1877
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{{year nav|1877}}
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Year '''1877''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MDCCCLXXVII]]''') was a [[common year starting on Monday]] (link will display the full calendar) of the [[Gregorian calendar]] (or a [[common year starting on Saturday]] of the 12-day slower [[Julian calendar]]).
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==Events of 1877==
===January - March===
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* [[January 1]] - [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]] proclaimed Empress of [[India]] by the [[Royal Titles Act 1876]], introduced by [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] [[Benjamin Disraeli]].
* [[January 8]] - [[Crazy Horse]] and his warriors fight their last battle, the [[Battle of Wolf Mountain]], with the [[United States Cavalry]] in [[Montana]].
* [[January 20]] - [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Turkey]] rejects proposals of internal reform and Balkan provisions - [[Conference of Constantinople]] ends.
* [[March 2]] - In the [[Compromise of 1877]], the [[U.S. presidential election, 1876]] is resolved with the selection of [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] as the winner even though [[Samuel J. Tilden]] had won the popular vote on [[November 7]], [[1876]].
* [[March 4]] - [[Emile Berliner]] invents the [[microphone]].
* [[March 4]] - [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]]'s [[ballet]] ''[[Swan Lake]]'' debuts.
* [[March 4]] - [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] becomes [[President of the United States]], succeeding [[Ulysses S. Grant]].
* [[March 15]] - The first [[Test cricket]] match, between [[England]] and [[Australia]], part of the [[1877 Australia v England series]]
* [[March 24]] - For the first and only time in history, the [[Boat Race]] between the Universities of [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] and [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] is declared a "dead heat" (i.e. a draw).
===April - June===
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* [[April 24]] - [[Russo-Turkish War, 1877–1878]]: [[Russia]] declares war on [[Ottoman Empire]].
* [[May 5]] - [[Indian Wars]]: [[Sitting Bull]] leads his band of [[Lakota_people|Lakota]] into [[Canada]] to avoid harassment by the [[United States Army]] under Colonel [[Nelson Miles]].
* [[May 6]] - Realizing that his people were weakened by cold and hunger, Chief [[Crazy Horse]] of the [[Oglala Sioux]] surrenders to [[United States]] troops in [[Nebraska]].
* [[May 8]] - At Gilmore's Gardens in [[New York City]], the first [[Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show]] opens (ends [[May 11]]).
* [[May 16]] - [[May 16, 1877 political crisis]] in France.
* [[May 21]] - (May 9 [[Old Style|O.S.]]) - [[Romania]] declares itself independent from [[Ottoman Empire]] (recognized in [[1878]] after the end of the Romanian independence war).
* [[May 31]] - [[Brantford, Ontario]] [[Canada]] officially incorporated as a city
* [[June 15]] - [[Henry Ossian Flipper]] becomes the first [[African American]] cadet to graduate from the [[United States Military Academy]].
* [[June 17]] - [[Indian Wars]]: [[Battle of White Bird Canyon]] - The [[Nez Perce]] defeat the US Cavalry at White Bird Canyon in the [[Idaho Territory]].
* [[June 21]] - The [[Molly Maguires]] hanged at [[Carbon County, Pennsylvania|Carbon County]] prison in [[Jim Thorpe, Pennsylvania]].
* [[June 26]] - Eruption of [[Cotopaxi|Mount Cotopaxi]] in [[Ecuador]] causes severe mudflows that wipe out surrounding cities and valleys - 1000 dead.
* [[June 30]] - British Mediterranean fleet is sent to [[Besika Bay]].
===July - September===
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* [[July 9]] - [[All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club]] begins its first lawn tennis tournament at [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]].
* [[July 10]] - The then [[villa]] of [[Mayagüez, Puerto Rico]] formally receives its city charter from the Royal Crown of [[Spain]].
* [[July 16]] - [[Great railroad strike of 1877]] begins. Riots by [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]] railroad workers in [[Baltimore, Maryland]] lead to a [[sympathy strike]] and rioting in Pittsburgh, and a full-scale worker's rebellion in St. Louis, briefly establishing a Communist government before U.S. President [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] calls in the armed forces.
* [[July 19]] - [[Russo-Turkish War, 1877–1878]]: First battle in the [[Siege of Pleven]].
* [[July 30]] - Second battle in the [[Siege of Pleven]].
* [[August 9]] - [[Indian Wars]]: [[Battle of Big Hole]] - Near [[Big Hole River]] in [[Montana]], a small band of [[Nez Percé]] Indians who refused government orders to move to a reservation, clash with the [[United States Army]]. The army lost 29 soldiers and Indians lost 89 warriors in a US Army win.
