1861 34680 222505480 2008-06-29T18:21:25Z Zorrobot 7218328 robot Modifying: [[lt:1861 m.]] {{year nav|1861}} {{C19YearInTopicX}} Year '''1861''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MDCCCLXI]]''') was a [[common year starting on Tuesday]] (link will display the full calendar) of the [[Gregorian calendar]] (or a [[common year starting on Sunday]] of the 12-day slower [[Julian calendar]]). <!-- 12-day span=Mon-Sat,Tue-Sun,Wed-Mon,Thu-Tue,Fr-We,Sa-Th,Sun-Fri --> ==Events of 1861== ===January - March=== <!-- Link all dates, even if repeated, for date-format preferences. --> [[Image:1861.svg |thumb|210px|right| [[American Civil War]]: in 1861]] * [[January 1]] - [[Benito Juárez]] captures [[Mexico City]] * [[January 2]] - [[Frederick William IV of Prussia|Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia]] dies and is succeeded by [[Wilhelm I of Germany|Wilhelm I]]. * [[January 3]] - [[American Civil War]]: [[Delaware]] votes not to secede from the [[United States|Union]]. * [[January 9]] - [[Mississippi]] becomes the second state to secede from the [[United States|Union]], preceding the [[American Civil War]]. * [[January 10]] - [[American Civil War]]: [[Florida]] secedes from the [[United States|Union]]. * [[January 11]] - [[American Civil War]]: [[Alabama]] secedes from the [[United States|Union]]. * [[January 18]] - [[American Civil War]]: [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] secedes from the [[United States|Union]]. * [[January 21]] - [[American Civil War]]: [[Jefferson Davis]] resigns from the [[United States Senate]]. * [[January 26]] - [[American Civil War]]: [[Louisiana]] secedes from the [[United States|Union]]. * [[January 29]] - [[Kansas]] is admitted as the 34th [[U.S. state]]. <!--FEB--> * [[February 1]] - [[American Civil War]]: [[Texas]] secedes from the [[United States|Union]]. * [[February 4]] - [[American Civil War]]: In [[Montgomery, Alabama]] the [[Confederate States of America]] is formed by representatives from six break-away [[U.S. state|United States]]. * [[February 8]] - [[American Civil War]]: The [[Confederate States of America]] are formed. * [[February 9]] - [[American Civil War]]: [[Jefferson Davis]] is elected the Provisional President of the [[Confederate States of America]] by the weed convention at [[Montgomery, Alabama]]. * [[February 11]] - [[American Civil War]]: US House unanimously passes resolution guaranteeing non-interference with slavery in any state. * [[February 13]] - End of the [[Siege of Gaeta (1860)|Siege of Gaeta]], last stronghold of the Neapolitan King [[Francis II of the Two Sicilies|Francis II]], by Piedmontese forces. Francis goes into exile. * [[February 18]] **[[American Civil War]]: In [[Montgomery, Alabama]] [[Jefferson Davis]] is inaugurated as the provisional president of the [[Confederate States of America]]. **[[Victor Emmanuel II of Italy|Victor Emmanuel]] of [[Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia|Piedmont-Sardinia]] becomes King of [[Italy]]. See: [[Italian unification]] [[Image:Abraham_lincoln_inauguration_1861.jpg |thumb|220px|right| [[March 4]]: [[Abraham Lincoln|Lincoln]] inaugurated.]] [[Image:CSA FLAG 4.3.1861-21.5.1861.svg |thumb|165px|right| [[March 4]]: [[Stars and Bars|Confederate flag]].]] * [[February 19]] - [[Serf]]dom is [[Emancipation of the serfs|abolished]] in [[Russia]]. * [[February 23]] - President-elect [[Abraham Lincoln]] arrives secretly in [[Washington, DC]] after an [[assassination]] attempt in [[Baltimore, Maryland]]. * [[February 27]] - A crowd in [[Warsaw]] protesting [[Russia]]n rule over [[Poland]] is fired upon by Russian troops killing five protesters. * [[February 28]] - [[Colorado]] is organized as a [[Political divisions of the United States|United States territory]]. <!