr Beresford, 1st Viscount Beresford]], British general and politician (b. [[1768]])
*[[February 17]] - [[John Martin (painter)|John Martin]], English painter (b. [[1789]])
*[[March 6]] - [[Charles William Vane, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry]] (b. [[1778]])
*[[March 11]] - [[Willard Richards]], American religious leader (b. [[1804]])
*[[March 13]] - [[Thomas Noon Talfourd]], English jurist (b. [[1795]])
*[[March 27]] - [[William Bentinck, 4th Duke of Portland]], politician (b. [[1768]])
*April - [[Domingo Eyzaguirre]], Chilean philanthropist (b. [[1775]])
*[[April 11]] - [[Karl Adolph von Basedow]], German physician (b. [[1799]])
*[[April 15]] - [[Arthur Aikin]], English chemist and mineralogist (b. [[1773]])
*[[April 29]] - [[Henry Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey]], British general (b. [[1768]])
*[[July 6]] - [[Georg Ohm]], German physicist
*[[July 16]] - [[Abbas I of Egypt|Abbas I]], Pasha of Egypt (b. [[1813]])
*[[July 31]] - [[Samuel Wilson]], thought to be the real-life basis for [[Uncle Sam]] (b. [[1813]])
*[[September 8]] - [[Angelo Mai]], Italian cardinal and philologist (b. [[1782]])
*[[November 25]] - [[John Gibson Lockhart]], Scottish writer (b. [[1794]])
*[[December 9]] - [[Almeida Garrett]], Portuguese writer (b. [[1799]])
*[[December 15]] - [[Kamehameha III]], [[Kingdom of Hawaii|King of Hawaii]] (b. [[1814]]?)
==July - December deaths==
*[[September 12]] - [[Jarvis W. Pike]], former [[Mayor of Columbus, Ohio]]
{{commonscat}}
: ''See also [[:Category: 1854 deaths]].''
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