1863
34641
224632471
2008-07-09T19:09:57Z
62.178.241.80
/* October - December */
{{year nav|1863}}
{{C19YearInTopicX}}
Year '''1863''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MDCCCLXIII]]''') was a [[common year starting on Thursday]] (link will display the full calendar) of the [[Gregorian calendar]] (or a [[common year starting on Tuesday]] of the 12-day slower [[Julian calendar]]).
<!-- 12-day span=Mon-Sat,Tue-Sun,Wed-Mon,Thu-Tue,Fr-We,Sa-Th,Sun-Fri
-->
==Events of 1863==
<!--IMAGE-->[[Image:Transcontinental railroad route.png|thumb|180px|right| [[January 8|Jan. 8]]: [[First Transcontinental Railroad|Transcontinental R.R.]]]]
===January - March===
<!--
Link all dates, even if repeated, for date-format preferences.
-->
* [[January 1]]
**[[Abraham Lincoln]] signs the [[Emancipation Proclamation]] during the second year of the [[American Civil War]] making the abolition of [[slavery]] in the rebel states an official war goal.
**The first claim under the [[Homestead Act]] is made for a farm in [[Nebraska]]
* [[January 8]]
**Ground is broken in [[Sacramento, CA]] on the construction of the [[First Transcontinental Railroad]] in the [[United States]].
**[[Yorkshire County Cricket Club]] is founded at the [[Adelphi Hotel (Sheffield)|Adelphi Hotel]] in [[Sheffield]], [[England]].
<!--IMAGE-->[[Image:Battle of Fort Hindman.png|thumb|190px|right| [[January 11|Jan.11]]: [[Battle of Arkansas Post]].]]
* [[January 9]] - The first section of the [[London Underground]] Railway opens (Paddington to Farringdon Street).
* [[January 11]] - [[American Civil War]]: [[Battle of Arkansas Post]] - General [[John McClernand]] and Admiral [[David Dixon Porter]] capture the [[Arkansas River]] for the Union.
* [[January 21]] - [[Adam Opel]] founded [[Opel|Opel AG]].
* [[January 22]] - The [[January Uprising]] broke out in [[Poland]], [[Lithuania]] and [[Belarus]]. The aim of the national movement was to regain [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian Commonwealth]] from occupation of Russia.
<!--IMAGE-->[[Image:HMS Orpheus.jpg|thumb|190px|right| [[February 7]]: [[HMS Orpheus (1861)|HMS Orpheus]] sinks.]]
* [[February 7]] - [[HMS Orpheus (1861)|HMS Orpheus]] sinks attempting to enter [[Manukau Harbour]] in [[New Zealand]], with the loss of 189 lives.
* [[February 10]]
**The world-famous midgets [[General Tom Thumb]] and [[Lavinia Warren]] get married in [[New York City]]. [[P. T. Barnum]] takes an entrance fee.
**Alanson Crane patents the [[fire extinguisher]].
* [[February 16]] - [[Kansas State Agricultural College]] is established – the first [[Land-grant university|land grant college]] created under the 1862 [[Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act|Morrill Act]].
* [[February 24]] - [[Arizona]] is organized as a [[Political divisions of the United States|United States territory]].
* [[February 26]] - Abraham Lincoln signs the [[National Banking Act]] into law.
* [[March 3]]
**[[Idaho Territory]] is organized by the [[Congress of the United States|U.S. Congress]].
**[[United States|US]] [[National Conscription Act]] is signed, leading to week-long [[New York Draft Riots]]
* [[March 10]] - Marriage of [[Edward VII of the United Kingdom|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] to [[Alexandra of Denmark|Princess Alexandra of Denmark]].
* [[March 19]] - The [[SS Georgiana]] is destroyed on her maiden voyage while attempting to run the [[blockade]] into [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston]], [[South Carolina]]. Lost to history, the wreck is discovered March 19, 1965, (exactly 102 years later) by [[E. Lee Spence]].
* [[March 30]] - Prince Wilhelm George of Denmark is chosen as King [[George I of Greece]].
===April - June===
<!--
Link all dates, even if repeated, for date-format preferences.
-->
[[Image:1863.svg|thumb|210px|right| [[American Civil War]] in 1863]]
*[[April 20]] - The end of the [[Battle of Washington]] in [[Beaufort County, North Carolina]].
*[[April 21]]
**[[Bahá'u'lláh]] declared His station as "[[He whom God shall make manifest]]". This date is celebrated in the [[Bahá'í Faith]] as The Festival of [[Ridván]].
**[[Quantrill's Raiders]] launch a reprisal raid [[Lawrence, Kansas]] in the [[Battle of Lawrence]], killing a number of civilians.