--MARCH--> * [[March 2]] - [[Nevada]] is organized as a [[Political divisions of the United States|United States territory]]. * [[March 3]] - Formal [[emancipation of the serfs]] in [[Imperial Russia]]. *[[March 4]] **President [[Abraham Lincoln]] takes office, succeeding [[James Buchanan]]. **[[American Civil War]]: The "[[Stars and Bars]]" is adopted as the [[Flags of the Confederate States of America|flag of the United Confederate States of America]]. * [[March 10]] - [[El Hadj]] [[Umar Tall]] seizes the city of [[Segou]], destroying the [[Bambara Empire]] of [[Mali]]. * [[March 11]] - [[American Civil War]]:The [[Constitution]] of the [[Confederate States of America]] is adopted. * [[March 17]] - Proclamation of the [[Kingdom of Italy (1861-1946)|Kingdom of Italy]] with [[Victor Emmanuel II of Italy|Victor Emmanuel II]] as its [[king]]. * [[March 19]] - [[First Taranaki War]] ends in [[New Zealand]]. * [[March 20]] ** An earthquake completely destroys [[Mendoza, Argentina|Mendoza]], a city on western [[Argentina]]. **Surrender of [[Civitella del Tronto]]. End of the [[Kingdom of the Two Sicilies]]. * [[March 30]] - [[Sir William Crookes]] announces his discovery of [[Thallium]] (see [[Discovery of the chemical elements]]). [[Image:Sumter1.gif |thumb|190px|right| [[April 12]]: [[Fort Sumter]].]] ===April - June=== <!-- Link all dates, even if repeated, for date-format preferences. --> * [[April 12]] - [[American Civil War]] begins at [[Fort Sumter]], [[South Carolina]]. * [[April 13]] - [[Fort Sumter]] surrenders to Southern forces * [[April 17]] - The state of Virginia secedes from the Union. * [[April 20]] - [[American Civil War]]: [[Robert E. Lee]] resigns his commission in the [[United States Army]] in order to command the forces of the state of [[Virginia]]. * [[April 25]] - [[American Civil War]]: The [[Union Army]] arrives in [[Washington, D.C.]] * [[April 27]] - [[American Civil War]]: **[[President]] [[Abraham Lincoln]] suspends the [[writ of habeas corpus]] in the [[United States]]. **[[West Virginia]] secedes from [[Virginia]]. * [[May 6]] - [[American Civil War]]: [[Arkansas]] secedes from the [[Union_%28American_Civil_War%29|Union]]. * [[May 7]] - [[American Civil War]]: [[Tennessee]] secedes from the [[Union_%28American_Civil_War%29|Union]]. * [[May 8]] - [[American Civil War]]: [[Richmond, Virginia]] is named the capital of the [[Confederate States of America]]. [[Image:Great_Comet_1861.jpg |thumb|220px|right| [[May 13]]: [[C/1861 J1|Great Comet]].]] * [[May 13]] **[[American Civil War]]: [[Victoria of the United Kingdom]] issues a "proclamation of [[neutral country|neutrality]]" which recognizes the [[Confederate States of America|breakaway states]] as having belligerent rights. **[[May 13]] - [[Comet]] [[C/1861 J1]] (the "Great Comet of 1861") discovered in [[Australia]]. * [[May 14]] - The Canellas meteorite, an 859 [[gram]] chondrite type [[meteorite]] struck earth near [[Barcelona, Spain]]. * [[May 20]] - [[American Civil War]]: [[Kentucky]] proclaims its [[neutral country|neutrality]] which will last until [[September 3]] when [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] forces enter the state. [[North Carolina]] secedes from the [[United States|Union]]. * [[June 9]] - [[Lebanon]] separated from [[Syria]]n administration and reunited under [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] governor with the approval of European powers. * [[June 15]] - [[Benito Juárez]] formally elected president of [[Mexico]]; he temporarily stops the payments of [[foreign debt]]. *[[June 25]] - [[Abd-ul-Mejid]], [[Ottoman dynasty|Sultan]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]] ([[1839]]-1861) dies and is succeeded by [[Abd-ul-Aziz]] (1861-[[1876]]). [[Image:Abdul-aziz.jpg |thumb|140px|right| [[June 25]]: [[Abdülaziz]].]] ===July - September=== <!