1860 34784 225246142 2008-07-12T17:50:52Z Skoglund 609014 /* Undated */ {{year nav|1860}} {{C19YearInTopicX}} Year '''1860''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MDCCLX]]''') was a [[leap year starting on Sunday]] (link will display the full calendar) of the [[Gregorian Calendar]] (or a [[leap year starting on Friday]] of the 12-day slower [[Julian calendar]]). <!-- 12-day span=Mon-Sat,Tue-Sun,Wed-Mon,Thu-Tue,Fr-We,Sa-Th,Sun-Fri --> ==Events of 1860== ===January - June=== <!-- Link all penisdates, even if repeated, for date-format preferences. --> *[[April 3]] - The [[Pony Express]] begins its first run from [[Saint Joseph, Missouri]] to [[Sacramento, California]]. *[[April 4]] – New uprising in [[Palermo]]. *[[April 9]] - [[France|French]] typesetter [[Edouard-Leon Scott de Martinville]] has his daughter sing the French folk song "[[Au Clair de la Lune]]" on his [[phonautograph]]; producing the world's earliest known [[sound recording]]. However, it would not be rediscovered until [[2008]]. *[[May 1]] - A Chondrite type [[meteorite]] fell to earth in [[Muskingum County, Ohio|Muskingum County]], [[Ohio]] near the town of [[New Concord, Ohio|New Concord]]. *[[May 6]] - [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] and his troops depart from [[Genoa|Quarto]] on the [[Expedition of the Thousand]]. *[[May 8]] - In [[Neogranadine Confederation|New Granada]] (modern-day [[Colombia]]) southern state of [[Cauca]] secedes from the central government in protest of the suggestion of increase of presidential powers. [[Magdalena]] and [[Bolivar]] join it. *[[May 9]] - The U.S. [[Constitutional Union Party (United States)|Constitutional Union Party]] holds its convention and nominates [[John Bell (Tennessee politician)|John Bell]] for [[President of the United States]]. *[[May 15]] - [[Battle of Calatafimi]]; troops under [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] defeat the army of [[Naples]] in Sicily, during the [[Italian Independence wars|Second Italian independence war]]. *[[May 17]] - German soccer club [[TSV 1860 München]] is founded *[[May 18]] - [[Abraham Lincoln]] is selected as the U.S. presidential candidate for the [[United States Republican Party|Republican party]]. *[[May 27]] - Garibaldi's forces take [[Palermo]], the capital of Sicily. *{{OldStyleDate|12 June|1860|31 May}} - The [[State Bank of the Russian Empire]] established. *[[June 24]] - First [[nursing school]], based on the ideas of [[Florence Nightingale]], is opened in [[St. Thomas Infirmary]] in [[England]]. *[[June 30]] - Historic [[1860 Oxford evolution debate|debate about evolution]] at the [[Oxford University Museum of Natural History|Oxford University Museum]]. ===July - September=== [[Image:Giuseppe Garibaldi 1870 Nadar.jpg|thumb|160px|right| [[July 20]]: [[Giuseppe Garibaldi|Garibaldi]].]] <!-- Link all dates, even if repeated, for date-format preferences. --> *[[July 2]] - [[Vladivostok]], [[Russia]] is founded. *[[July 11]] - Mutsuhito (the future [[Emperor Meiji]]) becomes [[Crown Prince]] of [[Japan]]. *[[July 19]] - [[Nikolai of Japan|Ioan Dimitrovich Kasatkin]] becomes an [[Eastern Orthodox]] [[monk]] under the name Nikolai. *[[July 20]] - The forces of [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] defeat royal Neapolitan forces at the [[Battle of Milazzo]], near Messina. Nearly all of Sicily was now under Garibaldi's control. *[[July 24]] - Monk [[Nikolai of Japan|Nikolai Kasatkin]] appointed as [[deacon]]. *[[July 25]] - Deacon [[Nikolai of Japan|Nikolai Kasatkin]] appointed as [[priest]]. *[[August 22]] - Assisted by the British navy, the troops of [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] cross from Sicily to the Italian mainland. *[[September 3]]-[[September 5]] - [[First International Chemistry Congress]] in [[Karlsruhe]], [[Germany]] *[[September 7]] **''[[Lady Elgin (steamship)|Lady Elgin]]'' is accidentally rammed and sunk in [[Lake Michigan]], hundreds drown. **[[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]'s forces capture Naples. *[[September 10]] - Piedmontese forces invade the [[Papal States]] hoping to link up with Garibaldi in Naples. *[[September 18]] - [[Battle of Castelfidardo]]: The Piedmontese decisively defeat the Papal forces, allowing them to continue their march into Neapolitan territory. ===October - December=== <!