1859
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/* July - September */
{{year nav|1876}}
{{C19YearInTopicX}}
Year '''1859''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MDCCCLIX]]''') was a [[common year starting on Saturday]] (link will display the full calendar) of the [[Gregorian calendar]] (or a [[common year starting on Thursday]] of the 12-day slower [[Julian calendar]]).
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==Events of 1859==
===January - March===
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*[[January 24]] - [[Wallachia]] and [[Moldavia]] are united under [[Alexander John Cuza]] under the name [[Romania]] (see [[December 1]] [[1918]] for the final unification, Transylvania and other regions were still missing at this time).
*[[January 28]] - The city of [[Olympia, Washington|Olympia]] is incorporated in the state of [[Washington]] in the [[United States of America]].
*[[February 14]] - [[Oregon]] is admitted as the 33rd [[U.S. state]].
*[[February 27]] - [[United States|US]] congressman [[Daniel Sickles]] shoots [[Philip Barton Key (U.S. District Attorney)|Philip Barton Key]] for having an affair with his wife.
*[[March 9]] - The army of [[Kingdom of Sardinia|Piedmont-Sardinia]] mobilizes against Austria, beginning the crisis which will lead to the [[Austro-Sardinian War]].
*[[March 26]] - A French amateur astronomer claims to have noticed a planet closer to the Sun than Mercury - later named [[Vulcan (planet)|Vulcan]].
===April - June===
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*[[April 20]] - [[A Tale of Two Cities]] by Charles Dickens is published.
*[[April 25]] - Ground is broken for the [[Suez Canal]].
*[[April 26]] - [[Austro-Sardinian War]] - [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]'s [[Hunters of the Alps]] confront Austrian forces led by Field Marshal-Lieutenant Carl Baron Urban at [[Varese]].
*[[April 28]] - The [[Pomona (ship)|''Pomona'']] is wrecked off the English coast, with 424 dead
*[[April 29]] - [[Austria]]n troops begin to cross the [[Ticino River]] to [[Piedmont]].
*[[May 4]] - [[Cornwall Railway]] opened across the [[Royal Albert Bridge]] linking the counties of [[Devon]] and [[Cornwall]] in [[England]].
*[[May 5]] - Border Treaty between [[Brazil]] and [[Venezuela]]: The two countries agreed their borders should be traced at the water divide between the [[Amazon River|Amazon]] and the [[Orinoco River|Orinoco]] basins.<ref>http://html.rincondelvago.com/venezuela_4.html Problemas Limítrofes de Venezuela (In Spanish)</ref>
*[[May 21]] - The bell [[Big Ben]] first activated.
*[[May 22]] - [[Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies]] is succeeded by his 23-year-old son [[Francis II of the Two Sicilies]].
*[[May 30]] - [[Kingdom of Sardinia|Sardinia]]ns defeat the [[Austria]]n army at [[Battle of Palestro]].
*[[June 4]] - [[Battle of Magenta]] in [[Austro-Sardinian War]] - French and Sardinians defeat Austrians.
*[[June 6]] - The [[United Kingdom|British]] [[Crown colony]] of [[Queensland]] in [[Australia]] is created by devolving part of the territory of [[New South Wales]] ([[Queensland Day]]).
*[[June 15]] - The so called [[Pig War]] border dispute between the Americans and the British on the [[San Juan Islands]] begins by the death of the namesake pig.
*[[June 24]] - [[Battle of Solferino]]: [[Kingdom of Sardinia]] and [[Napoleon III]] of France armies defeat [[Franz Josef of Austria|Franz Josef I of Austria]] in northern [[Italy]]. Battle inspires [[Henri Dunant]] to found the [[Red Cross]].
*[[June 30]] - [[Charles Blondin]] crosses [[Niagara Falls]] on a [[tightrope]] for the first time.
===July - September===
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*July - Count [[Camillo Benso di Cavour]] resigns.
*[[July 1]] - First intercollegiate [[baseball]] game is played, between [[Amherst College|Amherst]] and [[Williams College|Williams]] Colleges.
*[[July 8]]
**[[Charles XV of Sweden|Charles XV]] succeeds his father [[Oscar I of Sweden|Oscar I]] King of [[Sweden]] and [[Norway]] (as Charles IV).
**[[Armistice]] between [[Austria]] and others.
*[[July 11]] - By the preliminary treaty signed at Villafranca, Italy, [[Lombardy]] is ceded to the French (who immediately cede it to Sardinia), while the Austrians keep [[Venetia]] and the French promise to restore the Central Italian rulers expelled in the course of the war. This brings the [[Austro-Sardinian War]] effectively to a close.