-- Link all dates, even if repeated, for date-format preferences. --> *[[July 1]] - First issue of [[Vatican City|Vatican]]'s newspaper [[L'Osservatore Romano]] was published. *[[July 2]] - [[Nikolai of Japan|Ivan Kasatkin]] lands on [[Hakodate]] and introduces the [[Eastern Orthodox]] church into [[Japan]]. *[[July 13]] - [[American Civil War]]: Battle of [[Corrick's Ford]] takes place in Western Virginia * [[July 21]] - [[American Civil War]]: [[First Battle of Bull Run]] - At [[Manassas Junction, Virginia]], the first major battle of the war begins ([[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] victory). * [[July 25]] - [[American Civil War]]: The [[Crittenden-Johnson Resolution]] is passed by the [[Congress of the United States|U.S. Congress]] stating that the war is being fought to preserve the [[United States|Union]] and not to end [[slavery]]. *[[July 26]] - [[American Civil War]]: [[George B. McClellan]] assumes command of the [[Army of the Potomac]] following a disastrous [[United States|Union]] defeat at the [[First Battle of Bull Run]]. * [[August 5]] **[[American Civil War]]: In order to help pay for the war effort, the [[United States government]] issues the first [[income tax]] as part of the [[Revenue Act of 1861]] (3% of all incomes over US $800; rescinded in [[1872]]). **[[US Army]] abolishes [[flogging]]. * [[August 27]] - Last [[Execution (legal)|execution]] in Britain for [[attempted murder]] - Martin Doyle in [[Chester]]. * [[September 3]] - [[American Civil War]]: [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] General [[Leonidas Polk]] invades neutral [[Kentucky]], prompting the state legislature to ask for [[United States|Union]] assistance. * [[September 6]] - [[American Civil War]]: Forces under [[United States|Union]] General [[Ulysses S. Grant]] bloodlessly capture [[Paducah, Kentucky]], which gives the Union control the mouth of the [[Tennessee River]]. [[Image:Fort-pickens.jpg |thumb|220px|right| [[Battle of Santa Rosa Island]].]] ===October - December=== <!-- Link all dates, even if repeated, for date-format preferences. --> * [[October 9]] - [[American Civil War]]: the [[Battle of Santa Rosa Island]]. * [[October 21]] - [[American Civil War]]: [[Battle of Ball's Bluff]] - [[United States|Union]] forces under Colonel [[Edward Dickinson Baker|Edward Baker]] are defeated by [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] troops in the second major battle of the war. Baker, a close friend of [[Abraham Lincoln]], is killed in the fighting. * [[October 24]] - The [[HMS Warrior (1860)|''HMS Warrior'']], the world's first ocean-going (all) iron-hulled armored battleship was completed and commissioned. * [[October 28]] -The [[Missouri]] legislature took up a bill for Missouri's secession from the Union. * [[October 30]] -The bill was passed for Missouri's secession from Union. * [[October 31]] **The Missouri's secession from the Union bill is signed by Governor Jackson **[[American Civil War]]: Citing failing health, [[United States|Union]] General [[Winfield Scott]] resigns as Commander of the [[United States Army]]. * [[November 1]] - [[American Civil War]]: US President [[Abraham Lincoln]] appoints [[George B. McClellan]] as commander of the [[Union Army]], replacing the aged General [[Winfield Scott]]. * [[November 2]] - [[American Civil War]]: Western Department [[United States|Union]] General [[John C. Fremont]] is relieved of command and replaced by [[David Hunter]]. * [[November 6]] - [[American Civil War]]: [[Jefferson Davis]] is elected president of the [[Confederate States of America]]. * [[November 5]] - First Racing of the Australian Melbourne Cup horse race. * [[November 7]] - [[American Civil War]]: [[Battle of Belmont]] - In [[Belmont, Missouri]], [[United States|Union]] forces led by General [[Ulysses S. Grant]] overrun a [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] camp but are forced to retreat when Confederate reinforcements arrive. * [[November 8]] - [[American Civil War]]: The "[[Trent Affair]]" - The ''[[USS San Jacinto]]'' stops the [[United Kingdom]] mail ship ''Trent'' and arrests two [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] envoys, [[James Mason (Confederate)|James Mason]] and [[John Slidell]], sparking a diplomatic crisis between the UK and US. * [[November 21]] - [[American Civil War]]: [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] President [[Jefferson Davis]] appoints [[Judah Benjamin]] secretary of war. * [[November 25]] - A [[tenement]] collapses in the Old Town of [[Edinburgh]] and buries 50 - rescuers find 15 of them alive. * [[November 28]] - Acting on the ordinance passed by the Jackson government, the Confederate Congress admitted Missouri as the 12th confederate state. * [[December 10]] - [[American Civil War]]: [[Kentucky]] is accepted into the [[Confederate States of America]]. ===Undated=== * News of [[Henri Mouhot]]'s discovery of [[Angkor Wat]] published. * In Britain, the death penalty is limited to [[murder]], [[high treason]], [[espionage]], [[piracy with violence]] and acts of [[arson]] perpetrated upon docks or ammunition depots. * [[British Empire]] establishes bases in [[Lagos]] to stop the slave trade. * [[Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management]] published. * [[Estonia]]n national epic [[Kalevipoeg]] is published. ===Ongoing events=== * [[American Civil War]] (1861-[[1865]]) * [[Taiping Rebellion]] ([[1851]]-[[1864]]) ==Births== {{Year in other calendars}} ===January - June=== <!-- Link all dates, even if repeated, for date-format preferences. --> * [[January 14]] - [[Mehmed VI]], [[Ottoman Sultan]] (d. [[1926]]) * [[January 30]] - [[Charles Martin Loeffler]], American composer (d. [[1935]]) * [[February 12]] - [[Lou Andreas-Salome]], Russian-born author (d. [[1937]]) * [[February 15]] - [[Charles Edouard Guillaume]], French physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1938]]) * [[February 26]] - King [[Ferdinand of Bulgaria]] (d. [[1948]]) * [[February 27]] - [[Rudolf Steiner]], Austrian philosopher (d. [[1925]]) * [[April 8]] - [[Son, Byong-Hi]], Korean nationalist (d. [[1922]]) * [[April 15]] - [[Bliss Carman]], Canadian poet (d. [[1929]]) * [[May 7]] - [[Rabindranath Tagore]], Indian writer, [[Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1941]]) * [[May 11]] - [[Frederick Russell Burnham]], American Scout, father of international scouting movement (d. [[1947]]) * [[June 12]] - [[William Attewell]], English cricketer (d. [[1927]]) * [[June 19]] - Doctor [[Jose Rizal]], Philippine national hero (d. [[1896]]) * [[June 20]] - [[Frederick Hopkins]], English biochemist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[1947]]) ===July - December=== <!-- BIRTHS --> <!-- Link all dates, even if repeated, for date-format preferences. --> * [[September 10]] - [[Niels Hansen Jacobsen]], Danish sculptor and ceramist (d. [[1941]]) * [[September 23]] - [[Mary Elizabeth Coleridge]], British poet and novelist (d. [[1907]]) * [[September 30]] - [[William Wrigley Jr.]], U.S. chewing gum industrialist (d. [[1932]]) * [[October 4]] - [[Frederic Remington|Frederic S. Remington]], cowboy artist and sculptor (d. [[1909]]) * [[October 16]] - [[J. B. Bury]], British historian (d. [[1927]]) * [[October 30]] - [[Antoine Bourdelle]], French sculptor (d. [[1929]]) * [[December 4]] - [[Lillian Russell]], American singer and vaudeville star (d. [[1922]]) * [[November 6]] - [[James Naismith]], Canadian inventor of basketball (d. [[1939]]) * [[December 8]] - [[Georges Méliès]], French film director (d. [[1938]]) * [[December 10]] - [[Fridtjof Nansen]], Norwegian explorer, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (d. [[1930]]) * [[December 