*[[April 30]] - the [[Battle of Camarón]] in [[Mexico]] - 65 soldiers of the [[French Foreign Legion]] fight 2000 [[Mexicans]] - three of them survive the battle.
* [[May 1]] - [[May 4|4]] - [[American Civil War]]: General [[Robert E. Lee]] defeats Union forces at the [[Battle of Chancellorsville]] with 13,000 Confederate casualties, among them [[Stonewall Jackson]] lost to friendly fire, and 17,500 Union casualties.
* [[May 14]] - [[American Civil War]]: [[Battle of Jackson (MS)]].
* [[May 17]] - After a two-month siege, the French army of [[Achille Bazaine|Bazaine]] takes [[Puebla]] [[Mexico]].
* [[May 18]] - [[American Civil War]]: The [[Battle of Vicksburg|Siege of Vicksburg]] begins (ends Saturday, [[July 4]]).8600 union 30,189 confederate men surrendered
* [[May 21]]
**[[American Civil War]]: [[Siege of Port Hudson]], Louisiana by Union forces.
**[[General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists]] formed.
* [[May 23]]
**[[Ferdinand Lassalle]] founds the ''Allgemeiner Deutscher Arbeiterverein'' ([[General German Workers' Association]], ADAV), the first socialist workers party in Germany.
**The [[Siege of Port Hudson]] starts.
* [[May 26]] - [[American Civil War]]: [[Siege of Vicksburg]] starts
* [[May 28]] - [[American Civil War]]: The [[54th Massachusetts]], the first [[African-American]] regiment, leaves [[Boston, Massachusetts]] to fight for the Union.
* [[May 31]] - First running of the [[Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe]] horse race.
* [[June 9]] - [[American Civil War]]: [[Battle of Brandy Station]], [[Virginia]].
* [[June 14]] - [[American Civil War]]: [[Second Battle of Winchester]]: A [[United States|Union]] garrison is defeated by the [[Army of Northern Virginia]] in the [[Shenandoah Valley]] town of [[Winchester, Virginia]].
* [[June 17]] - [[American Civil War]]: [[Battle of Aldie]] in the [[Gettysburg Campaign]].
* [[June 20]] - [[West Virginia]] is admitted as the 35th [[U.S. state]].
===July - September===
<!--
Link all dates, even if repeated, for date-format preferences.
-->
* [[July 1]] - [[July 3|3]] - [[American Civil War]]: Union forces under [[George G. Meade]] turn back a Confederate invasion by [[Robert E. Lee]] at the [[Battle of Gettysburg]], the largest battle of the war. 28,000 Confederate casualties, 23,000 Union.
* [[July 4]] - [[American Civil War]]: [[Battle of Vicksburg]] - [[Ulysses S. Grant]] and the Union army capture the Confederate city [[Vicksburg, Mississippi]], after the town surrendered. The siege lasted 47 days.
* [[July 9]] - The [[Siege of Port Hudson]] ends and the Union controls the entire Mississippi River for the first time.
* [[July 13]] - [[American Civil War]]: American Civil War ([[New York Draft Riots]]): In [[New York City]], opponents of [[conscription]] begin three days of violent rioting, which would later be regarded as the worst in the history of the [[United States]].
* [[July 18]] - [[American Civil War]]: The first formal African American military unit, the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, unsuccessfully assaults Confederate-held [[Fort Wagner]] but their valiant fighting still proves the worth of African American soldiers during the war. Their colonel was shot leading attack and was buried with his men. 450 union/ 175 confederate
* [[July 26]] - [[American Civil War]]: [[Morgan's Raid]] ends - At [[Salineville, Ohio]], Confederate cavalry leader [[John Hunt Morgan]] and 375 of his volunteers are captured by Union forces.
* [[July 30]] - [[Indian Wars]]: [[Pocatello (Shoshoni chief)|Chief Pocatello]] of the [[Shoshone]] tribe signs the [[Treaty of Box Elder]], promising to stop harassing the emigrant trails in southern Idaho and northern [[Utah]].
* [[August 8]] - [[American Civil War]]: Following his defeat in the Battle of Gettysburg, General Robert E. Lee sends a letter of resignation to Confederate President [[Jefferson Davis]] (Davis will refuse the request upon receipt).
* [[August 17]] - [[American Civil War]]: In [[Charleston, South Carolina]], Union batteries and ships bombard Confederate-held [[Fort Sumter]]. Bombardment will not end until Thursday, [[December 31]]
* [[August 21]] - [[American Civil War]]: [[Lawrence, Kansas]] attacked by [[William Quantrill]]'s raiders in the [[Battle of Lawrence]], killing an estimated 200 men and boys. The raid would become notorious in the North as one of the most vicious atrocities of the Civil War.
