1859 34646 223963372 2008-07-06T18:47:33Z Skoglund 609014 /* July - September */ {{year nav|1876}} {{C19YearInTopicX}} Year '''1859''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MDCCCLIX]]''') was a [[common year starting on Saturday]] (link will display the full calendar) of the [[Gregorian calendar]] (or a [[common year starting on Thursday]] of the 12-day slower [[Julian calendar]]). <!-- 12-day span=Mon-Sat,Tue-Sun,Wed-Mon,Thu-Tue,Fr-We,Sa-Th,Sun-Fri --> ==Events of 1859== ===January - March=== <!-- Link all dates, even if repeated, for date-format preferences. --> *[[January 24]] - [[Wallachia]] and [[Moldavia]] are united under [[Alexander John Cuza]] under the name [[Romania]] (see [[December 1]] [[1918]] for the final unification, Transylvania and other regions were still missing at this time). *[[January 28]] - The city of [[Olympia, Washington|Olympia]] is incorporated in the state of [[Washington]] in the [[United States of America]]. *[[February 14]] - [[Oregon]] is admitted as the 33rd [[U.S. state]]. *[[February 27]] - [[United States|US]] congressman [[Daniel Sickles]] shoots [[Philip Barton Key (U.S. District Attorney)|Philip Barton Key]] for having an affair with his wife. *[[March 9]] - The army of [[Kingdom of Sardinia|Piedmont-Sardinia]] mobilizes against Austria, beginning the crisis which will lead to the [[Austro-Sardinian War]]. *[[March 26]] - A French amateur astronomer claims to have noticed a planet closer to the Sun than Mercury - later named [[Vulcan (planet)|Vulcan]]. ===April - June=== <!-- Link all dates, even if repeated, for date-format preferences. --> *[[April 20]] - [[A Tale of Two Cities]] by Charles Dickens is published. *[[April 25]] - Ground is broken for the [[Suez Canal]]. *[[April 26]] - [[Austro-Sardinian War]] - [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]'s [[Hunters of the Alps]] confront Austrian forces led by Field Marshal-Lieutenant Carl Baron Urban at [[Varese]]. *[[April 28]] - The [[Pomona (ship)|''Pomona'']] is wrecked off the English coast, with 424 dead *[[April 29]] - [[Austria]]n troops begin to cross the [[Ticino River]] to [[Piedmont]]. *[[May 4]] - [[Cornwall Railway]] opened across the [[Royal Albert Bridge]] linking the counties of [[Devon]] and [[Cornwall]] in [[England]]. *[[May 5]] - Border Treaty between [[Brazil]] and [[Venezuela]]: The two countries agreed their borders should be traced at the water divide between the [[Amazon River|Amazon]] and the [[Orinoco River|Orinoco]] basins.<ref>http://html.rincondelvago.com/venezuela_4.html Problemas Limítrofes de Venezuela (In Spanish)</ref> *[[May 21]] - The bell [[Big Ben]] first activated. *[[May 22]] - [[Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies]] is succeeded by his 23-year-old son [[Francis II of the Two Sicilies]]. *[[May 30]] - [[Kingdom of Sardinia|Sardinia]]ns defeat the [[Austria]]n army at [[Battle of Palestro]]. *[[June 4]] - [[Battle of Magenta]] in [[Austro-Sardinian War]] - French and Sardinians defeat Austrians. *[[June 6]] - The [[United Kingdom|British]] [[Crown colony]] of [[Queensland]] in [[Australia]] is created by devolving part of the territory of [[New South Wales]] ([[Queensland Day]]). *[[June 15]] - The so called [[Pig War]] border dispute between the Americans and the British on the [[San Juan Islands]] begins by the death of the namesake pig. *[[June 24]] - [[Battle of Solferino]]: [[Kingdom of Sardinia]] and [[Napoleon III]] of France armies defeat [[Franz Josef of Austria|Franz Josef I of Austria]] in northern [[Italy]]. Battle inspires [[Henri Dunant]] to found the [[Red Cross]]. *[[June 30]] - [[Charles Blondin]] crosses [[Niagara Falls]] on a [[tightrope]] for the first time. ===July - September=== <!