*[[August 27]] - [[Edwin Drake]] drills the first [[oil well]] in the [[United States]], near [[Titusville, Pennsylvania]].
*[[August 28]] - [[September 2]] - Great geomagnetic solar superstorm, which caused the [[Northern lights]] [[aurora]] to be visible as far south as Cuba and knocked out [[telegraph]] communication.
===October - December===
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*[[October 16]] - [[John Brown (abolitionist)|John Brown]] raids the [[Harpers Ferry Armory]] in [[Harpers Ferry, West Virginia|Harper's Ferry]], [[Virginia]], in an unsuccessful bid to spark a general slave rebellion.
*[[October 18]] - Troops under [[Robert E. Lee|Colonel Robert E. Lee]] overpower [[John Brown (abolitionist)|Brown]] at the [[Federal arsenal]].
*[[October 26]] - The steamship [[Royal Charter (ship)|''Royal Charter'']] is wrecked on the coast of [[Anglesey]], [[Wales]] with 454 dead.
*[[November 1]] - The current [[Cape Lookout (North Carolina)|Cape Lookout]], [[North Carolina]], [[lighthouse]] was lighted for the first time. Its first-order [[Fresnel lens]] can be seen for nineteen miles.
*[[November 10]] - The [[Treaty of Zürich]], reaffirming the terms of [[Treaty of Villafranca|Villafranca]], brings the [[Austro-Sardinian War]] to an official close.
*[[24 November]] - The French Navy's ''[[La Gloire]]'' ("Glory"), the first ocean-going ironclad warship in history, is launched.
*[[November 24]] - [[United Kingdom|British]] naturalist [[Charles Darwin]] publishes ''[[The Origin of Species]]'', a book which argues that [[species]] gradually [[evolution|evolve]] through [[natural selection]]. (It immediately sold out its initial print run.)
*[[December 2]] - Militant [[abolitionist]] leader [[John Brown (abolitionist)|John Brown]] is hanged for his [[October 16]]th raid on [[Harpers Ferry, West Virginia|Harper's Ferry]].
*[[December 2]] - [[Georges-Pierre Seurat]] born.
* [[December 4]] - [[Mekteb-i Mülkiye]] founded.
*[[December 10]] - [[Ateneo de Manila University]] founded.
===Undated===
* [[Pike's Peak Gold Rush]].
* Island of [[Timor]] is divided between [[Portugal]] and the [[Netherlands]].
* [[Rincon de Los Esteros]] Land Grant confirmed to Rafael Alvisa, (part of the present [[Santa Clara County, California]].
* [[Codex Sinaiticus]] found by [[Constantin von Tischendorf]] on his third visit to the monastery of [[Saint Catherine's Monastery, Mount Sinai|Santa Katerina]], on [[Mount Sinai, Egypt|Mount Sinai]].
* [[Bernhard Riemann]] formulates the [[Riemann hypothesis]], one of the most important open problems of contemporary mathematics.
* [[Solar flare]]s first observed on the [[Sun]] by English astronomer [[Richard Carrington]].
* [[Brisbane]] declared the capital of newly-made-separate colony [[Queensland]], [[Australia]].
* [[University of Michigan Law School]] founded.