*[[September 6]] - [[American Civil War]]: [[Confederate States of America|Confederates]] evacuate [[Battery Wagner Island|Battery Wagner]] and [[Morris Island]] in [[South Carolina]].
*[[September 16]] - [[Robert College]] of [[Istanbul]]-[[Turkey]], the first American educational institution outside the United States is founded by [[Christopher Robert]], an American philanthropist.
===October - December===
<!--
Link all dates, even if repeated, for date-format preferences.
-->
*[[October 5]] - The [[Brooklyn, Bath and Coney Island Rail Road]] starts operations in [[Brooklyn, New York]]; this is now the oldest [[Right-of-way (railroad)|right-of-way]] on the [[New York City Subway]], the largest [[rapid transit]] system in the [[United States]] and one of the largest in the world.
* [[October 14]] - [[American Civil War]]: [[Battle of Bristoe Station]] - Confederate General Robert E. Lee forces fail to drive the Union army out of [[Virginia]].
* [[October 15]] - [[American Civil War]]: The first successful [[submarine]], the [[CSS Hunley|CSS ''Hunley'']] sinks during a test, killing [[Horace Lawson Hunley]] (its inventor) and a crew of seven.
* [[October 26]] - [[The Football Association]] is formed.
* [[October 26]] - [[October 29|29]], the [[Resolutions of the Geneva International Conference]] are signed
* [[October 29]]
**Sixteen countries meeting in [[Geneva]] agree to form the [[International Red Cross]].
**[[American Civil War]]: [[Battle of Wauhatchie]] - Forces under Union General Ulysses S. Grant ward-off a Confederate attack led by General [[James Longstreet]]. Union forces thus open a [[supply line]] into [[Chattanooga, Tennessee]].
* [[November 15]] - The death of King [[Frederick VII of Denmark]] and his succession by his distant cousin [[Christian IX of Denmark|Christian IX]] marks the beginning of the Second Schleswig-Holstein crisis.
* [[November 16]] - [[American Civil War]]: [[Battle of Campbell's Station]] - Near [[Knoxville, Tennessee]], Confederate troops led by General James Longstreet unsuccessfully attack Union forces under General [[Ambrose Burnside]].
* [[November 17]] - [[American Civil War]]: [[Siege of Knoxville]] begins - Confederate forces led by General James Longstreet place Knoxville, Tennessee under siege (the two week long siege and one failed attack was unsuccessful).
* [[November 18]] - King [[Christian IX of Denmark|Christian IX]] of [[Denmark]] decided to sign [[History of Schleswig-Holstein#The November Constitution|the november constitution]], which declared [[Schleswig]] as part of Denmark, what was seen by the [[German Confederation]] as a violation of the [[London Protocol#1852|London Protocol]] and lead to the [[Second War of Schleswig|German–Danish war of 1864]].
* [[November 19]] - [[American Civil War]]: Union President Abraham Lincoln delivers the [[Gettysburg Address]] at the military cemetery dedication ceremony in [[Gettysburg, Pennsylvania]].
* [[November 23]] - [[American Civil War]]: [[Battle of Chattanooga III]] begins - Union forces led by General Ulysses S. Grant reinforce troops at Chattanooga, Tennessee and counter-attack Confederate troops.
* [[November 24]] - [[American Civil War]]: [[Battle of Lookout Mountain]] - Near Chattanooga, Tennessee, Union forces under General Ulysses S. Grant capture Lookout Mountain and begin to break the Confederate siege of the city led by General [[Braxton Bragg]].
* [[November 25]] - [[American Civil War]]: [[Battle of Missionary Ridge]] - At [[Missionary Ridge]] in [[Tennessee]], Union forces led by General Ulysses S. Grant break the Siege of Chattanooga by routing Confederate troops under General Braxton Bragg.
* [[November 26]] - [[American Civil War]]: [[Mine Run]] - Union forces under General [[George Meade]] position against troops led by Confederate General Robert E. Lee (Meade's forces could not find any weaknesses in the Confederate lines and gave up trying after five days).
* [[November 27]] - [[American Civil War]]: Confederate cavalry leader John Hunt Morgan and several of his men escape the Ohio state prison and return safely to the South.
* [[December 15]] - [[Romania]] is using for the first time a [[mountain railway]] (from [[Anina]] to [[Oravita]]).
* End of term for [[Amasa Leland Stanford]], 8th [[List of Governors of California|Governor of California]]. He is succeeded by [[Frederick Ferdinand Low]].
