1860
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2008-07-12T17:50:52Z
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/* Undated */
{{year nav|1860}}
{{C19YearInTopicX}}
Year '''1860''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MDCCLX]]''') was a [[leap year starting on Sunday]] (link will display the full calendar) of the [[Gregorian Calendar]] (or a [[leap year starting on Friday]] of the 12-day slower [[Julian calendar]]).
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==Events of 1860==
===January - June===
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*[[April 3]] - The [[Pony Express]] begins its first run from [[Saint Joseph, Missouri]] to [[Sacramento, California]].
*[[April 4]] – New uprising in [[Palermo]].
*[[April 9]] - [[France|French]] typesetter [[Edouard-Leon Scott de Martinville]] has his daughter sing the French folk song "[[Au Clair de la Lune]]" on his [[phonautograph]]; producing the world's earliest known [[sound recording]]. However, it would not be rediscovered until [[2008]].
*[[May 1]] - A Chondrite type [[meteorite]] fell to earth in [[Muskingum County, Ohio|Muskingum County]], [[Ohio]] near the town of [[New Concord, Ohio|New Concord]].
*[[May 6]] - [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] and his troops depart from [[Genoa|Quarto]] on the [[Expedition of the Thousand]].
*[[May 8]] - In [[Neogranadine Confederation|New Granada]] (modern-day [[Colombia]]) southern state of [[Cauca]] secedes from the central government in protest of the suggestion of increase of presidential powers. [[Magdalena]] and [[Bolivar]] join it.
*[[May 9]] - The U.S. [[Constitutional Union Party (United States)|Constitutional Union Party]] holds its convention and nominates [[John Bell (Tennessee politician)|John Bell]] for [[President of the United States]].
*[[May 15]] - [[Battle of Calatafimi]]; troops under [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] defeat the army of [[Naples]] in Sicily, during the [[Italian Independence wars|Second Italian independence war]].
*[[May 17]] - German soccer club [[TSV 1860 München]] is founded
*[[May 18]] - [[Abraham Lincoln]] is selected as the U.S. presidential candidate for the [[United States Republican Party|Republican party]].
*[[May 27]] - Garibaldi's forces take [[Palermo]], the capital of Sicily.
*{{OldStyleDate|12 June|1860|31 May}} - The [[State Bank of the Russian Empire]] established.
*[[June 24]] - First [[nursing school]], based on the ideas of [[Florence Nightingale]], is opened in [[St. Thomas Infirmary]] in [[England]].
*[[June 30]] - Historic [[1860 Oxford evolution debate|debate about evolution]] at the [[Oxford University Museum of Natural History|Oxford University Museum]].
===July - September===
[[Image:Giuseppe Garibaldi 1870 Nadar.jpg|thumb|160px|right| [[July 20]]: [[Giuseppe Garibaldi|Garibaldi]].]]
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*[[July 2]] - [[Vladivostok]], [[Russia]] is founded.
*[[July 11]] - Mutsuhito (the future [[Emperor Meiji]]) becomes [[Crown Prince]] of [[Japan]].
*[[July 19]] - [[Nikolai of Japan|Ioan Dimitrovich Kasatkin]] becomes an [[Eastern Orthodox]] [[monk]] under the name Nikolai.
*[[July 20]] - The forces of [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] defeat royal Neapolitan forces at the [[Battle of Milazzo]], near Messina. Nearly all of Sicily was now under Garibaldi's control.
*[[July 24]] - Monk [[Nikolai of Japan|Nikolai Kasatkin]] appointed as [[deacon]].
*[[July 25]] - Deacon [[Nikolai of Japan|Nikolai Kasatkin]] appointed as [[priest]].
*[[August 22]] - Assisted by the British navy, the troops of [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] cross from Sicily to the Italian mainland.