-- Link all dates, even if repeated, for date-format preferences. --> *[[October]] - [[John Hanning Speke]] and [[James Augustus Grant]] leave [[Zanzibar]] to search for source of the [[Nile River|Nile]]. *[[October 1]] - [[Battle of the Volturno (1860)|Battle of the Volturno]], Garibaldi defeats the last organized army of the [[Kingdom of Two Sicilies]]. *[[October 5]] - [[Austria]], [[ukgbi|Britain]], [[France]], [[Prussia]] and the [[Ottoman Empire]] form a commission to investigate causes of the massacres of [[Maronite Christian]]s, committed by [[Druze]]s in [[Lebanon]] earlier in the year. *[[October 10]] - The original cornerstone of the [[University of the South]] was laid in [[Sewanee, Tennessee|Sewanee]], [[Tennessee]]. *[[October 18]] - The first [[Convention of Peking]] formally ended the [[Second Opium War]]. *[[October 18]]-[[October 21|21]] - [[Beijing]]'s [[Old Summer Palace]] is burned to the ground by orders of [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] general [[James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin|Lord Elgin]] in retaliation for mistreatment of several [[prisoners of war]] during the [[Second Opium War]]. *[[October 19]] - New [[Māori]] revolt begins in [[New Zealand]] *[[October 26]] **Garibaldi again defeats the Neapolitan forces, advancing on [[siege of Gaeta (1860)|Gaeta]], the last remaining Neapolitan strong-point. **Meeting of [[Teano]] - [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] gives [[Naples]] to the king [[Victor Emmanuel II of Italy|Victor Emmanuel II]]. *[[November 3]] - The combined forces of [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] and King [[Victor Emmanuel II of Italy|Victor Emmanuel II]] besiege King [[Francis II of the Two Sicilies|Francis II]] of the [[Kingdom of the Two Sicilies|Two Sicilies]] in [[Gaeta]], his last remaining stronghold. *[[November 6]] - [[U.S. presidential election, 1860|U.S. presidential election]]: [[Abraham Lincoln]] beats [[John C. Breckinridge]], [[Stephen A. Douglas]], and [[John Bell]] and is elected as the sixteenth [[President of the United States]], the first [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] to hold that office. *[[December 1]] - [[Charles Dickens]] publishes the first installment of ''[[Great Expectations]]'' in his magazine ''[[All the Year Round]]''. *[[December 20]] - [[South Carolina]] becomes the first state to secede from the Union. [[Image:Hms warrior.jpg|thumb|220px|right| [[December 29]]: [[HMS Warrior (1860)|''HMS Warrior'']] (restored).]] *[[December 29]] - The world's first ocean-going (all) iron-hulled and armoured [[battleship]], the (British) [[HMS Warrior (1860)|''HMS Warrior'']] is launched. ===Undated=== *Massacres of the [[Christians]] of [[Damascus, Syria]], by part of the Muslim population, under the supervision of the [[Ottoman Empire]]. *[[Victor Emmanuel II of Italy|Victor Emmanuel]], King of [[Sardinia]] seizes the whole of the Papal States except [[Rome]] (see [[Vatican City]]) and unites [[Italy]]. *[[Robert Wilhelm Bunsen]] discovers [[caesium]] and [[rubidium]] (see [[Discovery of the chemical elements]]). *[[Buenos Aires]] leader [[Bartolomé Mitre]] subverts [[Argentine Confederation]] and begins to establish a new centralist government with the help of [[Uruguay]]an [[Colorado Party (Uruguay)|Colorado party]] leader [[Venancio Flores]]. *[[Augustana College (Illinois)|Augustana College]] is founded in [[Chicago, Illinois]], [[United States]] by [[Sweden|Swedish]] [[immigrants]]. The college would move to [[Paxton]], [[Illinois]], in 1862, and to its eventual home in Rock Island, Illinois, in 1875. *[[Sedalia, Missouri]] is incorporated. *[[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Britain]] produces 20% of the entire world's output of industrial goods. *Count [[Camillo Benso di Cavour]] returns to power. *[[Russian Empire]] has c. 1,250 miles of railroads. ===Ongoing events=== * [[Second Opium War]] ([[1856]]-1860) * [[Taiping Rebellion]] ([[1851]]-[[1864]]) ==Births== {{Year in other calendars}} ===January - June=== <!