-- Link all dates, even if repeated, for date-format preferences. --> *July - Count [[Camillo Benso di Cavour]] resigns. *[[July 1]] - First intercollegiate [[baseball]] game is played, between [[Amherst College|Amherst]] and [[Williams College|Williams]] Colleges. *[[July 8]] **[[Charles XV of Sweden|Charles XV]] succeeds his father [[Oscar I of Sweden|Oscar I]] King of [[Sweden]] and [[Norway]] (as Charles IV). **[[Armistice]] between [[Austria]] and others. *[[July 11]] - By the preliminary treaty signed at Villafranca, Italy, [[Lombardy]] is ceded to the French (who immediately cede it to Sardinia), while the Austrians keep [[Venetia]] and the French promise to restore the Central Italian rulers expelled in the course of the war. This brings the [[Austro-Sardinian War]] effectively to a close. *[[August 27]] - [[Edwin Drake]] drills the first [[oil well]] in the [[United States]], near [[Titusville, Pennsylvania]]. *[[August 28]] - [[September 2]] - Great geomagnetic solar superstorm, which caused the [[Northern lights]] [[aurora]] to be visible as far south as Cuba and knocked out [[telegraph]] communication. ===October - December=== <!-- Link all dates, even if repeated, for date-format preferences. --> *[[October 16]] - [[John Brown (abolitionist)|John Brown]] raids the [[Harpers Ferry Armory]] in [[Harpers Ferry, West Virginia|Harper's Ferry]], [[Virginia]], in an unsuccessful bid to spark a general slave rebellion. *[[October 18]] - Troops under [[Robert E. Lee|Colonel Robert E. Lee]] overpower [[John Brown (abolitionist)|Brown]] at the [[Federal arsenal]]. *[[October 26]] - The steamship [[Royal Charter (ship)|''Royal Charter'']] is wrecked on the coast of [[Anglesey]], [[Wales]] with 454 dead. *[[November 1]] - The current [[Cape Lookout (North Carolina)|Cape Lookout]], [[North Carolina]], [[lighthouse]] was lighted for the first time. Its first-order [[Fresnel lens]] can be seen for nineteen miles. *[[November 10]] - The [[Treaty of Zürich]], reaffirming the terms of [[Treaty of Villafranca|Villafranca]], brings the [[Austro-Sardinian War]] to an official close. *[[24 November]] - The French Navy's ''[[La Gloire]]'' ("Glory"), the first ocean-going ironclad warship in history, is launched. *[[November 24]] - [[United Kingdom|British]] naturalist [[Charles Darwin]] publishes ''[[The Origin of Species]]'', a book which argues that [[species]] gradually [[evolution|evolve]] through [[natural selection]]. (It immediately sold out its initial print run.) *[[December 2]] - Militant [[abolitionist]] leader [[John Brown (abolitionist)|John Brown]] is hanged for his [[October 16]]th raid on [[Harpers Ferry, West Virginia|Harper's Ferry]]. *[[December 2]] - [[Georges-Pierre Seurat]] born. * [[December 4]] - [[Mekteb-i Mülkiye]] founded. *[[December 10]] - [[Ateneo de Manila University]] founded. ===Undated=== * [[Pike's Peak Gold Rush]]. * Island of [[Timor]] is divided between [[Portugal]] and the [[Netherlands]]. * [[Rincon de Los Esteros]] Land Grant confirmed to Rafael Alvisa, (part of the present [[Santa Clara County, California]]. * [[Codex Sinaiticus]] found by [[Constantin von