*[[September 3]]-[[September 5]] - [[First International Chemistry Congress]] in [[Karlsruhe]], [[Germany]]
*[[September 7]]
**''[[Lady Elgin (steamship)|Lady Elgin]]'' is accidentally rammed and sunk in [[Lake Michigan]], hundreds drown.
**[[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]'s forces capture Naples.
*[[September 10]] - Piedmontese forces invade the [[Papal States]] hoping to link up with Garibaldi in Naples.
*[[September 18]] - [[Battle of Castelfidardo]]: The Piedmontese decisively defeat the Papal forces, allowing them to continue their march into Neapolitan territory.
===October - December===
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*[[October]] - [[John Hanning Speke]] and [[James Augustus Grant]] leave [[Zanzibar]] to search for source of the [[Nile River|Nile]].
*[[October 1]] - [[Battle of the Volturno (1860)|Battle of the Volturno]], Garibaldi defeats the last organized army of the [[Kingdom of Two Sicilies]].
*[[October 5]] - [[Austria]], [[ukgbi|Britain]], [[France]], [[Prussia]] and the [[Ottoman Empire]] form a commission to investigate causes of the massacres of [[Maronite Christian]]s, committed by [[Druze]]s in [[Lebanon]] earlier in the year.
*[[October 10]] - The original cornerstone of the [[University of the South]] was laid in [[Sewanee, Tennessee|Sewanee]], [[Tennessee]].
*[[October 18]] - The first [[Convention of Peking]] formally ended the [[Second Opium War]].
*[[October 18]]-[[October 21|21]] - [[Beijing]]'s [[Old Summer Palace]] is burned to the ground by orders of [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] general [[James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin|Lord Elgin]] in retaliation for mistreatment of several [[prisoners of war]] during the [[Second Opium War]].
*[[October 19]] - New [[Māori]] revolt begins in [[New Zealand]]
*[[October 26]]
**Garibaldi again defeats the Neapolitan forces, advancing on [[siege of Gaeta (1860)|Gaeta]], the last remaining Neapolitan strong-point.
**Meeting of [[Teano]] - [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] gives [[Naples]] to the king [[Victor Emmanuel II of Italy|Victor Emmanuel II]].
*[[November 3]] - The combined forces of [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] and King [[Victor Emmanuel II of Italy|Victor Emmanuel II]] besiege King [[Francis II of the Two Sicilies|Francis II]] of the [[Kingdom of the Two Sicilies|Two Sicilies]] in [[Gaeta]], his last remaining stronghold.
*[[November 6]] - [[U.S. presidential election, 1860|U.S. presidential election]]: [[Abraham Lincoln]] beats [[John C. Breckinridge]], [[Stephen A. Douglas]], and [[John Bell]] and is elected as the sixteenth [[President of the United States]], the first [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] to hold that office.
*[[December 1]] - [[Charles Dickens]] publishes the first installment of ''[[Great Expectations]]'' in his magazine ''[[All the Year Round]]''.
*[[December 20]] - [[South Carolina]] becomes the first state to secede from the Union.
[[Image:Hms warrior.jpg|thumb|220px|right| [[December 29]]: [[HMS Warrior (1860)|''HMS Warrior'']] (restored).]]
*[[December 29]] - The world's first ocean-going (all) iron-hulled and armoured [[battleship]], the (British) [[HMS Warrior (1860)|''HMS Warrior'']] is launched.
===Undated===
*Massacres of the [[Christians]] of [[Damascus, Syria]], by part of the Muslim population, under the supervision of the [[Ottoman Empire]].
*[[Victor Emmanuel II of Italy|Victor Emmanuel]], King of [[Sardinia]] seizes the whole of the Papal States except [[Rome]] (see [[Vatican City]]) and unites [[Italy]].
*[[Robert Wilhelm Bunsen]] discovers [[caesium]] and [[rubidium]] (see [[Discovery of the chemical elements]]).
*[[Buenos Aires]] leader [[Bartolomé Mitre]] subverts [[Argentine Confederation]] and begins to establish a new centralist government with the help of [[Uruguay]]an [[Colorado Party (Uruguay)|Colorado party]] leader [[Venancio Flores]].