-- Link all dates, even if repeated, for date-format preferences. --> *[[January 3]] - [[Kato Takaaki]], 24th [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (d. [[1926]]) *[[January 8]] - [[Emma Booth]], the fourth child of [[William Booth|William]] and [[Catherine Booth]] (d. [[1903]]) *[[January 25]] - [[Charles Curtis]], [[Vice President of the United States]] (d. [[1936]]) *[[January 29]] **[[William Jacob Baer]], American painter (d. [[1941]]) **[[Anton Chekhov]], Russian writer (d. [[1904]]) *[[February 11]] - [[Rachilde]], French author (d. [[1953]]) *[[February 25]] - [[Sir William Ashley]], economic historian (d. [[1927]]) *[[February 29]] - [[Herman Hollerith]], American businessman and inventor (d. [[1929]]) *[[March 2]] - [[Susanna M. Salter]], first woman mayor in the United States (d. [[1961]]) *[[March 5]] - [[Sam Thompson]], baseball player (d. [[1922]]) *[[March 13]] - [[Hugo Wolf]], Austrian composer (d. [[1903]]) *[[March 19]] - [[William Jennings Bryan]], American politician (d. [[1925]]) *[[March 22]] - [[Alfred Ploetz]], German physician, biologist, and eugenicist (d. [[1940]]) *[[March 27]] - [[Frank Frost Abbott]], American classical scholar (d. [[1924]]) *[[May 2]] - [[Theodor Herzl]], founder of modern political Zionism (d. [[1904]]) *[[May 9]] - [[J. M. Barrie]], Scottish author (d. [[1937]]) *[[May 20]] - [[Eduard Buchner]], German chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1917]]) *[[May 21]] - [[Willem Einthoven]], Dutch inventor, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[1927]]) *[[May 25]] - [[James McKeen Cattell]], American psychologist (d. [[1944]]) *[[May 29]] - [[Isaac Albéniz]], Spanish composer (d. [[1909]]) *[[June 20]] - [[Jack Worrall]], Australian cricketer, footballer, and coach (d. [[1937]]) *[[June 22]] - [[Tom O'Brien (19th century baseball player)|Tom O'Brien]], American 19th century baseball player (d. [[1921]]) *[[June 23]] - [[Albert Giraud]], Belgian poet (d. [[1929]]) ===July - December=== <!-- BIRTHS --> <!-- Link all dates, even if repeated, for date-format preferences. --> *[[July 3]] - [[Charlotte Perkins Gilman]], American feminist (d. [[1935]]) *[[July 7]] - [[Gustav Mahler]], Austrian composer (d. [[1911]]) *[[July 16]] - [[Otto Jespersen]], Danish linguist, creator of [[Ido]] and [[Novial]] languages (d.[[1943]]) *[[July 19]] - [[Lizzie Borden]], American murder suspect (d. [[1927]]) *[[August 3]] - [[W.K. Dickson]], Scottish inventor (d. [[1935]]) *[[August 7]] - [[Alan Leo]], British astrologer (d. [[1917]]) *[[August 10]] - [[Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande]], Indian musician (d. [[1936]]) *[[August 16]] - [[Jules Laforgue]], French poet (d. [[1887]]) *[[August 13]] - [[Annie Oakley]], American west show performer (d. [[1926]]) *[[August 15]] - [[Henrietta Vinton Davis]], American elocutionist, dramatist, and impersonator (d. [[1941]]) *[[August 20]] - [[Raymond Poincare]], French President (d. [[1934]]) *[[September 5]] - [[Andrew Volstead]], American politician (d. [[1947]]) *[[September 6]] - [[Jane Addams]], American social worker, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (d. [[1935]]) *[[September 13]] - [[John J. Pershing]], American general (d. [[1948]]) *[[October 31]] - [[Juliette Gordon Low]] , the founder of Girl Scouts *[[November 1]] - [[Boies Penrose]], United States Senator from Pennsylvania (d. [[1921]]) *[[November 6]] - [[Ignacy Jan Paderewski]], Polish pianist and composer (d. [[1941]]) *[[November 16]] - [[John Henry Kirby]], Texas legislator and American businessman (d. [[1940]]) *[[November 23]] **[[Billy the Kid]], American gunfighter (d. [[1881]]) **[[Hjalmar Branting]], [[Prime Minister of Sweden]], recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (d. [[1925]]) *[[November 