Tischendorf]] on his third visit to the monastery of [[Saint Catherine's Monastery, Mount Sinai|Santa Katerina]], on [[Mount Sinai, Egypt|Mount Sinai]]. * [[Bernhard Riemann]] formulates the [[Riemann hypothesis]], one of the most important open problems of contemporary mathematics. * [[Solar flare]]s first observed on the [[Sun]] by English astronomer [[Richard Carrington]]. * [[Brisbane]] declared the capital of newly-made-separate colony [[Queensland]], [[Australia]]. * [[University of Michigan Law School]] founded. ===Ongoing events=== * [[Second Opium War]] ([[1856]]-[[1860]]) * [[Taiping Rebellion]] ([[1851]]-[[1864]]) * [[Spanish-Moroccan War (1859)]] (until 1860) ==Births== {{Year in other calendars|japanese=[[Ansei]] 5 &ndash; 6}} ===January - June=== <!-- Link all dates, even if repeated, for date-format preferences. --> * [[January 11]] - Lord [[George Nathaniel Curzon]], British statesman and [[Viceroy of India]] (d. [[1925]]) * [[January 27]] - [[Wilhelm II of Germany]], last Emperor of Germany and [[List of rulers of Prussia|King of Prussia]] (d. [[1941]]) * [[February 1]] - [[Victor Herbert]], Irish-born composer (d. [[1924]]) * [[February 3]] - [[Hugo Junkers]], German industrialist and aircraft designer (d. [[1935]]) * [[February 6]] - [[Elias Disney]], American farmer and father of [[Walt Disney]] (d. [[1941]]) * [[February 14]] - [[Henry Valentine Knaggs]], English physician and author (d. [[1954]]) * [[February 16]] - [[George Washington Gale Ferris, Jr.]], inventor of the [[Ferris wheel]] (d. [[1896]]) * [[February 19]] - [[Svante Arrhenius]], Swedish chemist, [[Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1927]]) * [[February 28]] - [[Florian Cajori]], Swiss historian of mathematics (d. [[1930]]) * [[March 2]] - [[Sholom Aleichem]], Ukrainian Yiddish novelist (d. [[1916]]) * [[March 4]] - [[Alexander Stepanovich Popov]], Russian physicist (d. [[1905]]) * [[March 8]] - [[Kenneth Grahame]], English author (d. [[1932]]) * [[March 12]] - [[Abraham H. Cannon]], American Morman apostle (d. [[1896]]) * [[March 26]] - [[Alfred Edward Housman]], English poet (d. [[1936]]) * [[April 8]] - [[Edmund Husserl]], Austrian philosopher (d. [[1938]]) * [[May 15]] - [[Pierre Curie]], French physicist, [[Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1906]]) * [[May 22]] - [[Sir Arthur Conan Doyle]], Scottish writer (d. [[1930]]) ===July - December=== <!-- Link all dates, even if repeated, for date-format preferences. --> * [[July 6]] - [[Verner von Heidenstam]], Swedish writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1940]]) * [[July 11]] ([[June 29]] [[Julian Calendar]]) - [[Peter Verigin]], [[Doukhobor]] leader (d. [[1924]]) * [[August 4]] - [[Knut Hamsun]], Norwegian author, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1952]]) * [[October 9]] - [[Alfred Dreyfus]], French military officer (d. [[1935]]) * [[October 18]] - [[Henri Bergson]], French philosopher, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] (d. [[1941]]) * [[October 21]] - [[Francesc Macia|Francesc Macià]], President of the Catalan Generalitat (d. [[1933]]) * [[November 14]] - [[Alexandru Averescu]], Romanian soldier and politician (d. [[1938]]) * [[November 19]] - [[Mikhail Ippolitov-Ivanov]], Russian composer (d. [[1935]]) * [[November 23]] - [[Billy the Kid]], Outlaw (d. July 14, [[1881]]) * [[December 2]] - [[Georges Seurat]], French painter (d. [[1891]]) * [[December 15]] - [[L. L. Zamenhof]], Russo-Polish initiator of Esperanto (d. [[1917]]) * [[December 17]] - [[Paul César Helleu]], French artist (d. [[1927]]) *''date unknown'' **[[William Bliss Baker]], American painter (d. [[1886]]) ==Deaths== ===January - June=== <!