1861
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{{year nav|1861}}
{{C19YearInTopicX}}
Year '''1861''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MDCCCLXI]]''') was a [[common year starting on Tuesday]] (link will display the full calendar) of the [[Gregorian calendar]] (or a [[common year starting on Sunday]] of the 12-day slower [[Julian calendar]]).
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==Events of 1861==
===January - March===
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[[Image:1861.svg |thumb|210px|right| [[American Civil War]]: in 1861]]
* [[January 1]] - [[Benito Juárez]] captures [[Mexico City]]
* [[January 2]] - [[Frederick William IV of Prussia|Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia]] dies and is succeeded by [[Wilhelm I of Germany|Wilhelm I]].
* [[January 3]] - [[American Civil War]]: [[Delaware]] votes not to secede from the [[United States|Union]].
* [[January 9]] - [[Mississippi]] becomes the second state to secede from the [[United States|Union]], preceding the [[American Civil War]].
* [[January 10]] - [[American Civil War]]: [[Florida]] secedes from the [[United States|Union]].
* [[January 11]] - [[American Civil War]]: [[Alabama]] secedes from the [[United States|Union]].
* [[January 18]] - [[American Civil War]]: [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] secedes from the [[United States|Union]].
* [[January 21]] - [[American Civil War]]: [[Jefferson Davis]] resigns from the [[United States Senate]].
* [[January 26]] - [[American Civil War]]: [[Louisiana]] secedes from the [[United States|Union]].
* [[January 29]] - [[Kansas]] is admitted as the 34th [[U.S. state]].
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* [[February 1]] - [[American Civil War]]: [[Texas]] secedes from the [[United States|Union]].
* [[February 4]] - [[American Civil War]]: In [[Montgomery, Alabama]] the [[Confederate States of America]] is formed by representatives from six break-away [[U.S. state|United States]].
* [[February 8]] - [[American Civil War]]: The [[Confederate States of America]] are formed.
* [[February 9]] - [[American Civil War]]: [[Jefferson Davis]] is elected the Provisional President of the [[Confederate States of America]] by the weed convention at [[Montgomery, Alabama]].
* [[February 11]] - [[American Civil War]]: US House unanimously passes resolution guaranteeing non-interference with slavery in any state.
* [[February 13]] - End of the [[Siege of Gaeta (1860)|Siege of Gaeta]], last stronghold of the Neapolitan King [[Francis II of the Two Sicilies|Francis II]], by Piedmontese forces. Francis goes into exile.
* [[February 18]]
**[[American Civil War]]: In [[Montgomery, Alabama]] [[Jefferson Davis]] is inaugurated as the provisional president of the [[Confederate States of America]].
**[[Victor Emmanuel II of Italy|Victor Emmanuel]] of [[Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia|Piedmont-Sardinia]] becomes King of [[Italy]]. See: [[Italian unification]]
[[Image:Abraham_lincoln_inauguration_1861.jpg |thumb|220px|right| [[March 4]]: [[Abraham Lincoln|Lincoln]] inaugurated.]]
[[Image:CSA FLAG 4.3.1861-21.5.1861.svg |thumb|165px|right| [[March 4]]: [[Stars and Bars|Confederate flag]].]]
* [[February 19]] - [[Serf]]dom is [[Emancipation of the serfs|abolished]] in [[Russia]].
* [[February 23]] - President-elect [[Abraham Lincoln]] arrives secretly in [[Washington, DC]] after an [[assassination]] attempt in [[Baltimore, Maryland]].
* [[February 27]] - A crowd in [[Warsaw]] protesting [[Russia]]n rule over [[Poland]] is fired upon by Russian troops killing five protesters.
* [[February 28]] - [[Colorado]] is organized as a [[Political divisions of the United States|United States territory]].
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* [[March 2]] - [[Nevada]] is organized as a [[Political divisions of the United States|United States territory]].
* [[March 3]] - Formal [[emancipation of the serfs]] in [[Imperial Russia]].
*[[March 4]]
**President [[Abraham Lincoln]] takes office, succeeding [[James Buchanan]].
**[[American Civil War]]: The "[[Stars and Bars]]" is adopted as the [[Flags of the Confederate States of America|flag of the United Confederate States of America]].
* [[March 10]] - [[El Hadj]] [[Umar Tall]] seizes the city of [[Segou]], destroying the [[Bambara Empire]] of [[Mali]].
* [[March 11]] - [[American Civil War]]:The [[Constitution]] of the [[Confederate States of America]] is adopted.
* [[March 17]] - Proclamation of the [[Kingdom of Italy (1861-1946)|Kingdom of Italy]] with [[Victor Emmanuel II of Italy|Victor Emmanuel II]] as its [[king]].