22]] - [[Fusajiro Yamauchi]], founder of [[Nintendo]] (d. [[1940]]) *[[December 4]] - [[Charles de Broqueville]], Belgian Prime Minister (d. [[1940]]) *[[December 7]] - [[Joseph Cook]], sixth [[Prime Minister of Australia]] (d. [[1947]]) *[[December 15]] - [[Niels Ryberg Finsen]], Danish physician, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[1904]]) *[[December 25]] - [[Manuel Dimech]], Maltese philosopher and social reformer (d. [[1921]]) *[[December 31]] - [[Joseph S. Cullinan]], American oil industrialist, founder of [[Texaco]] (d. [[1937]]) *''date unknown'' **[[Frederick George Jackson]], British Arctic explorer (d. [[1938]]) **[[John Coughlin (alderman)|John Coughlin]], American politician (d. [[1938]]) **[[Lancelot Speed]], British illustrator (d. [[1931]]) **[[Soapy Smith]], Jefferson R. Smith, infamous American confidence man and crime boss (d. [[1898]]) : ''See also [[:Category: 1860 births]].'' ==Deaths== ===January - June=== <!-- DEATHS --> <!-- Link all dates, even if repeated, for date-format preferences. --> *[[January 5]] - [[St. John Neumann]], [[Saint]] and [[Roman Catholic]] [[Bishop of Philadelphia]] (b. [[1811]]) *[[January 13]] - [[William Mason (US politician)|William Mason]], American politician (b. [[1786]]) *[[January 27]] **[[János Bolyai]], Hungarian mathematician (b. [[1802]]) **[[Thomas Brisbane]], Scottish astronomer (b. [[1773]]) *[[January 29]] - [[Stephanie de Beauharnais]], Grand Duchess of Baden (b. [[1789]]) *[[March 6]] - [[Justus Johann Friedrich Dotzauer]], German cellist and composer (b. [[1783]]) *[[March 17]] - [[Anna Jameson]], British author *[[March 25]] - [[James Braid (physician)|James Braid]], Scottish surgeon (b. [[1795]]) *[[May 12]] - Sir [[Charles Barry]], English architect (b. [[1795]]) *[[May 16]] - [[Anne Isabella Milbanke]], wife of [[George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron]] (b. [[1792]]) ===July - December=== <!-- DEATHS --> <!-- Link all dates, even if repeated, for date-format preferences. --> *[[July 1]] - [[Charles Goodyear]], American inventor (b. [[1800]]) *[[September 21]] - [[Arthur Schopenhauer]], German philosopher (b. [[1788]]) *[[October 31]] - [[Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald]], British admiral (b. [[1775]]) *[[November 1]] - [[Alexandra Feodorovna (Charlotte of Prussia)]], the Empress Consort of Russian Emperor [[Nicholas I]] (b. [[1798]]) *[[December 14]] - [[George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen]], [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] (b. [[1784]]) *''date unknown'' - [[Dai Xi]], Chinese painter (b. [[1801]]) {{commonscat}} : ''See also [[:Category: 1860 deaths]].'' [[Category:1860| ]] [[af:1860]] [[am:1860 እ.ኤ.አ.]] [[ar:1860]] [[an:1860]] [[ast:1860]] [[az:1860]] [[bn:১৮৬০]] [[map-bms:1860]] [[be:1860]] [[be-x-old:1860]] [[bh:१८६०]] [[bs:1860]] [[br:1860]] [[bg:1860]] [[ca:1860]] [[cv:1860]] [[cs:1860]] [[co:1860]] [[cy:1860]] [[da:1860]] [[de:1860]] [[et:1860]] [[el:1860]] [[es:1860]] [[eo:1860]] [[eu:1860]] [[fa:۱۸۶۰ (میلادی)]] [[hif:1860]] [[fr:1860]] [[fy:1860]] [[ga:1860]] [[gd:1860]] [[gl:1860]] [[ko:1860년]] [[hy:1860]] [[hi:1860]] [[hr:1860.]] [[io:1860]] [[ilo:1860]] [[bpy:মারি ১৮৬০]] [[id:1860]] [[ia:1860]] [[os:1860]] [[is:1860]] [[it:1860]] [[he:1860]] [[jv:1860]] [[ka:1860]] [[csb:1860]] [[sw:1860]] [[ht:1860 (almanak gregoryen)]] [[la:1860]] [[lb:1860]] [[lt:1860 m.]] [[lij:1860]] [[hu:1860]] [[mk:1860]] [[mi:1860]] [[mr:इ.स. १८६०]] [[ms:1860]] [[nah:1860]] [[nl:1860]] [[new:ई सं १८६०]] [[ja:1860年]] [[nap:1860]] [[no:1860]] [[nn:1860]] [[nrm:1860]] [[nov:1860]] [[oc:1860]] [[uz:1860]] [[pi:१८६०]] [[nds:1860]] [[pl:1860]] [[pt:1860]] [[ksh:Joohr 1860]] [[ro:1860]] [[ru:1860 год]] [[se:1860]] [[sq:1860]] [[scn:1860]] [[simple:1860]] [[sk:1860]] [[sl:1860]] [[sr:1860]] [[su:1860]] [[fi:1860]] [[sv:1860]] [[tl:1860]] [[ta:1860]] [[te:1860]] [[th:พ.ศ. 2403]] [[tg:1860]] [[tr:1860]] [[uk:1860]] [[vec:1860]] [[wa:1860]] [[vls:1860]] [[zh-yue:1860年]] [[cbk-zam:1860]] [[bat-smg:1860]] [[zh:1860年]]