===Undated===
* [[Bartolomé Mitre]] secretly backs the revolt of [[Venancio Flores]] against the [[Uruguay]]an Blanco government
* [[Thomas Nast]] draws the modern [[Santa Claus]] for ''[[Harper's Weekly]],'' although Santa existed previously.
* [[Douglas, Isle of Man|Douglas]] becomes the capital of the [[Isle of Man]], after its [[parliament]]; [[Tynwald]] moved their chambers from [[Castletown]].
==Ongoing Events==
* [[American Civil War]] ([[1861]]-[[1865]])
* [[Taiping Rebellion]] ([[1851]]-[[1864]])
==Births==
{{Year in other calendars|japanese=[[Bunkyu|Bunkyū]] 2 – 3}}
===January - June===
<!--
Link all dates, even if repeated, for date-format preferences.
-->
*[[January 1]] - [[Pierre de Coubertin]], French founder of the modern Olympic Games (d. [[1937]])
*[[January 12]] - [[Swami Vivekananda]], Indian religious leader (d. [[1902]])
*[[January 15]] - [[Wilhelm Marx]], [[Chancellor of Germany]] (d. [[1946]])
*[[January 17]] - [[David Lloyd George]], [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] (d. [[1945]])
*[[January 17]] - [[Constantin Stanislavski]], Russian [[theatre practitioner]] and founder of modern realistic acting (d. [[1938]])
*[[January 28]] - [[Ernest William Christmas]], Australian [[painter]] (d. [[1918]])
*[[March 11]] - [[Andrew Stoddart]], English cricketer (d. [[1915]])
*[[March 12]] - [[Gabriele D'Annunzio]], Italian writer, war hero, and politician (d. [[1938]])
*[[March 25]] - [[Simon Flexner]], American pathologist (d. [[1946]])
*[[May 21]] - [[Archduke Eugen of Austria]], Austrian field marshal (d. [[1954]])
*[[March 27]] - [[Henry Royce]], English automobile pioneer (d. [[1933]])
*[[April 18]] - [[Leopold Graf Berchtold]], Austro-Hungarian foreign minister (d. [[1942]])
*[[May 24]] - [[George Grey Barnard]], American sculptor (d. [[1938]])
*[[May 29]] - [[Arthur Mold]], English cricketer (d. [[1921]])
*[[June 2]] - [[Felix Weingartner]], Yugoslavian conductor (d. [[1942]])
*[[June 13]] - [[Lady Lucy Duff Gordon]], English fashion designer (d. [[1942]])
*[[June 17]] - [[Duke Charles Michael of Mecklenburg]], head of the [[House of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]] (d. [[1934]])
===July - December=== <!-- BIRTHS -->
<!--
Link all dates, even if repeated, for date-format preferences.
-->
*[[July 1]] - [[William Grant Stairs]], Canadian explorer (d. [[1892]])
*[[July 6]] - [[Reginald McKenna]], British [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]] 1915–1916 (d. [[1943]])
*[[July 21]] - [[C. Aubrey Smith]], English actor (d. [[1948]])
*[[July 30]] - [[Henry Ford]], American automobile manufacturer and industrialist (d. [[1947]])
*[[August 3]] - [[Géza Gárdonyi]], Hungarian author (d. [[1922]])
*[[August 17]] - [[Gene Stratton-Porter]], American author, screenwriter and naturalist (d. [[1924]])
*[[September 13]] - [[Arthur Henderson]], Scottish politician, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (d. [[1935]])
*[[September 21]] - [[John Bunny]], American film comedian (d. [[1915]])
*[[October 11]] - [[Louis Cyr]], Canadian strongman (d. [[1912]])
*[[October 16]] - [[Austen Chamberlain]], English statesman, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (d. [[1937]])
*[[October 18]] - [[Tommy Tucker (19th century baseball player)|Tommy Tucker]], 19th century baseball pioneer (d. [[1935]])
*[[December 5]] - [[Pattillo Higgins]], oil pioneer and businessman, known as the "Prophet of [[Spindletop]]" (d. [[1955]])
*[[December 7]] - [[Felix Calonder]]
*[[December 7]] - [[Pietro Mascagni]], Italian composer (d. [[1945]])
*[[December 11]] - [[Annie Jump Cannon]], American astronomer (d. [[1941]])
*[[December 12]] - [[Edvard Munch]], Norwegian painter (d. [[1944]])
*[[December 18]] - [[Archduke Franz Ferdinand]], Archduke of Austria (d. [[1914]])
''Unknown date''
*[[Aaron S. Watkins]], American Presidential candidate (d. [[1941]])
*[[Andres Bonifacio]], Filipino revolutionary (d. [[1897]])
==Deaths==
===January - June===
<!--
Link all dates, even if repeated, for date-format preferences.