-- Link all dates, even if repeated, for date-format preferences. --> * [[January 28]] - [[Frederick John Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich]], [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] (b. [[1782]]) * [[February 13]] - [[Eliza Acton]], English cookery writer (b. [[1799]]) * [[February 27]] - [[Philip Barton Key (U.S. District Attorney)|Philip Barton Key]], U.S. [[District Attorney]] (b. [[1818]]) * [[April 16]] - [[Alexis de Tocqueville]], French historian (b. [[1805]]) * [[May 6]] - [[Alexander von Humboldt]], German naturalist and geographer (b. [[1769]]) * [[June 11]] - [[Klemens Wenzel von Metternich]], Austrian diplomat (b. [[1773]]) * [[June 23]] - [[Maria Pavlovna of Russia]], Grand duchess of Saxe-Weimar Eisenach (b. [[1786]]) ===July - December=== <!-- DEATHS --> <!-- Link all dates, even if repeated, for date-format preferences. --> * [[July 8]] - [[Oscar I of Sweden|Oscar I]], King of Sweden and Norway (b. [[1799]]) * [[August 2]] - [[Horace Mann]], American educator and abolitionist (b. [[1796]]) * [[September 15]] - [[Isambard Kingdom Brunel]], British engineer (b. [[1806]]) * [[September 28]] - [[Carl Ritter]], German geographer, (b. [[1779]]) * [[October 4]] - [[Karl Baedeker]], German author and publisher (b. [[1801]]) * [[October 22]] - [[Louis Spohr]], German violinist and composer (b. [[1784]]) * [[November 28]] - [[Washington Irving]], American author (b. [[1783]]) * [[December 2]] - [[John Brown (abolitionist)|John Brown]], American abolitionist (hanged) (b. [[1800]]) * [[December 8]] - [[Thomas de Quincey]], English writer (b. [[1785]]) * [[December 16]] - [[Wilhelm Grimm]], German writer (b. [[1786]]) *''date unknown'' - [[Abderrahmane of Morocco|Abderrahmane]], [[Sultan of Morocco]] (b. [[1778]]) {{commonscat}} : ''See also [[:Category: 1859 deaths]].'' ==References== <references /> [[Category:1859| ]] [[af:1859]] [[am:1859 እ.ኤ.አ.]] [[ar:1859]] [[an:1859]] [[ast:1859]] [[az:1859]] [[bn:১৮৫৯]] [[map-bms:1859]] [[be:1859]] [[be-x-old:1859]] [[bh:१८५९]] [[bs:1859]] [[br:1859]] [[bg:1859]] [[ca:1859]] [[cv:1859]] [[cs:1859]] [[co:1859]] [[cy:1859]] [[da:1859]] [[de:1859]] [[et:1859]] [[el:1859]] [[es:1859]] [[eo:1859]] [[eu:1859]] [[fr:1859]] [[fy:1859]] [[fur:1859]] [[ga:1859]] [[gd:1859]] [[gl:1859]] [[ko:1859년]] [[hy:1859]] [[hi:1859]] [[hr:1859.]] [[io:1859]] [[bpy:মারি ১৮৫৯]] [[id:1859]] [[ia:1859]] [[os:1859]] [[is:1859]] [[it:1859]] [[he:1859]] [[jv:1859]] [[ka:1859]] [[csb:1859]] [[sw:1859]] [[ht:1859 (almanak gregoryen)]] [[la:1859]] [[lb:1859]] [[lt:1859 m.]] [[lij:1859]] [[hu:1859]] [[mk:1859]] [[mi:1859]] [[mr:इ.स. १८५९]] [[ms:1859]] [[nah:1859]] [[nl:1859]] [[new:ई सं १८५९]] [[ja:1859年]] [[nap:1859]] [[no:1859]] [[nn:1859]] [[nrm:1859]] [[nov:1859]] [[oc:1859]] [[uz:1859]] [[pi:१८५९]] [[nds:1859]] [[pl:1859]] [[pt:1859]] [[ksh:Joohr 1859]] [[ro:1859]] [[ru:1859 год]] [[se:1859]] [[sq:1859]] [[scn:1859]] [[simple:1859]] [[sk:1859]] [[sl:1859]] [[sr:1859]] [[sh:1859]] [[su:1859]] [[fi:1859]] [[sv:1859]] [[tl:1859]] [[ta:1859]] [[te:1859]] [[th:พ.ศ. 2402]] [[tr:1859]] [[uk:1859]] [[vec:1859]] [[wa:1859]] [[vls:1859]] [[zh-yue:1859年]] [[cbk-zam:1859]] [[bat-smg:1859]] [[zh:1859年]]