* [[March 19]] - [[First Taranaki War]] ends in [[New Zealand]].
* [[March 20]]
** An earthquake completely destroys [[Mendoza, Argentina|Mendoza]], a city on western [[Argentina]].
**Surrender of [[Civitella del Tronto]]. End of the [[Kingdom of the Two Sicilies]].
* [[March 30]] - [[Sir William Crookes]] announces his discovery of [[Thallium]] (see [[Discovery of the chemical elements]]).
[[Image:Sumter1.gif |thumb|190px|right| [[April 12]]: [[Fort Sumter]].]]
===April - June===
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* [[April 12]] - [[American Civil War]] begins at [[Fort Sumter]], [[South Carolina]].
* [[April 13]] - [[Fort Sumter]] surrenders to Southern forces
* [[April 17]] - The state of Virginia secedes from the Union.
* [[April 20]] - [[American Civil War]]: [[Robert E. Lee]] resigns his commission in the [[United States Army]] in order to command the forces of the state of [[Virginia]].
* [[April 25]] - [[American Civil War]]: The [[Union Army]] arrives in [[Washington, D.C.]]
* [[April 27]] - [[American Civil War]]:
**[[President]] [[Abraham Lincoln]] suspends the [[writ of habeas corpus]] in the [[United States]].
**[[West Virginia]] secedes from [[Virginia]].
* [[May 6]] - [[American Civil War]]: [[Arkansas]] secedes from the [[Union_%28American_Civil_War%29|Union]].
* [[May 7]] - [[American Civil War]]: [[Tennessee]] secedes from the [[Union_%28American_Civil_War%29|Union]].
* [[May 8]] - [[American Civil War]]: [[Richmond, Virginia]] is named the capital of the [[Confederate States of America]].
[[Image:Great_Comet_1861.jpg |thumb|220px|right| [[May 13]]: [[C/1861 J1|Great Comet]].]]
* [[May 13]]
**[[American Civil War]]: [[Victoria of the United Kingdom]] issues a "proclamation of [[neutral country|neutrality]]" which recognizes the [[Confederate States of America|breakaway states]] as having belligerent rights.
**[[May 13]] - [[Comet]] [[C/1861 J1]] (the "Great Comet of 1861") discovered in [[Australia]].
* [[May 14]] - The Canellas meteorite, an 859 [[gram]] chondrite type [[meteorite]] struck earth near [[Barcelona, Spain]].
* [[May 20]] - [[American Civil War]]: [[Kentucky]] proclaims its [[neutral country|neutrality]] which will last until [[September 3]] when [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] forces enter the state. [[North Carolina]] secedes from the [[United States|Union]].
* [[June 9]] - [[Lebanon]] separated from [[Syria]]n administration and reunited under [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] governor with the approval of European powers.
* [[June 15]] - [[Benito Juárez]] formally elected president of [[Mexico]]; he temporarily stops the payments of [[foreign debt]].
*[[June 25]] - [[Abd-ul-Mejid]], [[Ottoman dynasty|Sultan]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]] ([[1839]]-1861) dies and is succeeded by [[Abd-ul-Aziz]] (1861-[[1876]]).
[[Image:Abdul-aziz.jpg |thumb|140px|right| [[June 25]]: [[Abdülaziz]].]]
===July - September===
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*[[July 1]] - First issue of [[Vatican City|Vatican]]'s newspaper [[L'Osservatore Romano]] was published.
*[[July 2]] - [[Nikolai of Japan|Ivan Kasatkin]] lands on [[Hakodate]] and introduces the [[Eastern Orthodox]] church into [[Japan]].
*[[July 13]] - [[American Civil War]]: Battle of [[Corrick's Ford]] takes place in Western Virginia
* [[July 21]] - [[American Civil War]]: [[First Battle of Bull Run]] - At [[Manassas Junction, Virginia]], the first major battle of the war begins ([[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] victory).
* [[July 25]] - [[American Civil War]]: The [[Crittenden-Johnson Resolution]] is passed by the [[Congress of the United States|U.S. Congress]] stating that the war is being fought to preserve the [[United States|Union]] and not to end [[slavery]].
*[[July 26]] - [[American Civil War]]: [[George B. McClellan]] assumes command of the [[Army of the Potomac]] following a disastrous [[United States|Union]] defeat at the [[First Battle of Bull Run]].
* [[August 5]]
**[[American Civil War]]: In order to help pay for the war effort, the [[United States government]] issues the first [[income tax]] as part of the [[Revenue Act of 1861]] (3% of all incomes over US $800; rescinded in [[1872]]).