*[[Augustana College (Illinois)|Augustana College]] is founded in [[Chicago, Illinois]], [[United States]] by [[Sweden|Swedish]] [[immigrants]]. The college would move to [[Paxton]], [[Illinois]], in 1862, and to its eventual home in Rock Island, Illinois, in 1875.
*[[Sedalia, Missouri]] is incorporated.
*[[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Britain]] produces 20% of the entire world's output of industrial goods.
*Count [[Camillo Benso di Cavour]] returns to power.
*[[Russian Empire]] has c. 1,250 miles of railroads.
===Ongoing events===
* [[Second Opium War]] ([[1856]]-1860)
* [[Taiping Rebellion]] ([[1851]]-[[1864]])
==Births==
{{Year in other calendars}}
===January - June===
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*[[January 3]] - [[Kato Takaaki]], 24th [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (d. [[1926]])
*[[January 8]] - [[Emma Booth]], the fourth child of [[William Booth|William]] and [[Catherine Booth]] (d. [[1903]])
*[[January 25]] - [[Charles Curtis]], [[Vice President of the United States]] (d. [[1936]])
*[[January 29]]
**[[William Jacob Baer]], American painter (d. [[1941]])
**[[Anton Chekhov]], Russian writer (d. [[1904]])
*[[February 11]] - [[Rachilde]], French author (d. [[1953]])
*[[February 25]] - [[Sir William Ashley]], economic historian (d. [[1927]])
*[[February 29]] - [[Herman Hollerith]], American businessman and inventor (d. [[1929]])
*[[March 2]] - [[Susanna M. Salter]], first woman mayor in the United States (d. [[1961]])
*[[March 5]] - [[Sam Thompson]], baseball player (d. [[1922]])
*[[March 13]] - [[Hugo Wolf]], Austrian composer (d. [[1903]])
*[[March 19]] - [[William Jennings Bryan]], American politician (d. [[1925]])
*[[March 22]] - [[Alfred Ploetz]], German physician, biologist, and eugenicist (d. [[1940]])
*[[March 27]] - [[Frank Frost Abbott]], American classical scholar (d. [[1924]])
*[[May 2]] - [[Theodor Herzl]], founder of modern political Zionism (d. [[1904]])
*[[May 9]] - [[J. M. Barrie]], Scottish author (d. [[1937]])
*[[May 20]] - [[Eduard Buchner]], German chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1917]])
*[[May 21]] - [[Willem Einthoven]], Dutch inventor, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[1927]])
*[[May 25]] - [[James McKeen Cattell]], American psychologist (d. [[1944]])
*[[May 29]] - [[Isaac Albéniz]], Spanish composer (d. [[1909]])
*[[June 20]] - [[Jack Worrall]], Australian cricketer, footballer, and coach (d. [[1937]])
*[[June 22]] - [[Tom O'Brien (19th century baseball player)|Tom O'Brien]], American 19th century baseball player (d. [[1921]])
*[[June 23]] - [[Albert Giraud]], Belgian poet (d. [[1929]])
===July - December=== <!-- BIRTHS -->
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*[[July 3]] - [[Charlotte Perkins Gilman]], American feminist (d. [[1935]])
*[[July 7]] - [[Gustav Mahler]], Austrian composer (d. [[1911]])
*[[July 16]] - [[Otto Jespersen]], Danish linguist, creator of [[Ido]] and [[Novial]] languages (d.[[1943]])
*[[July 19]] - [[Lizzie Borden]], American murder suspect (d. [[1927]])
*[[August 3]] - [[W.K. Dickson]], Scottish inventor (d. [[1935]])
*[[August 7]] - [[Alan Leo]], British astrologer (d. [[1917]])
*[[August 10]] - [[Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande]], Indian musician (d. [[1936]])
*[[August 16]] - [[Jules Laforgue]], French poet (d. [[1887]])
*[[August 13]] - [[Annie Oakley]], American west show performer (d. [[1926]])
*[[August 15]] - [[Henrietta Vinton Davis]], American elocutionist, dramatist, and impersonator (d. [[1941]])