* [[August 11]] - [[Asaph Hall]] discovers [[Deimos (moon)|Deimos]], outer [[natural satellite|moon]] of [[Mars (planet)|Mars]].
* [[August 17]] - [[Arizona]] blacksmith F.P. Cahill is fatally wounded by [[Billy the Kid]]. Cahill will die the next day, becoming the first person killed by the Kid.
* [[August 18]] - [[Asaph Hall]] discovers [[Phobos (moon)|Phobos]], inner [[natural satellite|moon]] of [[Mars (planet)|Mars]].
* [[September 1]] - [[Battle of Lovcha]], Third battle in the [[Siege of Pleven]].
* [[September 5]] - [[Indian Wars]]: Oglala [[Sioux]] chief [[Crazy Horse]] is [[bayonet]]ed by a [[United States]] soldier after resisting confinement in a guardhouse at [[Fort Robinson]] in [[Nebraska]].
===October - December===
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* [[October 10]] - Following the recovery of Lieutenant-Colonel [[George Armstrong Custer]]'s body from where he fell during the [[Battle of Little Big Horn]] the previous year, Custer is given a funeral with full military honors and is laid to rest at the [[United States Military Academy]] at [[West Point, New York]].
* [[November 21]] - [[Thomas Edison]] announces his invention of the [[phonograph]], a machine that can record sound, considered Edison's first great invention. Edison demonstrated the device for the first time on [[November 29]].
* [[December 9]] - Fourth battle, concluding the [[Siege of Pleven]].
* [[December 14]] - [[Serbia]] restates its previous declaration of war against Turkey.
===Undated===
* ''[[Nineteenth Century]]'' magazine founded.
* Winter 1877/1878: after the defeat of the [[Dungan revolt]] in China, several thousands refugees cross the [[Tian Shan]] to settle in the [[Russian Empire]], thus starting the future "[[Dungan|Soviet Dungan]]" ethnic group.
===Ongoing events===
* War between [[Russia]] and the [[Ottoman Empire]] ([[Russo-Turkish War, 1877–1878]]), leading to the formation of [[Bulgaria]] in [[1878]]. See [[Russian Foreign Affairs after the Crimean War]].
==Births==
{{Year in other calendars|japanese=[[Meiji period|Meiji]] 10}}
===January - June===
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* [[January 2]] - [[Slava Raskaj]], Croatian painter (d. [[1906]])
* [[February 7]] - [[G. H. Hardy]], British mathematician (d. [[1947]])
* [[February 14]] - [[Edmund Landau]], German mathematician (d. [[1938]])
* [[February 17]] - [[André Maginot]], French politician (d. [[1932]])
* [[February 19]] - [[Gabriele Münter]], German painter (d. [[1962]])
* [[February 25]] - [[Erich von Hornbostel]], Austrian musicologist (d. [[1935]])
* [[March 2]] - [[Consuelo Vanderbilt]], Duchess of Marlborough (d. [[1964]])
* [[March 4]] - [[Alexander Fyodorovich Gedike]], Russian composer (d. [[1957]])
* [[March 4]] - [[Fritz Graebner]], German ethnologist (d. [[1934]])
* [[March 4]] - [[Garrett Morgan]], American inventor (d. [[1963]])
* [[March 16]] - [[Reza Shah Pahlavi]], Shah of Iran (d. [[1944]])
* [[March 18]] - [[Edgar Cayce]], American psychic (d. [[1945]])
* [[March 25]] - [[Walter Little]], Canadian politician (d. [[1961]])
* [[March 29]] - [[Alois Kayser]], German missionary (d. [[1944]])
* [[May 3]] - [[Karl Abraham]], German psychoanalyst (d. [[1925]])
* [[May 23]] - [[Grace Ingalls]], Youngest sister of author [[Laura Ingalls Wilder]] (d. 1941]])
* [[June 4]] - [[Heinrich Otto Wieland]], German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. [[1957]])
* [[June 7]] - [[Charles Glover Barkla]], English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. [[1944]])
* [[June 11]] - [[Renee Vivien]], poet, (d. [[1909]])
* [[June 14]] - [[Jane Bathori]], French opera singer (d. [[1970]])
===July - December=== <!-- BIRTHS -->
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* [[July 2]] - [[Hermann Hesse]], German-born writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. [[1962]])