**[[US Army]] abolishes [[flogging]].
* [[August 27]] - Last [[Execution (legal)|execution]] in Britain for [[attempted murder]] - Martin Doyle in [[Chester]].
* [[September 3]] - [[American Civil War]]: [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] General [[Leonidas Polk]] invades neutral [[Kentucky]], prompting the state legislature to ask for [[United States|Union]] assistance.
* [[September 6]] - [[American Civil War]]: Forces under [[United States|Union]] General [[Ulysses S. Grant]] bloodlessly capture [[Paducah, Kentucky]], which gives the Union control the mouth of the [[Tennessee River]].
[[Image:Fort-pickens.jpg |thumb|220px|right| [[Battle of Santa Rosa Island]].]]
===October - December===
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* [[October 9]] - [[American Civil War]]: the [[Battle of Santa Rosa Island]].
* [[October 21]] - [[American Civil War]]: [[Battle of Ball's Bluff]] - [[United States|Union]] forces under Colonel [[Edward Dickinson Baker|Edward Baker]] are defeated by [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] troops in the second major battle of the war. Baker, a close friend of [[Abraham Lincoln]], is killed in the fighting.
* [[October 24]] - The [[HMS Warrior (1860)|''HMS Warrior'']], the world's first ocean-going (all) iron-hulled armored battleship was completed and commissioned.
* [[October 28]] -The [[Missouri]] legislature took up a bill for Missouri's secession from the Union.
* [[October 30]] -The bill was passed for Missouri's secession from Union.
* [[October 31]]
**The Missouri's secession from the Union bill is signed by Governor Jackson
**[[American Civil War]]: Citing failing health, [[United States|Union]] General [[Winfield Scott]] resigns as Commander of the [[United States Army]].
* [[November 1]] - [[American Civil War]]: US President [[Abraham Lincoln]] appoints [[George B. McClellan]] as commander of the [[Union Army]], replacing the aged General [[Winfield Scott]].
* [[November 2]] - [[American Civil War]]: Western Department [[United States|Union]] General [[John C. Fremont]] is relieved of command and replaced by [[David Hunter]].
* [[November 6]] - [[American Civil War]]: [[Jefferson Davis]] is elected president of the [[Confederate States of America]].
* [[November 5]] - First Racing of the Australian Melbourne Cup horse race.
* [[November 7]] - [[American Civil War]]: [[Battle of Belmont]] - In [[Belmont, Missouri]], [[United States|Union]] forces led by General [[Ulysses S. Grant]] overrun a [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] camp but are forced to retreat when Confederate reinforcements arrive.
* [[November 8]] - [[American Civil War]]: The "[[Trent Affair]]" - The ''[[USS San Jacinto]]'' stops the [[United Kingdom]] mail ship ''Trent'' and arrests two [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] envoys, [[James Mason (Confederate)|James Mason]] and [[John Slidell]], sparking a diplomatic crisis between the UK and US.
* [[November 21]] - [[American Civil War]]: [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] President [[Jefferson Davis]] appoints [[Judah Benjamin]] secretary of war.
* [[November 25]] - A [[tenement]] collapses in the Old Town of [[Edinburgh]] and buries 50 - rescuers find 15 of them alive.
* [[November 28]] - Acting on the ordinance passed by the Jackson government, the Confederate Congress admitted Missouri as the 12th confederate state.
* [[December 10]] - [[American Civil War]]: [[Kentucky]] is accepted into the [[Confederate States of America]].
===Undated===
* News of [[Henri Mouhot]]'s discovery of [[Angkor Wat]] published.
* In Britain, the death penalty is limited to [[murder]], [[high treason]], [[espionage]], [[piracy with violence]] and acts of [[arson]] perpetrated upon docks or ammunition depots.
* [[British Empire]] establishes bases in [[Lagos]] to stop the slave trade.
* [[Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management]] published.
* [[Estonia]]n national epic [[Kalevipoeg]] is published.