*[[August 20]] - [[Raymond Poincare]], French President (d. [[1934]])
*[[September 5]] - [[Andrew Volstead]], American politician (d. [[1947]])
*[[September 6]] - [[Jane Addams]], American social worker, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (d. [[1935]])
*[[September 13]] - [[John J. Pershing]], American general (d. [[1948]])
*[[October 31]] - [[Juliette Gordon Low]] , the founder of Girl Scouts
*[[November 1]] - [[Boies Penrose]], United States Senator from Pennsylvania (d. [[1921]])
*[[November 6]] - [[Ignacy Jan Paderewski]], Polish pianist and composer (d. [[1941]])
*[[November 16]] - [[John Henry Kirby]], Texas legislator and American businessman (d. [[1940]])
*[[November 23]]
**[[Billy the Kid]], American gunfighter (d. [[1881]])
**[[Hjalmar Branting]], [[Prime Minister of Sweden]], recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (d. [[1925]])
*[[November 22]] - [[Fusajiro Yamauchi]], founder of [[Nintendo]] (d. [[1940]])
*[[December 4]] - [[Charles de Broqueville]], Belgian Prime Minister (d. [[1940]])
*[[December 7]] - [[Joseph Cook]], sixth [[Prime Minister of Australia]] (d. [[1947]])
*[[December 15]] - [[Niels Ryberg Finsen]], Danish physician, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[1904]])
*[[December 25]] - [[Manuel Dimech]], Maltese philosopher and social reformer (d. [[1921]])
*[[December 31]] - [[Joseph S. Cullinan]], American oil industrialist, founder of [[Texaco]] (d. [[1937]])
*''date unknown''
**[[Frederick George Jackson]], British Arctic explorer (d. [[1938]])
**[[John Coughlin (alderman)|John Coughlin]], American politician (d. [[1938]])
**[[Lancelot Speed]], British illustrator (d. [[1931]])
**[[Soapy Smith]], Jefferson R. Smith, infamous American confidence man and crime boss (d. [[1898]])
: ''See also [[:Category: 1860 births]].''
==Deaths==
===January - June=== <!-- DEATHS -->
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*[[January 5]] - [[St. John Neumann]], [[Saint]] and [[Roman Catholic]] [[Bishop of Philadelphia]] (b. [[1811]])
*[[January 13]] - [[William Mason (US politician)|William Mason]], American politician (b. [[1786]])
*[[January 27]]
**[[János Bolyai]], Hungarian mathematician (b. [[1802]])
**[[Thomas Brisbane]], Scottish astronomer (b. [[1773]])
*[[January 29]] - [[Stephanie de Beauharnais]], Grand Duchess of Baden (b. [[1789]])
*[[March 6]] - [[Justus Johann Friedrich Dotzauer]], German cellist and composer (b. [[1783]])
*[[March 17]] - [[Anna Jameson]], British author
*[[March 25]] - [[James Braid (physician)|James Braid]], Scottish surgeon (b. [[1795]])
*[[May 12]] - Sir [[Charles Barry]], English architect (b. [[1795]])
*[[May 16]] - [[Anne Isabella Milbanke]], wife of [[George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron]] (b. [[1792]])
===July - December=== <!-- DEATHS -->
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*[[July 1]] - [[Charles Goodyear]], American inventor (b. [[1800]])
*[[September 21]] - [[Arthur Schopenhauer]], German philosopher (b. [[1788]])
*[[October 31]] - [[Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald]], British admiral (b. [[1775]])
*[[November 1]] - [[Alexandra Feodorovna (Charlotte of Prussia)]], the Empress Consort of Russian Emperor [[Nicholas I]] (b. [[1798]])
*[[December 14]] - [[George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen]], [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] (b. [[1784]])
*''date unknown'' - [[Dai Xi]], Chinese painter (b. [[1801]])
{{commonscat}}
: ''See also [[:Category: 1860 deaths]].''
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