15]] - [[Pehr Evind Svinhufvud]], [[Prime Minister of Finland|Prime Minister]] and [[President of Finland]] (d. [[1944]]) * [[December 16]] - [[Antonio de La Gandara]], French painter (d. [[1917]]) * [[December 20]] - [[Ivana Kobilca]], Slovenian painter (d. [[1926]]) *'date unknown'' **[[William H. Stayton]] - American founder of the [[Association Against the Prohibition Amendment]] (d. ?) **[[Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar]] - [[Malaysia|Malayali]] Journalist and Short story writer (d. [[1914]]) **[[Harro Magnussen]] - [[Germany|German]] [[sculptor]] (d. [[1908]]) : ''See also [[:Category: 1861 births]].'' ==Deaths== ===January - June=== <!-- Link all dates, even if repeated, for date-format preferences. --> * [[January 2]] - [[Frederick William IV of Prussia|Friedrich Wilhelm IV]], King of Prussia (b. [[1795]]) * [[January 17]] - [[Lola Montez]], Irish-born dancer and mistress of King [[Ludwig I of Bavaria]] (b. [[1821]]) * [[April 15]] - [[Isaiah Stillman]], Major in the [[Black Hawk War]] (b. [[1793]]) * [[March 10]] - [[Taras Shevchenko]], [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] poet, nationalist, and founder of [[Ukrainian literature]] (b. [[1814]]) * [[May 29]] - [[Joachim Lelewel]], Polish nationalist historian (b. [[1786]]) * [[June 3]] - [[Stephen A. Douglas]], U.S. Senator from Illinois and Presidential candidate (b. [[1813]]) * [[June 25]] - [[Abd-ul-Mejid]], [[Ottoman Sultan]] (b. [[1823]]) * [[June 29]] - [[Elizabeth Barrett Browning]], English poet (b. [[1806]]) ===July - December=== <!-- DEATHS --> <!-- Link all dates, even if repeated, for date-format preferences. --> * [[July ]] - Frances Longfellow, second wife of [[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]] * [[July 25]] - [[Jonas Furrer]], [[member of the Swiss Federal Council]] (b. [[1805]]) * [[August 12]] - [[Eliphalet Remington]], gunsmith and founder of [[Remington Arms]] (b. [[1793]]) * [[August 17]] - [[Alcée Louis la Branche]], American Politician (b. [[1806]]) * [[August 24]] - [[Pierre Berthier]], French geologist (b. [[1782]]) * [[October 5]] - [[Antoni Melchior Fijałkowski]], Polish bishop (b. [[1778]]) * [[November 11]] - King [[Pedro V of Portugal]] (b. [[1837]]) * [[December 14]] - [[Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha]], husband of [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]] (b. [[1819]]) {{commonscat}} : ''See also [[:Category: 1861 deaths]].'' [[Category:1861| ]] [[af:1861]] [[am:1861 እ.ኤ.አ.]] [[ar:1861]] [[an:1861]] [[ast:1861]] [[az:1861]] [[bn:১৮৬১]] [[map-bms:1861]] [[be:1861]] [[be-x-old:1861]] [[bh:१८६१]] [[bs:1861]] [[br:1861]] [[bg:1861]] [[ca:1861]] [[cv:1861]] [[cs:1861]] [[co:1861]] [[cy:1861]] [[da:1861]] [[de:1861]] [[et:1861]] [[el:1861]] [[es:1861]] [[eo:1861]] [[eu:1861]] [[hif:1861]] [[fr:1861]] [[fy:1861]] [[ga:1861]] [[gv:1861]] [[gd:1861]] [[gl:1861]] [[ko:1861년]] [[hy:1861]] [[hi:1861]] [[hr:1861.]] [[io:1861]] [[bpy:মারি ১৮৬১]] [[id:1861]] [[ia:1861]] [[os:1861]] [[is:1861]] [[it:1861]] [[he:1861]] [[jv:1861]] [[kn:೧೮೬೧]] [[ka:1861]] [[csb:1861]] [[sw:1861]] [[ht:1861 (almanak gregoryen)]] [[la:1861]] [[lb:1861]] [[lt:1861 m.]] [[lij:1861]] [[hu:1861]] [[mk:1861]] [[mi:1861]] [[mr:इ.स. १८६१]] [[ms:1861]] [[nah:1861]] [[nl:1861]] [[new:ई सं १८६१]] [[ja:1861年]] [[nap:1861]] [[no:1861]] [[nn:1861]] [[nrm:1861]] [[nov:1861]] [[oc:1861]] [[uz:1861]] [[pi:१८६१]] [[nds:1861]] [[pl:1861]] [[pt:1861]] [[ksh:Joohr 1861]] [[ro:1861]] [[ru:1861 год]] [[se:1861]] [[sq:1861]] [[scn:1861]] [[simple:1861]] [[sk:1861]] [[sl:1861]] [[sr:1861]] [[sh:1861]] [[su:1861]] [[fi:1861]] [[sv:1861]] [[tl:1861]] [[ta:1861]] [[te:1861]] [[th:พ.ศ. 2404]] [[tr:1861]] [[uk:1861]] [[vec:1861]] [[wa:1861]] [[vls:1861]] [[zh-yue:1861年]] [[cbk-zam:1861]] [[bat-smg:1861]] [[zh:1861年]]