===Ongoing events===
* [[American Civil War]] (1861-[[1865]])
* [[Taiping Rebellion]] ([[1851]]-[[1864]])
==Births==
{{Year in other calendars}}
===January - June===
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* [[January 14]] - [[Mehmed VI]], [[Ottoman Sultan]] (d. [[1926]])
* [[January 30]] - [[Charles Martin Loeffler]], American composer (d. [[1935]])
* [[February 12]] - [[Lou Andreas-Salome]], Russian-born author (d. [[1937]])
* [[February 15]] - [[Charles Edouard Guillaume]], French physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1938]])
* [[February 26]] - King [[Ferdinand of Bulgaria]] (d. [[1948]])
* [[February 27]] - [[Rudolf Steiner]], Austrian philosopher (d. [[1925]])
* [[April 8]] - [[Son, Byong-Hi]], Korean nationalist (d. [[1922]])
* [[April 15]] - [[Bliss Carman]], Canadian poet (d. [[1929]])
* [[May 7]] - [[Rabindranath Tagore]], Indian writer, [[Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1941]])
* [[May 11]] - [[Frederick Russell Burnham]], American Scout, father of international scouting movement (d. [[1947]])
* [[June 12]] - [[William Attewell]], English cricketer (d. [[1927]])
* [[June 19]] - Doctor [[Jose Rizal]], Philippine national hero (d. [[1896]])
* [[June 20]] - [[Frederick Hopkins]], English biochemist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[1947]])
===July - December=== <!-- BIRTHS -->
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* [[September 10]] - [[Niels Hansen Jacobsen]], Danish sculptor and ceramist (d. [[1941]])
* [[September 23]] - [[Mary Elizabeth Coleridge]], British poet and novelist (d. [[1907]])
* [[September 30]] - [[William Wrigley Jr.]], U.S. chewing gum industrialist (d. [[1932]])
* [[October 4]] - [[Frederic Remington|Frederic S. Remington]], cowboy artist and sculptor (d. [[1909]])
* [[October 16]] - [[J. B. Bury]], British historian (d. [[1927]])
* [[October 30]] - [[Antoine Bourdelle]], French sculptor (d. [[1929]])
* [[December 4]] - [[Lillian Russell]], American singer and vaudeville star (d. [[1922]])
* [[November 6]] - [[James Naismith]], Canadian inventor of basketball (d. [[1939]])
* [[December 8]] - [[Georges Méliès]], French film director (d. [[1938]])
* [[December 10]] - [[Fridtjof Nansen]], Norwegian explorer, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (d. [[1930]])
* [[December 15]] - [[Pehr Evind Svinhufvud]], [[Prime Minister of Finland|Prime Minister]] and [[President of Finland]] (d. [[1944]])
* [[December 16]] - [[Antonio de La Gandara]], French painter (d. [[1917]])
* [[December 20]] - [[Ivana Kobilca]], Slovenian painter (d. [[1926]])
*'date unknown''
**[[William H. Stayton]] - American founder of the [[Association Against the Prohibition Amendment]] (d. ?)
**[[Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar]] - [[Malaysia|Malayali]] Journalist and Short story writer (d. [[1914]])
**[[Harro Magnussen]] - [[Germany|German]] [[sculptor]] (d. [[1908]])
: ''See also [[:Category: 1861 births]].''
==Deaths==
===January - June===
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* [[January 2]] - [[Frederick William IV of Prussia|Friedrich Wilhelm IV]], King of Prussia (b. [[1795]])
* [[January 17]] - [[Lola Montez]], Irish-born dancer and mistress of King [[Ludwig I of Bavaria]] (b. [[1821]])
* [[April 15]] - [[Isaiah Stillman]], Major in the [[Black Hawk War]] (b. [[1793]])
* [[March 10]] - [[Taras Shevchenko]], [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] poet, nationalist, and founder of [[Ukrainian literature]] (b. [[1814]])
* [[May 29]] - [[Joachim Lelewel]], Polish nationalist historian (b. [[1786]])
* [[June 3]] - [[Stephen A. Douglas]], U.S. Senator from Illinois and Presidential candidate (b. [[1813]])
* [[June 25]] - [[Abd-ul-Mejid]], [[Ottoman Sultan]] (b. [[1823]])
* [[June 29]] - [[Elizabeth Barrett Browning]], English poet (b. [[1806]])
===July - December=== <!-- DEATHS -->
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* [[July ]] - Frances Longfellow, second wife of [[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]]
* [[July 25]] - [[Jonas Furrer]], [[member of the Swiss Federal Council]] (b. [[1805]])
* [[August 12]] - [[Eliphalet Remington]], gunsmith and founder of [[Remington Arms]] (b. [[1793]])
* [[August 17]] - [[Alcée Louis la Branche]], American Politician (b. [[1806]])
* [[August 24]] - [[Pierre Berthier]], French geologist (b. [[1782]])
* [[October 5]] - [[Antoni Melchior Fijałkowski]], Polish bishop (b. [[1778]])
* [[November 11]] - King [[Pedro V of Portugal]] (b. [[1837]])
* [[December 14]] - [[Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha]], husband of [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]] (b. [[1819]])
{{commonscat}}
: ''See also [[:Category: 1861 deaths]].''
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