* [[July 3]] - [[Shafiqah Shasha]] (شفيقة شعشع), Lebanese-Australian Matriarch (d. [[1953]])
* [[July 6]] - [[Arnaud Massy]], French golfer (d. [[1950]])
* [[July 13]] - [[Erik Scavenius]], Prime Minister of Denmark (d. [[1962]])
* [[July 17]] - [[Ernst von Dohnányi]], Hungarian conductor (d. [[1960]])
* [[July 19]] - [[Arthur Fielder]], English cricketer (d. [[1949]])
* [[August 6]] - [[Wallace H. White, Jr.]], U.S. Senator from Maine (d. [[1952]])
* [[August 7]] - [[Ulrich Salchow]], Swedish figure skater (d. [[1949]])
* [[August 15]] - [[Stanley Vestal]], American writer, poet, historian (d. [[1957]])
* [[August 27]] - [[Charles Rolls]], co-founder [[Rolls-Royce Limited|Rolls-Royce]] car firm, pioneer aviator, (d. [[1910]])
* [[August 27]] - [[Ernst Wetter]], member of the Swiss Federal Council (d. [[1963]])
* [[September 1]] - [[Francis William Aston]], English chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. [[1945]])
* [[September 2]] - [[Frederick Soddy]], English chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. [[1956]])
* [[September 6]] - [[Buddy Bolden]], American jazz musician (d. [[1930]])
* [[September 26]] - [[Alfred Cortot]], Swiss pianist (d. [[1962]])
* [[October 4]] - [[Razor Smith]], English cricketer (d. [[1946]])
* [[October 27]] - [[George Thompson]], English cricketer (d. [[1943]])
* [[October 29]] - [[Narcisa de Leon]], Filipino film mogul (d. [[1966]])
* [[November 9]] - [[Allama Iqbal]], Indian philosopher, one of the profound founding fathers of the Muslims of India (d. [[1938]])
* [[November 15]] - [[William Hope Hodgson]], English author (d. [[1918]])
* [[November 22]] - [[Endre Ady]], Hungarian poet (d. [[1919]])
* [[November 22]] - [[Joan Gamper]], Swiss-born businessman and founder of [[FC Barcelona]] (d. [[1930]])
* [[December 3]] - [[Richard Pearse]], New Zealand airplane pioneer (d. [[1953]])
==Deaths==
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* [[January 2]] - [[Alexander Bain (inventor)|Alexander Bain]], Scottish inventor (b. [[1811]])
* [[January 4]] - [[Cornelius Vanderbilt]], American entrepreneur (b. [[1794]])
* [[March 1]] - [[Antoni Patek]], Polish watchmaker (b. [[1811]])
* [[March 24]] - [[Walter Bagehot]], British businessman, essayist and journalist (b. [[1826]])
* [[May 26]] - [[Kido Takayoshi]], Japanese statesman (b. [[1833]])
* [[June 3]] - [[Ludwig Ritter von Köchel]], musicologist (b. [[1800]])
* [[June 3]] - [[Sophie of Württemberg]], queen consort of the Netherlands (b. [[1818]])
* [[July 27]] - [[John Frost (Chartist)|John Frost]], British Chartist leader (b. [[1784]])
* [[August 8]] - [[William Lovett]], British Chartist leader (b. [[1800]])
* [[August 29]] - [[Brigham Young]], American Mormon leader (b. [[1801]])
* [[August 30]] - [[Raphael Semmes]], Officer in the [[United States Navy|USN]] and the [[Confederate States Navy|CSN]] (b.[[1809]])
* [[September 2]] - [[Constantine Kanaris]], Greek politician (b. [[1795]])
* [[September 3]] - [[Adolphe Thiers]], French historian and politician (b. [[1797]])
* [[September 5]] - [[Crazy Horse]], Oglala Sioux chief (b. [[1849]])
* [[September 17]] - [[William Fox Talbot]], English photographer (b. [[1800]])
* [[September 24]] - [[Saigō Takamori]], samurai (b. [[1827]])
* [[October 3]] - [[James Roosevelt Bayley]], first [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark|Bishop of Newark, New Jersey]], and the eighth [[Archbishop of Baltimore]] (b. [[1814]])
* [[October 16]] - [[Theodore Barrière]], French dramatist (b. [[1823]])
* [[November 2]] - [[Friedrich Graf von Wrangel]], Prussian field marshal (b. [[1784]])
* [[December 12]] - [[José de Alencar]], Brazilian novelist (b. [[1829]])
* [[December 31]] - [[Gustave Courbet]], French painter (b. [[1819]])
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