-->
* [[April 1]] - [[Jakob Steiner]], Swiss mathematician (b. [[1796]])
* [[May 10]] - [[Stonewall Jackson|Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson]], American Confederate general (b. [[1824]])
* [[June 9]] - [[Dost Mohammad Khan]], Emir of [[Kabul]], King of [[Kandahar]] (b. [[1793]])
===July - December=== <!-- DEATHS -->
<!--
Link all dates, even if repeated, for date-format preferences.
-->
* [[July 1]] - [[John F. Reynolds]], Major General in the [[Union Army]]
* [[July 26]] - [[Sam Houston]], first [[List of Presidents of the Republic of Texas|President of the Republic of Texas]] (b. [[1793]])
* [[August 13]] - [[Eugène Delacroix]], French painter (b. [[1798]])
* [[September 17]] - [[Alfred de Vigny]], French author (b. [[1797]])
* [[September 20]] - [[Jakob Grimm]], German folklorist (b. [[1785]])
* [[October 13]] - [[Philippe Antoine d’Ornano]], Marshal of France (b. [[1784]])
* [[November 2]] - [[Theodore Judah]], American railroad engineer (b. [[1826]])
* [[November 15]] - [[Frederick VII of Denmark|Frederick VII]], King of Denmark (b. [[1808]])
* [[December 13]] - [[Christian Friedrich Hebbel]], German writer (b. [[1813]])
* [[December 24]] - [[William Makepeace Thackeray]], British novelist (b. [[1811]])
<!-- unverified entry * [[December 31]] - [[Freeman Towns]], American entrepreneur (b. [[1800]])-->
{{commonscat}}
: ''See also [[:Category: 1863 deaths]].''
==External links==
*[http://www.familytales.org/results.php?year=1863 Historic Letters of 1863]
[[Category:1863| ]]
[[af:1863]]
[[am:1863 እ.ኤ.አ.]]
[[ar:1863]]
[[an:1863]]
[[ast:1863]]
[[az:1863]]
[[bn:১৮৬৩]]
[[map-bms:1863]]
[[be:1863]]
[[be-x-old:1863]]
[[bh:१८६३]]
[[bs:1863]]
[[br:1863]]
[[bg:1863]]
[[ca:1863]]
[[cv:1863]]
[[cs:1863]]
[[co:1863]]
[[cy:1863]]
[[da:1863]]
[[de:1863]]
[[et:1863]]
[[el:1863]]
[[es:1863]]
[[eo:1863]]
[[eu:1863]]
[[hif:1863]]
[[fr:1863]]
[[fy:1863]]
[[ga:1863]]
[[gd:1863]]
[[gl:1863]]
[[ko:1863년]]
[[hy:1863]]
[[hi:1863]]
[[hr:1863.]]
[[io:1863]]
[[bpy:মারি ১৮৬৩]]
[[id:1863]]
[[ia:1863]]
[[os:1863]]
[[is:1863]]
[[it:1863]]
[[he:1863]]
[[jv:1863]]
[[ka:1863]]
[[csb:1863]]
[[sw:1863]]
[[ht:1863 (almanak gregoryen)]]
[[la:1863]]
[[lb:1863]]
[[lt:1863 m.]]
[[lij:1863]]
[[hu:1863]]
[[mk:1863]]
[[mi:1863]]
[[mr:इ.स. १८६३]]
[[ms:1863]]
[[nah:1863]]
[[nl:1863]]
[[new:ई सं १८६३]]
[[ja:1863年]]
[[nap:1863]]
[[no:1863]]
[[nn:1863]]
[[nrm:1863]]
[[nov:1863]]
[[oc:1863]]
[[uz:1863]]
[[pi:१८६३]]
[[nds:1863]]
[[pl:1863]]
[[pt:1863]]
[[ksh:Joohr 1863]]
[[ro:1863]]
[[ru:1863 год]]
[[se:1863]]
[[sq:1863]]
[[scn:1863]]
[[simple:1863]]
[[sk:1863]]
[[sl:1863]]
[[sr:1863]]
[[sh:1863]]
[[su:1863]]
[[fi:1863]]
[[sv:1863]]
[[tl:1863]]
[[ta:1863]]
[[te:1863]]
[[th:พ.ศ. 2406]]
[[tr:1863]]
[[uk:1863]]
[[vec:1863]]
[[wa:1863]]
[[zh-yue:1863年]]
[[cbk-zam:1863]]
[[bat-smg:1863]]
[[zh:1863年]]