===Ongoing events===
* [[Second Opium War]] ([[1856]]-[[1860]])
* [[Taiping Rebellion]] ([[1851]]-[[1864]])
* [[Spanish-Moroccan War (1859)]] (until 1860)
==Births==
{{Year in other calendars|japanese=[[Ansei]] 5 – 6}}
===January - June===
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* [[January 11]] - Lord [[George Nathaniel Curzon]], British statesman and [[Viceroy of India]] (d. [[1925]])
* [[January 27]] - [[Wilhelm II of Germany]], last Emperor of Germany and [[List of rulers of Prussia|King of Prussia]] (d. [[1941]])
* [[February 1]] - [[Victor Herbert]], Irish-born composer (d. [[1924]])
* [[February 3]] - [[Hugo Junkers]], German industrialist and aircraft designer (d. [[1935]])
* [[February 6]] - [[Elias Disney]], American farmer and father of [[Walt Disney]] (d. [[1941]])
* [[February 14]] - [[Henry Valentine Knaggs]], English physician and author (d. [[1954]])
* [[February 16]] - [[George Washington Gale Ferris, Jr.]], inventor of the [[Ferris wheel]] (d. [[1896]])
* [[February 19]] - [[Svante Arrhenius]], Swedish chemist, [[Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1927]])
* [[February 28]] - [[Florian Cajori]], Swiss historian of mathematics (d. [[1930]])
* [[March 2]] - [[Sholom Aleichem]], Ukrainian Yiddish novelist (d. [[1916]])
* [[March 4]] - [[Alexander Stepanovich Popov]], Russian physicist (d. [[1905]])
* [[March 8]] - [[Kenneth Grahame]], English author (d. [[1932]])
* [[March 12]] - [[Abraham H. Cannon]], American Morman apostle (d. [[1896]])
* [[March 26]] - [[Alfred Edward Housman]], English poet (d. [[1936]])
* [[April 8]] - [[Edmund Husserl]], Austrian philosopher (d. [[1938]])
* [[May 15]] - [[Pierre Curie]], French physicist, [[Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1906]])
* [[May 22]] - [[Sir Arthur Conan Doyle]], Scottish writer (d. [[1930]])
===July - December===
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* [[July 6]] - [[Verner von Heidenstam]], Swedish writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1940]])
* [[July 11]] ([[June 29]] [[Julian Calendar]]) - [[Peter Verigin]], [[Doukhobor]] leader (d. [[1924]])
* [[August 4]] - [[Knut Hamsun]], Norwegian author, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1952]])
* [[October 9]] - [[Alfred Dreyfus]], French military officer (d. [[1935]])
* [[October 18]] - [[Henri Bergson]], French philosopher, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] (d. [[1941]])
* [[October 21]] - [[Francesc Macia|Francesc Macià]], President of the Catalan Generalitat (d. [[1933]])
* [[November 14]] - [[Alexandru Averescu]], Romanian soldier and politician (d. [[1938]])
* [[November 19]] - [[Mikhail Ippolitov-Ivanov]], Russian composer (d. [[1935]])
* [[November 23]] - [[Billy the Kid]], Outlaw (d. July 14, [[1881]])
* [[December 2]] - [[Georges Seurat]], French painter (d. [[1891]])
* [[December 15]] - [[L. L. Zamenhof]], Russo-Polish initiator of Esperanto (d. [[1917]])
* [[December 17]] - [[Paul César Helleu]], French artist (d. [[1927]])
*''date unknown''
**[[William Bliss Baker]], American painter (d. [[1886]])
==Deaths==
===January - June===
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* [[January 28]] - [[Frederick John Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich]], [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] (b. [[1782]])
* [[February 13]] - [[Eliza Acton]], English cookery writer (b. [[1799]])
* [[February 27]] - [[Philip Barton Key (U.S. District Attorney)|Philip Barton Key]], U.S. [[District Attorney]] (b. [[1818]])
* [[April 16]] - [[Alexis de Tocqueville]], French historian (b. [[1805]])
* [[May 6]] - [[Alexander von Humboldt]], German naturalist and geographer (b. [[1769]])
* [[June 11]] - [[Klemens Wenzel von Metternich]], Austrian diplomat (b. [[1773]])
* [[June 23]] - [[Maria Pavlovna of Russia]], Grand duchess of Saxe-Weimar Eisenach (b. [[1786]])
===July - December=== <!-- DEATHS -->
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* [[July 8]] - [[Oscar I of Sweden|Oscar I]], King of Sweden and Norway (b. [[1799]])
* [[August 2]] - [[Horace Mann]], American educator and abolitionist (b. [[1796]])
* [[September 15]] - [[Isambard Kingdom Brunel]], British engineer (b. [[1806]])
* [[September 28]] - [[Carl Ritter]], German geographer, (b. [[1779]])
* [[October 4]] - [[Karl Baedeker]], German author and publisher (b. [[1801]])
* [[October 22]] - [[Louis Spohr]], German violinist and composer (b. [[1784]])
* [[November 28]] - [[Washington Irving]], American author (b. [[1783]])
* [[December 2]] - [[John Brown (abolitionist)|John Brown]], American abolitionist (hanged) (b. [[1800]])
* [[December 8]] - [[Thomas de Quincey]], English writer (b. [[1785]])
* [[December 16]] - [[Wilhelm Grimm]], German writer (b. [[1786]])
*''date unknown'' - [[Abderrahmane of Morocco|Abderrahmane]], [[Sultan of Morocco]] (b. [[1778]])
{{commonscat}}
: ''See also [[:Category: 1859 deaths]].''
==References==
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